Week 3 Assignment 1: Identifying the Challenge
Week 3 Assignment 1: Identifying the Challenge of
Homeland Security/U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Deborah Stovall
CRJ Capstone in Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice Organizations
Professor Tretha Harris
July 20, 2019
Week 3 Assignment 1: Identifying the Challenge
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Identifying the Challenge of Immigration
I am identifying the challenge of immigration. Homeland Security/U.S. Immigration and
Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the U.S. immigration policy as a challenge. The United States
has an immigration policy problem not an immigrant problem. This immigration policy problem
isn’t new it has origins back to 1882 when the United States Congress passed the Chinese
Exclusion Act, meant to exclude ethic Chinese Laborers and to slow the number of Chinese
immigrants coming into the United States for ten years. The fear that large scale Chinese
immigration would occur never happened and this act was eventually repealed in 1943 because it
violated civil rights of the Chinese. Since that time several attempts to address this immigration
challenge have occurred, the Immigration Act of 1917, the 1921 Emergency Quota Act, the
Immigration Act of 1924, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and then the Immigration
and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 and in 1990 the Immigration Act of 1990 all of which
only address some aspects of immigration but never the systemic problem of how to welcome
people from other countries to America. The immigration policy to date all seemed to address
not allowing particular races of people when it was deemed there were too many arriving, too
many Asian, too many immigrants from India, too many Haitian or Africans, too many Hispanic
or Mexican. Never really addressing the core issues of how to manage the number of non-U.S.
citizens here already or attempting to migrate here. For example, those who have work or school
Visas that have expired, those who are moving through the process but have met with
complications, those who are seeking asylum, those who are considered Dreamers and of course
those who come here illegally. At its core the immigration policy discussion has become
increasingly more and more challenging and to me to be more about restricting entry of a
Week 3 Assignment 1: Identifying the Challenge
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particular race and not about managing the population of immigrants in a manner that is
productive and viable for all. The great John McCain and Ted Kennedy devised a bipartisan
comprehensive immigration reform proposal named the Secure American and Orderly
Immigration Act which would incorporate legalization of immigrants current and those seeking
entry, guest worker programs, and enhanced border security to deal with those who choose to
enter illegally, this bill was never voted on in the Senate perhaps it didn’t go far enough to
exclude certain immigrants? Maybe we need to define what an immigrant is…? The terms
“asylum seeker,” “immigrant,” “migrant,” and “refugee” are often used interchangeably, the
differences between the four, however, are critically important to understand why people
migrate. (Why does the U.S. Need Immigration Reform?, 2019)
1. “Refugees” are people living outside of the United States who were “forced to flee
[their] home because of war, violence, or persecution, often without warning.”
2. “Asylum seekers” are people who are “seeking international protection from dangers
in [their] home country, but whose claim for refugee status hasn’t been determined
legally.” People seeking asylum are applying inside the United States. Whether a
person is seeking asylum or status as a refugee, they must meet the same challenging
burden of proof. They must demonstrate “a well-founded fear of persecution” on the
basis of race, religion, national origin, political opinion, or member of a social group.
3. “Migrants” are people who are “moving from place to place (within [their] country or
across borders), usually for economic reasons such as seasonal work.”
4. “Immigrants” are people who have made “a conscious decision to leave his or her
home and move to a foreign country with the intention of settling there.”
Week 3 Assignment 1: Identifying the Challenge
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Why is resolving the problem of immigration so important? Immigration is integral to
the nation’s economic growth, as the U.S. workforce is getting older the arrival of tax-paying,
job-creating, and business-starting newcomers is an economic necessity. While there is little
evidence that immigration significantly affects the overall employment levels of native-born
workers many U.S. citizens prescribe to the idea that immigrants take away jobs for U.S.
citizens. Immigrants are people who are seeking to come to the United States because of
poverty, crime, unspeakable violence and unrest in their home countries. What would you do to
save yourself and your family? I know what I would do…I would do whatever it takes to keep
my babies and my family safe. We should ask ourselves how as Americans do we want to be
defined in history when comes to immigration?
As U.S. citizens I believe we are all impacted internally due to the uneasiness, confusion
and uncertainty of our nations policies towards immigrants and then to our neighbors, family and
friends whose status in America is uncertain. Undefined immigration policies negatively impact
the economy externally when migrants are not allowed to travel freely between countries to work
or buy goods.
The problem of immigration has not been resolved in my opinion because those
responsible for working this policy through have forgotten the why of the immigration
policy…the people. The people are not being considered in the equation leaving only tribalism,
fear, demonization and money as the hurdles preventing any comprehensive immigration policy.
