Central Missouri Foundations of Research Methods in Administration FP Paper

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ONLINE BOOK: Strategic Practical Research: Planning and Design Author: Leedy/Ormrod https://ereader.chegg.com/#/books/9780133741957/cfi/0!/4/2@100:0.00 Username: S_75haynes@yahoo.com Password: CHEGG4books Directions 1. Prepare a Final Paper (8-12 pages) o 8-12 pages o APA format o It will incorporate all previous papers revisions into one. (Intro, Problem Framing, Literature review, Methodology, Conclusion, and References) 1A. Additional directions/instructions (continued) a) Attached is P1 Problem Framing you did (professor edits) b) Attached is P2 Annotated bibliography you did (professor edits) c) Attached is P3 Literature review you did (professor edits) d) Attached is P4 Methodology review you did (professor edits) - Impact of Incentives from the Los Angeles Local Government Background The current global workforce is one of the vital factors for employers located in high-cost regions. They have an opportunity of hiring people in rural locations at a percentage of the cost they are likely to incur on someone locally. It implies that employers can access experienced and qualified workers for less. However, there are benefits of living close to work as indicated by the number of incentives provided by Los Angeles local government. Both development incentives and financing programs for small and medium-sized businesses are critical tools for existing distressed urban neighborhoods. Such programs are essential in the creation of new businesses, education, housing, and job opportunities for the residents. Los Angeles City offers different programs aimed at assisting property owners and developers as well as private businesses to not only become successful but also benefit the low-income communities through the provision of goods and services. The Major Projects Loan Program provides fixed-rate financing that is long term for the development of large-scale real estate commercial projects. The projects may include but not limited to recreational facilities, mixed-use projects, and office buildings, among others. The project should offer a HUD-specific public benefit through the creation or retention of full-time equivalent goods and services or employment opportunities to low and middle-income householders. The Los Angeles City Microloan Program aims to finance viable microenterprises and small businesses that find it challenging to access loans from local lenders or private financial institutions (California News Wire Services, 2018). Economic & Workforce Development Department (EWDD) has an effect on the efficient operation and profitability of 2 firms. Over the past years, Los Angeles has played a critical role in helping businesses leverage financing to enhance the growth of their organization and create more new jobs. In most circumstances, local governments use their tax system as a tool for partnering with the private sector on initiatives that relates to economic development. Specifically, tax incentives are crucial in the economic development strategies of the city. They help in the achievement of objectives beyond the creation of job and economic growth to include the spreading of economic activities throughout the city and increasing the focus on perceived highvalue sectors (Francis, 2016). Tax incentives are also useful in enhancing competitive advantage over other states and countries for the business environment that promise increased job opportunities and economic activities. Tax incentives are essential in the attraction of businesses. However, the additional tax revenues from the enhanced economic activities are likely to offset the cost of such incentives either partially or wholly. Research Problem Employees should not solely base their decision on incentives provided by the local government when considering living close to work (Parilla & Liu, 2018). However, it is one of the factors that could help in making the final decision on moving close to the workplace. Local, state and the federal government may offer potential business incentives. Compared to other cities, Los Angeles has more incentive programs that could attract workers and employers to move in the area. Majority of these incentives are either discretionary or legislated. The latter is easily accessible, and all the businesses may access them provided they meet the required criteria. On the other hand, discretionary incentives are only available to specific regions and particular projects based on case-by-case (Zolt, 2013). In most cases, the local government uses 3 discretionary incentives when it aims at attracting large businesses that have significant investment; hence impacting substantially on the job creation. It is worth noting that neither of the two categories of incentives used by local government is effective in turning a poor location into an acceptable one that has right living conditions. Thus, employees should choose moving close to work after consideration and identifying the location that satisfies individual needs and growth opportunities. Compared to other similar options, incentives represent a decisive factor. It is necessary to combine incentives with other elements to compare the advantages inherent to the local government. The availability of financial incentives relates directly to the needs of the community and economic impact of the business. Generally, high-income areas may have reduced incentives unless the local government perceives the project to be of high economic importance. Research Objective This research aims to discuss the impact of the incentives provided by Los Angeles on the decision of living close to work. The study will focus on analyzing the different types of incentives used by Los Angeles and how they affect the decision of moving to the region. Furthermore, the study will provide vital information on the factors that employees should consider when making career goals. From the career growth perspective, the increased changes in the external environment justify the need for analyzing incentives offered by the local government before moving close to work. The location