CS4445 Troy internet of Hybrid TCP IP OSI Standards Architecture Paper

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Computer Science

CS4445

Troy University

Description

Students for your final project please select a networking topic related to the Hybrid OSI

– TCP/IP architecture from the textbook (Page 45 Figure 2-6) and (Page 48 Figure 2-7)

and conduct a 4 – 6 research paper on the layer or topic of your choice. This is an

individual assignment and your topics are due the end of week 3 on September 1, 2019. I

will have to approve the topic before you can submit your project summary or outline and

begin researching the topic. Also, your outline or project summary will be due week 4 on

September 8th, 2019. Please email me your topic and also if you have questions about

choosing a topic for a particular layer then please do not hesitate to contact me. Your

research paper will be 4 – 6 typed pages excluding any illustrations or tables you include

in the paper. Your paper must be in APA or MLA format and minimum of 2 in text

citations and 1 reference with a reference page attached. I am looking forward to assisting

anyone that may need help selecting a topic and reading your final paper and let’s have a

wonderful time researching networking !!

My final project topic is How does the Internet link layer send packets through multiple routers--layer 3--internet of Hybrid TCP/IP-OSI Standards Architecture.

Also need a outline or summary.

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CS 4445 Research Project Maximum Points 200 Due: October 6, 2019 Students for your final project please select a networking topic related to the Hybrid OSI – TCP/IP architecture from the textbook (Page 45 Figure 2-6) and (Page 48 Figure 2-7) and conduct a 4 – 6 research paper on the layer or topic of your choice. This is an individual assignment and your topics are due the end of week 3 on September 1, 2019. I will have to approve the topic before you can submit your project summary or outline and begin researching the topic. Also, your outline or project summary will be due week 4 on September 8th, 2019. Please email me your topic and also if you have questions about choosing a topic for a particular layer then please do not hesitate to contact me. Your research paper will be 4 – 6 typed pages excluding any illustrations or tables you include in the paper. Your paper must be in APA or MLA format and minimum of 2 in text citations and 1 reference with a reference page attached. I am looking forward to assisting anyone that may need help selecting a topic and reading your final paper and let’s have a wonderful time researching networking !! Example topic: Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 – Layer 3 –Internet Later of Hybrid TCP/IP OSI model. David Avery, JR. davery44637@troy.edu 46 Chapter 2 • Network Standards Os the architecture is easy to confuse with ISO the organization. Note that the bottom two OSI layers have names that should be familiar to you. The physical layer is for standards that deal with physical processes—transmission media, connectors, and signaling. The data link layer standardizes data link processes, frames, switches, wireless access points, and data links. By the late 1970s, quite a few OSI standards at these two layers were solid. In gen- eral, OSI standards quickly dominated at the physical and data link layers. Above the data link layer, however, ISO and ITU-T ran into trouble. They did not have clear ideas about internetworking and took time to develop their understanding in this area. This left the door open for the architecture created by the IETE. The TCP/IP Standards Architecture In contrast, the IETF began with a laser focus on internetworking. It knew that internet and transport layer standards were needed to build the Internet. The IETF standards architecture is named after its two main initial standards. It is called TCP/IP.10 This makes sense, but it can cause some confusion. TCP/IP is the architecture, and TCP and IP are standards within the architecture. 48 Chapter 2 • Network Standards Broad Function Interoperability of application programs Transmission across an internet 4 3 Layer Name Specific Function 5 Application Application layer standards govern how two applications work with each other, even if they are from different vendors. Transport Transport layer standards govern aspects of end-to-end communication between two end hosts that are not handled by the internet layer, including reliability and application message frag- mentation. These standards allow hosts to work together even if the two computers are from dif- ferent vendors or have different internal designs. 3 Internet Internet link layer standards govern the trans- mission of packets across an internet-typically by sending them through several routers along a route. Hosts and routers can be from different vendors. Internet layer standards govern packet organization and routing. 2 Data Link Data link layer standards govern the transmission of frames across a single switched network—typ- ically by sending them through several switches along the data link. Data link layer standards also govern frame organization, timing constraints, and reliability. As in all other layers, the devices can come from different vendors. 1 Physical Physical layer standards govern transmission between adjacent devices connected by a trans- mission medium, regardless of who the two vendors are 2 Transmission across a single network FIGURE 2-7 Layers Recap Test Your Understanding 6. a) What layer or layers govern(s) transmission media? b) Application pro- grams? c) Transmission through a single network? d) Transmission through the Internet? e) Application message fragmentation? Repeated Concepts at Layers 2 and 3 A common source of confusion is that concepts are repeated at the data link and internet layers but with different terminology. This occurs because internetworking required the creation of a second layer of forward- ing standards to those used for transmission through single networks. Figure 2-8 shows how terminology differs between the data link and internet layers. Packets Are Carried Inside Frames Recall that packets are carried inside frames. When a source host sends a packet to a destination host, the packet travels within a frame in each network along the way. If there are 19 single networks on the route between the source and destination hosts, a single packet will travel in 19 different frames. The OSI Standards Architecture As Figure 2-6 shows, different standards agencies have different standards architec- tures. For example, ISO and ITU-T created the Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection. Thankfully, this nearly unpronounceable name is always shortened to OSI. Not thankfully, OSI the architecture is easy to confuse with ISO the organization. The first column shows that the OSI architecture has seven layers. Hybrid TCP/IP-OSI OSI Architecture TCPAP Architecture Standards Architecture Standards Come (ITU-T and ISO) Layer (IETF) Layer Layer Number and Pre dominantly Number and Name Number and Name Name From 7. Application 4. Application 5. Application Various Standards Architectures 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Transport 4. Transport TCP/IP (IETF) 3. Network 2. Internet 3. Internet TCP/IP (ETF) 2. Data Link 1. Subnet Access 2. Data Link OSI (ITU-T and ISO) 1. Physical Protocol 1. Physical OSI (ITU-T and ISO) FIGURE 2-6 Standards Agencies and Layered Standards Architectures
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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Running Head: INTERNET LINK LAYER

1

How the Internet link layer send packets through multiple routers--layer 3--internet of Hybrid
TCP/IP-OSI Standards Architecture
Student’s Name

Instructor

Institutional Affiliation

Date

INTERNET LINK LAYER

2

Layer 3 – the Internet layer – is responsible for hop-by-hop reassemble and
fragmentation, error notification, routing, and addressing. It deals with the conveyance of data
from host to host and oversees a packet's transmission over an entire internet (Kozierok, 2005).
This layer primarily handles start to finish routing of packet data from the source to the
destination. Routers or gateways are the tools used to route messages.

At this layer, the Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary protocol. The Internet Protocol
frame format incorporates information fields for checksums and system addressing, otherwise
called IP addresses, like those highlighted in the OSI network layer. Internet Protocol addresses
are vital to the protocol. They are utilized across the Internet to distinguish every node in the
world associated with it (Fall & Stevens, 2011). The IP protocol additionally incorporates
information fields for block re-ordering and fragmentation. These generally relate to those
highlighted in the OSI transport layer. More supporting protocols are additionally accessible at
this layer level. Examples include the reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) and the
address resolution protocol (ARP). These are utilized by nodes to match IP addresses to
corresponding physical addresses.

The Internet's core is a system of routers that move packets to many destinations from
various so...

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