The policy makers seemed more concerned with how the immigration policy will benefit or hurt
their constituents instead focusing on how to create a comprehensive plan to resolve the
immigration dilemma.
Week 3 Assignment 1: Identifying the Challenge
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References
Abigail Hauslohner, N. M. (2019, July 14). As Immigrant Families wait in Dread, no sign of large-scale
enforcement raids. Retrieved from The Washington Post:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/as-immigrant-families-wait-in-dread-no-sign-oflarge-scale-enforcement-raids/2019/07/14/ff29326a-a644-11e9-86ddd7f0e60391e9_story.html?utm_term=.2bca5bd8b6cf
Editors, H. (2018, December). U.S. Immigration Timeline. Retrieved from History:
https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/immigration-united-states-timeline
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States. (2019, April 9). Retrieved
from Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_laws_concerning_immigration_and_naturalization_in_
the_United_States
Kristen A. LIttle, J. L. (2016). Global Issues An Introduction . John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Why does the U.S. Need Immigration Reform? (2019, 5). Retrieved from Open Society Foundations:
https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/explainers/why-does-us-need-immigration-reform
Week 4 Assignment 2: Internal and External Stakeholders
Week 4 Assignment 2
Internal and External Stakeholders
Deborah Stovall
CRJ499 Capstone in Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice Organizations
Professor Tretha Harris
July 29, 2019
Week 4 Assignment 2: Internal and External Stakeholders
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Internal and External Stakeholders
Immigration particularly the Immigration Policy of the United States is my identified
challenge, how does the United States implement a policy which fulfills one of the country’s
most honorable missions to secure America's promise of being a nation of immigrants by uniting
families, providing refuge, fostering economic prosperity, promoting citizenship and protecting
our nation? How does the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) agency fulfill this
obligation?
The USCIS must have immigration policies that equip their officers with the ability to
make adjudicated decisions based on the law and the facts. Equipping the USCIS officers to
make quality determinations requires a cohesive policy framework, and operational
infrastructure so that decisions are informed by the relevant guidance and corresponding training
are made in a timely manner and further the integrity and goals of the immigration system. Real
and potential changes to the immigration laws, policies, and global migration patterns will
continue to impact this agency, the other agencies that contribute to this mission, and the internal
& external stakeholders.
Stakeholders as it pertains to my immigration challenge are those agencies who have a
vested interest in the success of the mission. Internal stakeholders are entities within an
organization or agency who have a vested interest in the success of the mission and External
stakeholders are those entities or agencies not within the organization or agency.
Week 4 Assignment 2: Internal and External Stakeholders
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Internal stakeholders may include the following:
1. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
2. United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
3. United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
4. The United States Coast Guard
5. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
External stakeholders are entities not within the organization as it pertains to immigration these
might include the state, county or local Government entity, private sector corporations; from any
of the protective infrastructure groups, the migrants, their families and the citizens & agencies
who support them.
1. The ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)
2. RAICES (Refugee and Immigrant Center for Education and Legal Services)
3. Asylum Seeker Advocacy Project (ASAP)
4. Young Center for Immigrant Children's Rights
How have the internal or external stakeholders have influenced the situation in a positive or
negative way?
The internal stakeholders in their attempt to fulfill their mission, must follow the current law of
the land which may manifest itself in a negative perception, causing undue harm, fear and at
times confusion for those external stakeholders that they may come in contact. The external
stakeholders may influence the need for a cohesive immigration policy through protests, media
information, mobilizing the people and leaders of their communities to action which can be
positive or negatively.
Week 4 Assignment 2: Internal and External Stakeholders
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How will you consider stakeholders in your solution to the problem?
In the solutioning of the issue(s) of the United States immigration policy I intend to provide what I
believe the steps necessary to actually begin to design an immigration policy which works for the
majority and fulfills the mission of America’s Promise, providing clear guidance in accordance with
the spirit of the law when it comes to immigration and migrant status.
How will you motivate individuals to buy into your solution?
By reminding all who read my report of the mission of America to keep its promise to be a
nation of immigrants, through the presentation of verified facts and evidence not conspiracy
theories, through the humanization of immigration and not the demonization of migrants.
Week 4 Assignment 2: Internal and External Stakeholders
References
Immigrants in the United States. (2016, October 3). Retrieved from Center for Immigration Studies:
https://cis.org/Report/Immigrants-United-States
Munoz, C. (2011, October 21). Government and Stakeholders – Working Together to Find Solutions.