has a significant influence on career patterns. It implies that workers require sufficient information on the trends and involvement of government in the improvement of the area. Employees should not compromise their productivity due to wrong decisions of moving close to work. 4 This study will provide an insight into the costs and benefits of local government incentives; thus, justifying the cost incurred to conduct it. For instance, does the availability of proper infrastructure and job opportunities make a region pleasant? The local government can also use the findings of this study to design policies that attract new investors and skilled workforce. Scope of the Study The primary focus of the study will be on the incentives from the City of Los Angeles that could impact on the decision of living close to work. The research concentrated on the City of Los Angeles as opposed to other regions since it more incentive programs making it relevant to the current study. The researcher will be able to collect more information on the subject under investigation for recommendation and proposing areas for further research. It did not analyze the state as a whole. The proposed incentives will only be limited to their ability to impact on the decision to live close to work. 5 References California News Wire Services. (2018, February 23). LA Approves Microloan Program For Small Businesses. Retrieved from https://patch.com/california/northhollywood/laapproves-microloan-program-small-businesses Francis, N. (2016, February 29). State Tax Incentives for Economic Development. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/research/publication/state-tax-incentives-economicdevelopment Parilla, J., & Liu, S. (2018). Examining the Local Value of Economic Development Incentives. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/report_examining-the-local-value-of-economic-developmentincentives_brookings-metro_march-2018.pdf Zolt, E. (2013). Tax Incentives and Tax Base Protection Issues. United Nations, New York. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/esa/ffd/wpcontent/uploads/2014/10/20140604_Paper3_Zolt.pdf Annotated Bibliography Article 1 1) APA Citation Jensen, N. M. (2017). The effect of economic development incentives and clawback provisions on job creation: A pre-registered evaluation of Maryland and Virginia programs. Research & Politics, 4(2), 2053168017713646. 2) Main Points ➢ The use of pre-registered matching to determine the effect of flagship economic development incentives of both Virginia and Maryland on job creation. ➢ Increased use of incentives among local government to induce the relocation of a company or expansion of the current operations. ➢ Economic incentives do not have an impact on the growth of the economy or creation of job opportunities. 3) Paraphrased summary Jensen discusses economic development incentives provided by the local governments to determine its impact on the creation of job opportunities to the community. The outcome of the study indicated that both of the programs were ineffective in creating jobs during the 6years time-period of the study (between 2006 and 2012). Maryland and Virginia have put in place economic development programs that use clawbacks for ensuring compliance with the incentive programs by al organizations. The findings indicated that complying with the agreements fails to address the redundancy challenge evident in such programs. 2 4) Direct Quotes “To analyze the impact of incentive programs on job creation, I chose the two flagship incentive programs: the Virginia Governor’s Opportunity Fund (GOF); and the Maryland Economic Development Assistance Authority Fund (MEDAAF). Both programs are major state level incentive programs that provide discretionary incentives to companies” (3). 5) Evaluation of the Source The article is a pre-registered study of incentives that include pre-specification of the information about the project before the author purchased the data. In such a circumstance, the researcher had limited discretion in the analysis. In general, it demanded documentation of deviations from pre-registered design. Hence, it reduced bias when self-evaluating economic development incentive programs offered by the local government. 6) Why this source will be useful This article will provide relevant information on the impact of local government incentives on the improvement of economic conditions in the area; which is a critical factor to consider before deciding to live close to work. Article 2 1) APA Citation Wang, W. (2017). The effects of political and fiscal incentives on local government behavior: An analysis of fiscal slack in China. International Public Management Journal, 20(2), 294315. 3 2) Main points ➢ Availability of huge slack resources in the Chinese local government which attracts scrutiny from the general public. ➢ Fiscal and political factors impact on the decision of local officials related to levels of slack resources. ➢ The need for improving performance of sub-national governments. 3) Paraphrased summary Through the application of panel dataset of various Chinese prefectural governments over a long period, the article aimed to analyze how political and fiscal incentives affect the behaviors of local governments related to fiscal slack. The empirical findings of the study show why political incentives are essential in making local fiscal decisions. Also, the research indicates that financial incentives that come from intergovernmental fiscal arrangements impacts on the choices made by local government on fiscal slack. 4) Direct Quotes “As expected, the revenue ratio is highly significant and positively correlated with the dependent variable, indicating that a stronger revenue capacity of prefectural cities may contribute to a higher share of fiscal slack” (15). “As indicated by previous research (for example, Hendrick (2006)), debt levels have a significant negative impact on fiscal slack” (10). 5) Evaluation of the Source 4 Since the information provided in this article is current, it makes it relevant to the research topic. This study is peer-reviewed, and the information is not biased as the author refers to other studies. Also, the study outlined some of its limitations, including data limitations that make the results preliminary. It proposes the need for a more exhaustive study that incorporates better data that helps in the creation of effective fiscal policies. 