Survey Information
The topic is about Post-traumatic Stress (PTSD) and the psychological processes that
take place in the brain of a victim who has PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress is often
associated with invasive thoughts, including repeated involuntary memories and
flashbacks of a traumatic event. While many people who have PTSD strive to direct
their thoughts away from the events, the after-effects of the traumatic event become
persistent in their dreams and everyday activities, often leading to isolation. Patients
who have PTSD undergo changes in the anatomy and neurophysiology of their
brain. The part of the brain involved in regulating fear and emotions tends to overreact
in people suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress. Notably, PTSD alters the normal
functioning of various brain regions, including the amygdala, the ventromedial prefrontal
cortex (vmPFC) and the hippocampus. The survey will address various discoveries on
the functioning of the brain among healthy individuals as well as the brain response of
patients suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress. The survey will also major on functional
magnetic resonance imaging scans that are used to monitor the brain to discover
alteration its functioning.
Survey
1) FMRIS can help diagnose Post-Traumatic Stress patients.
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
2) PTSD patients re-experience traumatic events
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
3) PTSD patients experience unregulated emotions and fear
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
4) Involuntary flashbacks and memories are symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
5) Post-Traumatic Stress is often triggered by reminders of the traumatic event such as
people and places
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
6) The environment can have an impact on PTSD patients
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
7) Abnormal processing of emotions and fear is the main symptom in PTSD patients
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
8) Genetics can play a major role in determining the origin of Post-Traumatic Stress in
an individual
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
9) Some people suffer PTSD for a short period
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
10) Post-traumatic Disorder only occurs after exposure to terrifying ordeal or threatening
event.
(1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Neutral (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree
Justification
1) As opposed to many individuals’ beliefs, it is possible to diagnose PTSD patients by
monitoring their brain functioning. This survey question is designed to determine if
people recognize the scientific rationale of PTSD.
2) The reason for including this question was to prove that the traumatic events occur in
repeated patterns among PTSD patients. In broader terms, the past traumatic
experiences become recorded in the minds of the patients, only to be triggered by
similar events in the future.
3) The difference between healthy individuals and PTSD patients is the degree at which
these individuals experience emotions and fear. This question, therefore, provides a
clear explanation of how normal people differ from PTSD patients.
4) This question provides clarification that PTSD patients experience emotions and fear
without their consent. Since these events become triggered without the control of the
individuals, it becomes difficult for them to control their response.
5) Without certain triggers, PTSD patients can lead a normal life and have normal
reactions. However, in the exposure of specific events related to the initial traumatic
events, individuals re-experience the events persistently without their control.
6) If a person’s environment is regulated, the triggers that lead to the repetition of the
traumatic events in the brains of individuals can be regulated. This survey can be key to
understanding the ways through which PTSD patients can be assisted to prevent their
conditions from escalating.
7) With patients suffering from PTSD, fear and emotions tend to be intense as
compared to those of normal individuals. For instance, a traumatic event can trigger
intense fear on an individual, causing them to panic in normal situations. This aspect is
different in normal individuals who have a short term experience of fear that often
disappears after the traumatic event or ordeal.
8) While PTSD can occur at any age, individuals whose parents or relatives
experienced PTSD may also develop the condition in their later years. As a result, the
survey was structured to explain how some individuals may experience the condition at
some stage in their life.
9) This survey was designed to determine if people understand that some PTSD
conditions are only temporary. While many individuals have to deal with PTSD for the
rest of their lives, some people experience it for a short period. The distinction between
short-term and long-term experiences of PTSD may be key to determining the cure for
the condition.
10) This survey will help provide information on ways through which PTSD patients can
avoid triggering the traumatic experiences. This is to say that avoiding specific places
and people can temporarily help regulate the condition.
References
Kennis, PhD, M., van Rooij, PhD, S. J., Reijnen, MSc, A., & Geuze, PhD, E. (2017). The
predictive value of dorsal cingulate activity and fractional anisotropy on long‐term PTSD
symptom severity. Depression and anxiety, 34(5), 410-418.
Lokshina, Y., & Liberzon, I. (2017). Enhancing efficacy of PTSD treatment: role of
circuits, genetics, and optimal timing.
van Rooij, S. J., Stevens, J. S., Ely, T. D., Hinrichs, R., Michopoulos, V., Winters, S. J.,
... & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). The role of the hippocampus in predicting future
posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in recently traumatized civilians. Biological
psychiatry, 84(2), 106-115.
Psychological Theories
Ruby Davis
September 4, 2019
Introduction
There are a ton of speculations about emotional processesand this theory are
significant since they Provide a Basis for Understanding the Mind and human conduct,
thought, and development. By having a wide base of comprehension about the how's
and why's of human conduct, we can more readily get ourselves as well as other
people.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
This a physiological clarification of emotion developed by Walter Cannon and Philip
Bard. Cannon-Bard theory expresses that we feel emotions and experience
physiological responses, for example, trembling, and muscle pressure at the same time.
For instance, when you see a venomous snake in your compound, you feel fear at the
very same time that your body starts its physiological battle or-flight reaction. Although
they happen simultaneously, your emotional response and your physiological response
would be discrete and autonomous.
This theory is significant in light of the fact that it represents neurobiological approach
which relates to brain science and conduct, is a fundamental physiological (in view of
how the human body functions) investigation of the mind that plans to correspond
crafted by the substance and electrical driving forces in our cerebrum and sensory
system to the manners in which that people act.(Dror, O. E. (2014).