Retrieved from The White House:
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/10/21/government-and-stakeholders-workingtogether-find-solutions
Rodriquez, L. (2016, November 16). USCIS Strategic Plan. Retrieved from USCIS:
https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/About%20Us/Budget%2C%20Planning%20and
%20Performance/USCIS_2017-2021_Strategic_Plan.pdf
S., S. (2017, April 28). Difference Between Internal and External Stakeholders. Retrieved from Key
Differences: https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-internal-and-externalstakeholders.html
Staff. (2016, August 12). How the United States Immigration System Works. Retrieved from American
Immigration Council: https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/how-united-statesimmigration-system-works
Stojkovic, K. a. (2018). Criminal Justice Organizations Administration and Management. Cengage.
Team, T. C. (2012, July 6). The Facts on Immigration Today. Retrieved from Center for American
Progress: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2012/07/06/11888/thefacts-on-immigration-today/
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Week 5 Assignment 3: Technologies or Information System and Immigration
Week 5 Assignment 3
Technologies or Information System and Immigration
Deborah Stovall
CRJ499 Capstone in Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice Organizations
Professor Tretha Harris
August 4th, 2019
Week 5 Assignment 3: Technologies or Information System and Immigration
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Technologies or Information System and Immigration
With regards to technologies or information systems the link between migration and
technology isn’t what anyone would ever believe, several highly pertinent connections between
migration and technology or information systems are beginning to manifest themselves by
reshaping economies, social interactions and collective security. As a result of these
manifestations the issue of international migration is being described as one of the defining
issues of the century becoming a very hot topic. New architecture at the border has increased the
awareness of how technology or information systems have become the centerpieces of
international migration. The demands for mobile facilitating while managing better the risks
associated with cross-border travel (terrorism, organized crime, and the entry of unwanted
migrants) have resulted in the increased collection and sharing of traveler and other data,
expanded use of interoperable information databases, coupled with new border-management
technologies and infrastructure used at ports of entry and beyond.
In most recent years it has been documented that there is an increase in migrants use of
information communications technology (ICT) during migration journeys. Sparked in part by
mass migration events, researchers, policymakers, analysts and law enforcement agencies have
invested time and energy in understanding how ICT is being used to facilitate migration, most
importantly irregular migration involving bad actors such as smugglers. (Graubard, 2015) Heavy
use of apps to share real-time information, including to support covert border crossings, together
with the consolidation of social media platforms used to connect geographically dispersed groups
with common interests, has raised valid questions concerning the extent to which technology has
been used to support irregular migration, as well as to enable migrants to avoid abusive and
exploitative migrant smugglers.
Week 5 Assignment 3: Technologies or Information System and Immigration
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The ‘appification of migration’ has become a topic of intense interest. A strong focus on
migrant tech, including how migrant workers use ICT to adapt to new communities, new
workplaces and new cultures, while maintaining links to their families and societies in their
homeland. (McAuliffe, 2018) I am not of the opinion that technology and information systems
have contributed to the problem I do believe that technology or information systems (ICT)
developed by migrants are a means of survival and that America still has a responsibility to
resolve the crises that is immigration.
Once the policy makers have designed a comprehensive immigration policy, I propose
these policies will need to include the apps created by migrants used to help shelter them from
harm, introduce them to new communities and a new life. In the future technology or
information systems can be integrated into a support services and system for immigrants as they
move through the process of becoming a citizen. (Immigrants in the United States, 2016) I
propose some form of algorithm based on data be used to place the immigrant in the community
where they would be the most successful.
Week 5 Assignment 3: Technologies or Information System and Immigration
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References
Graubard, V. (2015, May 7). Technology is helping to modernize our immigratin system. Here's how.
Retrieved from The U.S. Digital Service: https://medium.com/the-u-s-digital-service/technologyis-helping-to-modernize-our-immigration-system-here-s-how-96162d615b6a
Immigrants in the United States. (2016, October 3). Retrieved from Center for Immigration Studies:
https://cis.org/Report/Immigrants-United-States
McAuliffe, M. (2018, December 14). The Link between migration and technology is not what you think.
Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/socialmedia-is-casting-a-dark-shadow-over-migration/
Stojkovic, K. a. (2018). Criminal Justice Organizations Administration and Management. Cengage.
Unknown. (2001-2019). Technology & Infrastructure. Retrieved from MPI - Migration Policy Institute:
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/topics/technology-infrastructure
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