6) Why this source will be useful This research will provide vital information on the available resources that local governments can adopt in the improvements of the regions. It will also play a critical role in proposing recommendations on developing countercyclical fiscal capacity as well as ascertaining the continuation of economic growth. Article 3 1) APA Citation Spano, A., & Monfardini, P. (2018). Performance-related payments in local governments: Do they improve performance or only increase salary? International Journal of Public Administration, 41(4), 321-334. 2) Main points ➢ Use of personnel policies for improvement of public service ➢ Organizations should pay monetary incentives based on the performance achievement of each employee or the team or department. ➢ Although monetary incentives have limitations, they are still widely used to motivate employees in local governments. 5 3) Paraphrased summary The study conducted 25 interviews on the effectiveness of the current PerformanceRelated Pay Systems (PRPSs) at the local government level. From the literature review, it is evident that the majority of the private and public organizations adopt PRPSs despite their limitations. The qualitative approach and use of semi-structured interviews revealed that the majority of the employees believe that the local government should change how it designs and manages monetary rewards. 4) Direct Quotes “One needs to consider that the fiscal crisis, with an increasing level of debt and the consequential need for the restoration of public finance, especially at the local level, called for an increase in taxation and are reduction in budgets that took place in some countries in particular, such as Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Italy” (324). “Behaviors of many public servants changed; although objectives were absent in the past, now they know what they are talking about; this is very important” (326). 5) Evaluation of the Source This article is relevant to the current research paper and provides current information on the changes in employee trends. The findings were significant as the researchers interviewed knowledgeable personnel. The conclusion relates to the current study objectives on the types of incentives local governments should use to attract more people to live in the region. Despite adding information to existing literature, it provided a basis for my study. 6 6) Why this source will be useful The information provides an insight into the alternative incentives to PRPSs that local government should use to attract more employees to live close to work. Through analysis of the disadvantages of PRPSs, the study adds up to the knowledge on changing preference and factors that motivate the employees. Article 4 1) APA Citation Hawkins, C. V. (2017). Political incentives and transaction costs of collaboration among US cities for economic development. Local Government Studies, 43(5), 752-775. 2) Main points ➢ Interaction of development agreement features to shape the collective action. ➢ Public officials’ common incentive structure has a direct relationship to the collective action challenge. ➢ Jurisdictional fragmentation helps in the enhancement of economic competition. 3) Paraphrased summary The article adds knowledge to the existing literature through the identification of how agreements between cities that have same political institution help in the mitigation of collaboration transactional costs. It also analyzes the combination of such characteristics with political institutions for shaping collective action. The findings showed that in addition to promotion of economic competition among the cities, jurisdictional fragmentation offers local 7 officials’ opportunities of designing creative and new collaborative mechanisms to increase both regional and economic competitiveness. 4) Direct Quotes “Metropolitan fragmentation has long been the subject of scholars examining alternative mechanisms for providing or producing local services (755).” “The ICA framework links the importance of local governing institutions, described above as form government, to political incentives as one explanation for local policy decisions” (759). 5) Evaluation of the Source The article does not have any conflict of interest and the author referenced all the materials used in conducting the research. Also, the information is valid as the author is an associate professor at the University Of Central Florida School Of Public Administration. He has conducted previous research on topics related to urban sustainability policy and politics as well as governance in metropolitan regions. It makes him knowledgeable on the subject matter under discussion; hence providing valuable information to the current study. 6) Why this source will be useful This source will provide an insight into the policies of public administration used by local government and whether they are useful in changing the area to become good. It will help in addressing the issue related to the extent to which incentives can help turning a region labeled bad to becoming good; thus, attracting more people to live in it. 8 Article 5 1) APA Citation Sabharwal, M., Kiel, L. D., & Hijal-Moghrabi, I. (2019). Best Practices in Local Government Wellness Programs: The Benefits of Organizational Investment and Performance Monitoring. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39(1), 24-45. 2) Main points ➢ Implementation of workplace wellness programs to reduce healthcare costs. ➢ Increased employee productivity ➢ Best practices in wellness programs provided by local governments 3) Paraphrased summary The research focuses on the issue related to the ability of local governments to address the issue of increased healthcare costs through the implementation of workplace wellness programs. The article outlined the wellness programs’ national survey in some of the municipalities of U.S. From the statistical analysis; it was evident that performance monitoring and targeted investment are essential in the not only reduction of costs but also enhancement of employee productivity at both program and individual level. 