Palm Beach State College Week 2 Elemental and Holistic Models Paper

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Humanities

Palm Beach State College

Description

Knowles (2015) posits that all learning theory can be subsumed into two models: elemental and holistic. According to the text, the elemental model characterizes the universe as discrete pieces that are in motion. When acted upon, these pieces function in a sequence, like a chain of events. The elemental model includes existing behavioral theories. Subsequently, the holistic model views the world as a whole and perceives that people are active organisms rather than reactive agents. The holistic model includes cognitive theories.

The elemental and holistic models are posited theories of learning that allow us to broadly group or subsume other theories. They help give us a way to think about how learning may occur from an overarching analysis. In doing this, it is important for us to take a scientific approach and critically evaluate existing theory.

To prepare:

Section A

  • Review this week’s Learning Resources, focusing on the elemental and holistic models of learning and considering which may resonate with you most.

Briefly compare and contrast the elemental and holistic models of learning to demonstrate your understanding.

  • Which resonates most with you and why?
  • Share an example from your experience (as learner or teacher) in which the model you have selected was utilized.
  • Explain how the strategy represents the model.

By Day 5

Respond to at least two colleagues. All response posts should contribute to the quality of discussion by engaging with at least two peers through constructive critique, suggestions, in-depth questions, use of scholarly and empirical resources, and stimulating thoughts and/or probes.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources. Use proper APA format and citations.

Section 2

To prepare:

  • As you complete this week’s readings, select one criticism of Knowles’ Theory of Andragogy from the Merriam, Caffarella, and Baumgartner (2007) excerpt that you agree or disagree with and prepare to support your position with evidence from course readings.
  • Describe the criticism you selected, and, using support from this week and the previous week’s readings, explain whether you agree or disagree.
  • Next, select one of the alternative theories discussed in the chapter, and determine whether that theory addresses existing criticism of Knowles’ theory.

Resources

Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., III, & Swanson, R. A. (2015). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (8th ed.). Abingdon, OX: Routledge.

  • Chapter 6, “Theories of Learning”
  • Chapter 7, “Theories of Teaching”

Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., & Baumgartner, L. M. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

  • Chapter 4, “Knowles's Andragogy, and Models of Adult Learning by McClusky, Illeris, and Jarvis”

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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Running head: CRITICISMS OF KNOWLES’ THEORY

Criticisms of Knowles’ Theory
Student’s Name
Institution
Year

1

CRITICISMS OF KNOWLES’ THEORY

2

Criticisms of Knowles’ Theory
As postulated by Knowles theory of Andragogy seeks to distinguish the different ways in
which adults learn differently from children. According to this theory, Knowles makes several
assumptions which include that adults tend to be more self-directed, internally motivated, are
ready to learn, are rich in life experiences, independent, self-directed and also that their focus is
problem-centered (Merriam et al., 2007). It is due to some of these assumptions that theory has
received several criticisms, one being because the theory of Andragogy theory proposes an
individualistic concept where learning occurs through one's own experiences. Ideally, there is no
single adult who exists independently and all adults at some time are affected by different factors
or individuals which shape their views on learning as well as their learning process (Merriam et
al., 2007). Therefore, I strongly agree that no adult exists independently and that our learning
process and views are all shaped by the environments. Therefore, the theory of Andragogy
deviates from reality when Knowles suggests that individuals exist in a vacuum and that they
learn from their own experiences (Merriam et al., 2007).
This is not true as Knowles assumes since we also learn from other people's experiences
and our views on learnin...

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