Schachter–Singer Theory of Emotion (Two-Factor Theory)
The Schachter–Singer hypothesis sees emotions as the aftereffect of the
communication between two components: physiological arousal and cognizance. The
Schachter–Singer theory of emotion (otherwise called the two-factor theory) endeavors
to clarify emotions as it identifies with physiological arousal.
As indicated by the Schacter–Singer theory, emotion results from the collaboration
between two elements: physiological arousal and cognition. All the more explicitly, this
theory asserts that physiological excitement is subjectively deciphered inside the setting
of every circumstance, which at last creates an enthusiastic experience. These
subjective understandings — how an individual mark and comprehends what they are
encountering—are framed dependent on the individual's past encounters.
For instance, if you somehow managed to see a venomous snake in your lawn, the
Schachter–Singer theory contends that the snake would inspire thoughtful sensory s
system activation that would be subjectively marked as fear (cognizance) given the
specific situation. What you would understand, at that point, would be the inclination of
fear. (Cotton, J. L. 1981).
This theory is important to note because emotions being a primary or secondary
response would change many previous thoughts scientists had about feelings being a
subconscious response. His proposal would then mean that those who have damaged,
or weak autonomic response systems should feel less emotion. This would be a huge
finding in the psychology field,
Conclusion
Overall, there is no one theory that all psychologists agree on for now. Emotions are
very complicated, and not completely understood at all. There are many more questions
than there are answers for why emotions occur and where they came from.
References
Reisenzein, R. (1983). The Schachter theory of emotion: Two decades later.
Psychological bulletin, 94(2), 239.
Cotton, J. L. (1981). A review of research on Schachter's theory of emotion and the
misattribution of arousal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 11(4), 365-397.
Dror, O. E. (2014). The Cannon–Bard thalamic theory of emotions: A brief genealogy
and reappraisal. Emotion Review, 6(1), 13-20.
Post-Traumatic Stress (PTSD) and the Psychological Processes that Take Place in the
Brain of A Victim Who Has PTSD
Ruby Davis
Expected Findings
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a widespread, devastating, and
can occasionally be a deadly result of experience from
a profound psychosomatic trauma. Research on brain functionality has established that
the brain of people experiencing PTSD is different from that of people without PTSD in
two primary ways. First, people with PTSD are hyper-creative to treat compared to
normal persons (Greenberg, 2019). Secondly, they have difficulties in regulating or
damping down anxiety and anger (Greenberg, 2019).
Compared to the brain functionality between a healthy person and those affected with
PTSD, those experiencing PTSDhave responses that lead
to amplified fright and irritation and reduced positive emotionality. Patients suffering
from PTSD often show excess negative emotions compared to positive emotions.
Studies show that this could be an outcome of a hyperactive amygdala communicating
with the insula, which is a part of the brain linked with introspection and
emotional consciousness (Greenberg, 2019). When left unattended and unsupported,
PTSD patients experience memory relapses, and the past traumatic events come on
flashing back and thus triggering negative and disturbing emotions.
Effective treatment interventions and treatments exist for some individuals suffering
from the disease, although these treatments and interventions are limited. Some
psychotherapy suggests that repeated exposure to traumatic events helps reduce the
ability of the prefrontal cortex to send more positive meaning to traumatic
events (Greenberg, 2019). Other studies show that antidepressants have the same
effects as psychotherapies (Greenberg, 2019).
Among the recommended treatment interventions for PTSD is the Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging Methods (fMRI)(Chen & Glover, 2015). Since its
introduction, (fMRI) has grown to be a very important tool for examining cognition in
both the normal and dysfunctional brain (Fenster et al., 2018). With its ability to “monitor
changes in the oxygenation of brain tissue resulting from altered metabolism
consequent to a task-based evoked neural response or from spontaneous fluctuations
in neural activity in the absence of conscious mentation”, fMRI is an appropriate tool for
diagnosing and treating patients suffering from PTSD (Chen & Glover, 2015). However,
different treatment interventions may have different outcomes in treating PSTD.
Outline
Introduction
The main contents of this part will include the significant points that will be discussed
about the main topic. This part will help the audience have a grasp of the major
discussion, and will also act as the attention grabber.
Background information
This section will include information that the audience will require to increase
their awareness of the presentation's topic contents. It will also include the scope of the
project.
Literature review
Data on the previous studies regarding the project topic will be included in this section.
This will give the audience supporting data and the importance of the presentation.
Methodology and analysis
This section will provide an overview and the main approaches used in the project. This
information will be significant in determining the reliability of the project findings.
Results and discussion
The major project findings will be discussed in this section. The purpose of the project
will come out clearly from this section.
Conclusion
This section will contain the major points discussed in the project.
Recommendations
This part will consist of a possible suggestion for future projects on the same topic or
other related ones.
References
Chen, J., & Glover, G. (2015). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Methods. Neuropsychology Review, 25(3), 289-313. doi: 10.1007/s11065-015-9294-9
Fenster, R., Lebois, L., Ressler, K., & Suh, J. (2018). Brain circuit dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder: from mouse to man. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 19(9),
535-551. doi: 10.1038/s41583-018-0039-7
Greenberg, M. (2019). How PTSD and Trauma Affect Your Brain Functioning. Retrieved
21 September 2019, fromwww.psychologytoday.org/intl /the-mindful-selfexpress/201809/how-ptsd-and-trauma-affect-your-brain-functioning
Purchase answer to see full
attachment