4) Direct Quotes “Workplace wellness programs appear as the archetypal government program in the current era of performance management” (26) 9 “Local government wellness programs represent a unique nexus between local government and national policy” (27) “Financial incentives, such as reduced monthly insurance premiums, to induce employees to engage in healthy behaviors are also increasingly applied in wellness programs” (39) 5) Evaluation of the Source The information in the source is not only relevant to the study but also provides current data (2009). Also, the article is peer-reviewed making it reliable. The authors used information from other peer-reviewed sources and referenced it for easier reference in future. However, the low response rate of 34.8% could make it challenging to generalize the results of this study to all employees or local governments. 6) Why this source will be useful The article explains some of the non-monetary incentives provided by local governments that could affect the decision of a person on whether to move close to work. It will also be applicable in explaining some of the factors that increase employee motivation and productivity in the workplace. The research will help in adding up to literature on the reduction of the rate of absenteeism caused by preventable medical issues as well as the appropriate financial incentives such as reduced insurance premiums. 10 Article 6 1) APA Citation Ceschi, A., Demerouti, E., Sartori, R., & Weller, J. (2017). Decision-making processes in the workplace: how exhaustion, lack of resources and job demands impair them and affect performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 313. 2) Main points ➢ The process of decision-making is a critical element that contributes to workplace satisfaction and efficiency. ➢ Relationship between lower decision-competence and maladaptive behaviors ➢ Use of various cognitive skills for searching relevant information aimed at improving wok performance. 3) Paraphrased summary The research aims to indicate the common factors across different jobs affect decisionmaking and performance. The results of the study align with the formulated hypotheses. It points out that workers that have low DMCy are more concerned with job demands related to in-role performance. On the other hand, high levels of DEM enhance employee sensitivity toward exhaustion and job resources as it pertains to extra-role performance. The outcomes showed that environmental conditions and decision-making process has a direct relationship to employee functioning. 11 4) Direct Quotes “To maintain satisfactory performance levels, organizations have to master a complex set of decision rules on how to best match employee attributes and sensitivity toward the resources implemented” (313). “With these points in mind, we can state that the capacity to manage negative environmental conditions and take advantage of positive environments is nowadays an essential workplace competence for consistency in decision-making and, ultimately, for better performance” (313). 5) Evaluation of the Source In addition to providing current data on the research topic, this article is significant to the study of my research paper. The authors listed all the studies consulted in research paper to avoid any conflicts of interest. Similarly, other researchers in the PMC have cited this source in their studies. 6) Why this source will be useful This source will be useful in the discussion of specific objective related to factors employees should consider when making career goals and decisions. It explains the impact of both current incentives and career growth opportunities on decisions made by employees. It will also contribute to the literature by assessing factors that the majority of the people consider when deciding to move close to work. 12 Article 7 1) APA Citation Akosah-Twumasi, P., Emeto, T. I., Lindsay, D., Tsey, K., & Malau-Aduli, B. (2018). A systematic review of factors that influence youths career choices–the role of culture. In Frontiers in Education, 3, 58. Frontiers. 2) Main points ➢ Having a good career plan will result in life fulfillment ➢ There is increased likelihood of conflict between the personal interests of youths and cultural heritage. ➢ The primary factor that that affects career choice in individual settings is personal interest. 3) Paraphrased summary This source reinforces on the components youths consider before making career choices and the role that culture plays. The study adopted the use of systematic literature review from different databases for articles published between 1977 and 2018. From the 20 articles reviewed, it was evident that the expectations of the current workforce from collectivist cultures were among the key factors that influenced the decisions of the youths. Personal preference is a major component that affects individualistic career choice. 4) Direct Quotes “Bicultural youth who were more acculturated to their host countries were more intrinsically motivated in their career decision making” (58) 13 “In individualistic cultures, an individual is perceived as an “independent entity,” whilst in collectivistic cultures he/she is perceived as an “interdependent entity” (58) 5) Evaluation of the Source The information contained in this article was not only current but also relevant to the topic under investigation. The findings support the hypotheses that various factors influence youth career choices and the decision to move close to work. The authors declared that they did not receive any financial assistant hence there seems to be a lack of conflict of interest. It makes the research outcomes more reliable. 6) Why this source will be useful The source will help in the analysis of the different factors that employees consider when deciding to move close to work in addition to the local incentives provided by local governments. For instance, it provides sufficient information on whether personal interests are major factors that help in the prediction of career patterns or incentives. 1 Literature Review Local Government Incentive Programs The primary focus of economic development incentives is to attract private firms for either financial or non-financial advantages to promote job creation or capital investment. The majority of the local governments increased their incentive programs to lure more businesses in their jurisdiction. The primary reason why local governments utilize incentive programs includes the ability to motivate companies to move or expand in the area and increase public revenue due to economic growth that results in investment and creation of new jobs. Despite the increased use of incentive programs, there has been a decline in the assessment of how effective these programs are towards the achievement of the intended goal (Spano & Monfardini, 2018). According to the authors, despite the increasing literature on the significance and role of incentives in the public sector, some countries use monetary incentives as a tool of increasing salaries in the region while disregarding them as an instrument to motivate workers in the wider human resource management system. The findings of the research indicated that the different types of monetary incentives offered by local governments have limitations, but the administrators find it challenging to replace them with alternatives they consider more effective. Majority of the local governments do not evaluate if the incentives have a positive return on the investments of taxpayers. Various researchers have found mixed results on this issue. For instance, Jensen (2017) showed that economic development incentives have no significant impact on either job creation or economic development. Majority of the states and cities are increasingly using firm-specific incentives such as grants and tax abatements as economic development tools. The primary focus of these tools is to foster relocation of companies, expansion of current operations, and preventing firm from moving to other regions. However, the 2 administrator’s support of these programs lacks academic basis that highlights their effectiveness. Research outcomes have indicated that local incentive programs have a limited effect on the decision to move close to work; hence the cost outweighs the benefits. One of the factors that cause such ineffectiveness is the redundancy of local incentives. A local government that emphasizes investing in amenities and other public services increases the probability of attracting not only investors but also a skilled and experienced workforce into the region. For local government to ensure its economy prospers, it must lay a strong foundation on the policies and practices that relate to the quality of life as opposed to incentive programs. Over the past years, the majority of the local governments have adopted the use of the Comprehensive Performance Assessment (CPA) incentive scheme (Lockwood & Porcelli, 2013). CPA should not only enhance the quality services but also local taxation. However, it does not impact on service provision efficiency. The results from the study indicated that CPA enhanced tax rate and service quality output; but it did not influence the efficiency indices. It implies that incentive schemes including CPA may not achieve the goal of stimulation of higher efficiency of local governments due to focus on output. The author recommended that there is a need for local administrators to design incentive schemes with an emphasis on efficiency as opposed to rewarding output only. Over the past years, researchers defined economic development as wealth creation variant, including taxes or jobs. Thus, the majority of the local governments provide financial incentives, training opportunities, and infrastructure, among others. These activities have the characteristic of first-wave strategies aimed at attracting business to the region for the creation of wealth, jobs, and tax revenues. Even though the majority of the researchers indicate that financial incentives cause competition among the local governments which do not result in economic 3 advantages in the region, they are still standard tools used by local governments. In most circumstances, using incentives to attract business may evolve to the retention of business in the long run as a focus on the economic development practice. Political incentives are essential in making local fiscal decisions (Wang, 2017). Various forces affect local government economic development activities. Such diversity in both policies and funding are vital in shaping the ability of the local government to prioritize economic development. Costs and Benefits of Local Government Incentives Buss (2001) provided an insight into the benefits and costs of tax incentives provided by the local government. The author argues that despite the increased sophistication of research on tax, they result in conflicting outcomes on the importance of taxes as a tool for attracting investors and economic growth. Despite the wide adoption, this practice has both advantages and disadvantages. On one side, it helps in creating jobs that provide substantial benefits to the local people. Reducing the unemployment levels will not only increase wages but also provide opportunities for growth. Local poverty levels will decrease significantly hence promoting an increase in the tax revenues that outweighs the growth induced by the public spending. Similarly, it will foster the increase in values of the local properties. On the other hand, economic development incentives can result in increased costs. When the government increases its budgetary allocation on incentive programs, it may be costly in the long run if it fails to achieve the intended goal. It could force the local government to neglect some of the services to the residents at the expense of financing the incentive programs (Ramirez, Salimi & Hefzi, 2012). Therefore, the local government must increase investment in the skills of residents as opposed to the use of incentives programs to achieve local prosperity. In the USA, the majority of the incentives offered by the local governments are not geared towards 4 improving or changing a behavior. The authors identified research and development credit as one of the major incentives required in altering the choice and decision of a person. The other incentives were less beneficial to residents as they could not attract more investment. The universal justification that almost all local government official uses to justify business tax incentives and tax cuts is their ability to spur growth as well as create more jobs (Hawkins, 2017). Also, local public services do not undermine growth. Although in theory, such taxes could promote economic growth. Thus, local governments must consider investing in other non-monetary programs to attract employees to move close to work. The local government should be able to address the issue of increased healthcare costs through the implementation of workplace wellness programs. Performance monitoring and targeted investment are essential in the not only reduction of costs but also the enhancement of employee productivity at both program and individual level (Sabharwal et al., 2019). It is evident that non-monetary incentives provided by local governments that could affect the decision of a person on whether to move close to work. Factors to Consider When Making Career Goals In this complex environment, there is a need for employees to possess cognitive skills to analyze the different information before making a well-informed choice. For instance, incentive programs do not change a poor location into an acceptable one that has the right living conditions. Thus, employees should choose moving close to work after consideration and identifying the location that satisfies individual needs and growth opportunities. The employee has to develop, compare, and master the factors in the external environment that could impact on the career development opportunities. Also, the worker should be able to deal with cognitive limitation and personal barriers that can hinder tasks target accomplishment (Ceschi et al., 2017). 5 The outcomes showed that environmental conditions and decision-making process have a direct relationship to employee functioning. Concerning the changing preference of employees, the work environment is one of the critical determinants in deciding on moving close to work. Although incentive programs could have a positive impact on the decision of the worker, the effect of such variables has an intrinsic relationship to the sensitivity toward them. Research by Okendu (2012) found out that incentives have an impact on job performance and engaging in the daily operations of the school. However, it does not influence the decision to move close to the school, evaluation of students, and class attendance. The current workforce with high individualism level considers income as a crucial component in making a career choice (Akosah-Twumasi et al., 2018). One of the critical factors that impact on career choice of an individual is personal interests. The expectations of the current workforce from collectivist cultures are among the key factors that influenced the decisions of the youths. Personal preference is a major component that affects individualistic career choice. Individual factors including demographic variables have an impact on the career patterns. Interaction between personal growth and self-efficacy affect career growth prospect. The decision to move close to work depends on the need of employees to grow professionally for the achievement of a distinctive career. Regardless, it is essential to consider the degree of impact on other factors. For instance, the majority of the people base their career path decisions on educational attainment, personal interests, social contacts, and environmental factors. In general, people consider work status as the most valuable aspect. Employees that have specific cultural values could use their standards to judge the status of their workplace (Okurame, 2014). In circumstances where they perceive unsatisfactory career status, they are likely to object moving close to work. It could result in the 6 shortage of labor within a particular local region or culture; thus, limiting organizational performance and development in the area. Hence, the local government must consider the aspirations and motivators of employees to put in place incentives that align with their career needs and preferences. 7 References Akosah-Twumasi, P., Emeto, T. I., Lindsay, D., Tsey, K., & Malau-Aduli, B. (2018). A systematic review of factors that influence youths career choices–the role of culture. In Frontiers in Education, 3, 58. Frontiers. Buss, T. F. (2001). The effect of state tax incentives on economic growth and firm location decisions: An overview of the literature. Economic Development Quarterly, 15(1), 90105. Ceschi, A., Demerouti, E., Sartori, R., & Weller, J. (2017). Decision-making processes in the workplace: how exhaustion, lack of resources and job demands impair them and affect performance. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 313. Hawkins, C. V. (2017). Political incentives and transaction costs of collaboration among US cities for economic development. Local Government Studies, 43(5), 752-775. Jensen, N. M. (2017). The effect of economic development incentives and clawback provisions on job creation: A pre-registered evaluation of Maryland and Virginia programs. Research & Politics, 4(2), 2053168017713646. Lockwood, B., & Porcelli, F. (2013). Incentive schemes for local government: Theory and evidence from comprehensive performance assessment in England. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 5(3), 254-86. Okendu, J. N. (2012). Incentive scheme and job performance, a bivariate relationship with institutional development among secondary schools teachers. Journal of Education and Practice, 3(8), 216-222. 8 Okurame, D. E. (2014). Individual factors influencing career growth prospects in contexts of radical organizational changes. International Business Research, 7(10), 74. Ramirez, J. L. J., Salimi, A. Y., & Hefzi, H. (2012). The Impact of Tax Incentives on the Location of Manufacturing Facilities. Journal of Business and Accounting, 5(1), 76. Sabharwal, M., Kiel, L. D., & Hijal-Moghrabi, I. (2019). Best Practices in Local Government Wellness Programs: The Benefits of Organizational Investment and Performance Monitoring. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39(1), 24-45. Spano, A., & Monfardini, P. (2018). Performance-related payments in local governments: Do they improve performance or only increase salary? International Journal of Public Administration, 41(4), 321-334. Wang, W. (2017). The effects of political and fiscal incentives on local government behavior: An analysis of fiscal slack in China. International Public Management Journal, 20(2), 294315. Research Approach The literature review indicates that although Los Angeles provides various incentives, they are not enough to influence the decision of a person to move close to work. Thus, determining whether the local government has the right incentives requires evaluation and testing of the current programs in the city. The study will conduct in-depth interviews (IDIs) with different people from the Los Angeles city over a period of six months. The researcher will engage in a conversation with each respondent to explore the topic under investigation in detail. The interviewer will encourage the population under study to feel free when discussing their opinions, feelings, and probe on the primary research design for gaining insight and broader responses. It is estimated that the IDIs will take 10 to 30 minutes depending on the knowledge of the participants on the topic under study. The researcher will develop a script in advance to provide guidance on the interview process as well as ensuring that the study captures all the necessary information on the incentives offered by Los Angeles local government. The majority of the people consider the use of focus group when it comes to qualitative research. Even though focus groups help in explaining exploratory feedback when it comes to group setting, IDIs is essential in the provision of similar outcomes is not only unbiased but also one-on-one setting (Hammarberg, Kirkman & de Lacey, 2016). Conducting multiple IDIs will provide an opportunity of reporting results cumulatively which could offer a pool of respondents that is as large as multiple focus groups. Since this topic is pertinent to Los Angeles citizens, the local people will provide great detail about it. Data Collection Approach and Procedures The research will use interviews to collect relevant information from the participants. This data collection method is useful in the current study as it provides an opportunity to probe 2 the underlying factors. The benefit of the interview method is its ability to provide a complete and broad description and analysis of the impact of the incentives offered by local government on the decision of a person to move close to work. It does not limit the nature of the responses of participants and the research scope. Furthermore, it will help in gaining insight and context into the topic under investigation. Compared to other data collection methods including questionnaires, interviews provide information the interviewee may previous be unwilling to share (Rowley, 2012). The researcher does not have adequate information on the outcomes to anticipate making interviewing critical for discovery-oriented research. The data collection procedure will include getting buy-ins from local government administrators and other key stakeholders in the organization. They may include different respondents such as employees, tenants, and community members. The researcher will also determine the person responsible for collecting data to train them. It is crucial to design a consultation and communication strategy that outlines the data collection initiative as well as encouraging the highest participation rate. The researchers will interview all the respondents based on their areas. The last step is to protect personal and private information through the use of controlled procedures used to collect, store, ad access data that comprise privacy requirements. Data Analysis and Synthesis According to Hsieh & Shannon (2005), the current content analysis application indicates three different approaches such as summative, directed, and conventional as opposed to being a single method. They are all applicable in the interpretation of meaning from the text data context; thus enhancing adherence to the naturalistic paradigm. This research will adopt content analysis as its primary data analysis method. The source of data will be interviews. This approach is the 3 most preferred for the study since it can allow the analysis of multiple text forms in the analysis. Analyzing the outcome of the research using content analysis requires coding of the text as well as breaking them down into code categories that are easy to manage for analysis. After coding the text into code categories, the research will further categorize the codes for further summary of the data. Based on the collected data, the researcher will offer an insight into the incentives provided by local government and the impact on moving close to work. Methodological Limitations One of the limitations of this study relates to the sample size used. In some instances, it is possible that majority of the respondents could have limited knowledge of the incentives offered by the local government. Similarly, some people could move from the place which could reduce the target population. The researcher will address this issue by explaining to the respondents what the research entails and the information relevant to the study. Achieving this goal will require the recruitment of qualified persons to assist in conducting the study. Another limitation relates to inadequate data essential in determining a trend or meaningful relationship between local incentives and their effect on relocation decisions. The research will use such data to propose areas for further research on the topic. 4 References Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., & de Lacey, S. (2016). Qualitative research methods: when to use them and how to judge them. Human reproduction, 31(3), 498-501. Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288. Rowley, J. (2012). Conducting research interviews. Management research review, 35(3), 260271.
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Running head: FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH METHODS IN ADMINISTRATION FP

Foundations of Research Methods in Administration FP
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Introduction
The current global workforce is one of the vital factors for employers located in high-cost
regions. Employers have an opportunity of hiring people in rural locations at a percentage of the
cost they are likely to incur locally (Foster, 2011). The implication is that employers can access
experienced and qualified workers for less. However, there are benefits of living close to work as
indicated by the number of incentives provided by Los Angeles local government. Both
development incentives and financing programs for small and medium-sized businesses are
critical tools for existing distressed urban neighborhoods. Such programs are essential in the
creation of new businesses, education, housing, and job opportunities for the residents. Los
Angeles City offers different programs aimed at assisting property owners and developers as
well as private businesses to not only become successful but also benefit the low-income
communities through the provision of goods and services.
Problem Framing
Background Information
The Major Projects Loan Program provides fixed-rate financing that is long term for the
development of large-scale real estate commercial projects. The projects may include but not
limited to recreational facilities, mixed-use projects, and office buildings, among others. The
project should offer a HUD-specific public benefit through the creation or retention of full-time
equivalent goods and services or employment opportunities to low and middle-income
householders. The Los Angeles City Microloan Program aims to finance viable microenterprises
and small businesses that find it challenging to access loans from local lenders or private
financial institutions (California News Wire Services, 2018). EWDD has an effect on the

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efficient operation and profitability of firms. Over the past years, Los Angeles has played a
critical role in helping businesses leverage financing to enhance the growth of their organization
and create more new jobs.
In most circumstances, local governments use their tax system as a tool for partnering
with the private sector on initiatives that relates to economic development (Kundt, 2017).
Specifically, tax incentives are crucial in the economic development strategies of the city. They
help in the achievement of objectives beyond the creation of job and economic growth to include
the spreading of economic activities throughout the city and increasing the focus on perceived
high-value sectors (Francis, 2016). Tax incentives are also useful in enhancing competitive
advantage over other states and countries for the business environment that promise increased
job opportunities and economic activities. Tax incentives are essential in the attraction of
businesses. However, the additional tax revenues from the enhanced economic activities are
likely to offset the cost of such incentives either partially or wholly.
Research Problem
Employees should not solely base their decision on incentives provided by the local
government when considering living close to work (Parilla & Liu, 2018). However, it is one of
the factors that could help in making the final decision on moving close to the workplace. Local,
state and the federal government may offer potential business incentives. Compared to other
cities, Los Angeles has more incentive programs that could attract workers and employers to
move in the area. For example, Major Projects Loan Program provides employers with an
opportunity of developing large-scale real estate commercial projects. Majority of these
incentives are either discretionary or legislated. The latter is easily accessible, and all the

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businesses may access them provided they meet the required criteria. On the other hand,
discretionary incentives are only available to specific regions and particular projects based on
case-by-case (Zolt, 2013). In most cases, the local government uses discretionary incentives
when it aims at attracting large businesses that have significant investment; hence impacting
substantially on the job creation.
It is worth noting that neither of the two categories of incentives used by local
government is effective in turning a poor location into an acceptable one that has right living
conditions (LAEDC, 2014). Thus, employees should choose moving close to work after
consideration and identifying the location that satisfies individual needs and growth
opportunities. It is necessary to combine incentives with other elements to compare the
advantages inherent to the local government. The availability of financial incentives relates
directly to the needs of the community and economic impact of the business. Generally, highincome areas may have reduced incentives unless the local government perceives the project to
be of high economic importance.
Research Objective
This research aims to discuss how incentives provided by Los Angeles affect the decision
of living close to work. The study will focus on analyzing the different types of incentives used
by Los Angeles and how they affect the decision of moving to the region. Furthermore, the study
will provide vital information on the factors that employees should consider when making career
goals. From the career growth perspective, the increased changes in the external environment
justify the need for analyzing incentives offered by the local government before moving close to
work. The location has a significant influence on career patterns. It implies that workers require

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