ENGL 1302 – FALL
2019
ALEX KURIAN - NLC
What is argument/arguing?
Not
a fight!!
Argumentative writing – taking a strong
personal position on a significant, social,
controversial issue, and by the use of
evidence and specific strategies,
explaining that position, defending that
position, responding to counterarguments
for that position, and suggesting a solution
for that position.
Argumentative Writing as a Process
The
aim is to produce something that is
understandable and persuasive.
Persuade = change someone’s paradigm/
perspective
Specific evidence
Clear language/definition of terms
(recognizing their denotations and
connotations)
Argument – A Process
Logos
– information
Pathos - emotions
Ethos - ethics
Requirements of Essay 1
Must
write on first topic in your list of
assigned topics
Have at least three reasons to justify
your position (but not more than five)
Have a separate paragraph (between
the intro and body) to give some
additional context/background of the
issue
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
Body
- explain & defend reasons with
evidence
In each reason, you must indicate one
strategy you have used in that reason
(indicated with ** and name of the
strategy at the beginning of the first
paragraph for each reason)
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
Don’t
indicate the same strategy in
more than one reason
Have a separate paragraph between
body and conclusion that contains
two counterarguments
Concluding paragraph will be just the
solution (no summary!)
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
Length:
Cited)
6-8 pages (not counting Works
Length
starts with first word of intro
para (NOT top of first page)
Make
sure on each full page you have
23 lines total; otherwise, you will have to
make up those lines on the last page to
meet the minimum length requirement.
Outline of Essay 1
Intro (1 para, ¼ - ½ page or 5-10 lines): Any intro
technique(s) and thesis
Background (1 para, ¼ - ½ page or 5-10 lines): Any
two history/background techniques
Body (multiple paras, ¼ - ¾ page each or 5-18
lines): Explain reasons with evidence
Counterarguments (1 para, no more12 lines): Two
counterarguments and their responses
Conclusion (1 para, ½ - ¾ page or 10-18 lines):
Solution (no summary)
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
You
must have at least 2 print sources
in the essay (book, magazine,
newspaper, journal, catalog, etc)
They must be accessed in the original
printed form (e-book, PDF, or anything
else accessed electronically does not
count as a print source)
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
At
least 1of your 2 print sources must
be used in the body of your essay (the
other can also be used in the body or
in the introduction, background para,
counterarguments para or conclusion)
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
Must
attach photocopy or picture of
each print source used (no credit for
print sources otherwise)
Photocopy/picture must show the
cover along with the page/
information you actually used and the
lines/sentences you quoted must be
underlined
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
If
the source is from a library, the
picture must also show the library
barcode/sticker
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
You
must also have at least 4 online
sources in the essay.
These must be DCCCD academic
database sources.
Once you have these, you may add
additional sources apart from the
database, as long as they are reliable.
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
At
least 2 of your 4 online database
sources must be used in the body of
your essay (the others can also be
used in the body or in the introduction,
background para, counterarguments
para or conclusion)
You do not need to submit pictures or
printouts of your online sources
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
Personal
experience – can be used in
only one reason, up to ½ page (10
lines)
How much documented evidence –
one documented evidence for every
10 lines in your paragraph.
Any numerical data must be from 2014
onwards
Requirements of Essay 1 (cont’d)
For
the 6 required sources (2 print and 4
online), you must quote something from
them, not simply paraphrase.
After
you have at least one quote from each
of the required sources, if you want to
paraphrase, you can.
You
should have no more than two
paraphrases in the essay.
Parts of an Essay
Title
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
Works
Cited
Guidelines for a Proper Title
Purpose
of the title is identification
Should indicate subject and position of
essay
Should not be more than 6 words
Introduction – First Impression
Should
be a preview/guide to your
essay
Must include your thesis statement
Must include one introductory strategy
No apologies in introduction!
Thesis Statement
(The Main Idea of Your Paper)
One
thesis per paper
Only one sentence
Combination of fact and opinion
Avoid phrases such as – in my opinion,
I think, I believe, it seems to me, I feel
A Thesis Should Contain…
Your
topic
Your position on the topic
At least 3 reasons to support your
position (but no more than 5)
Introductory Techniques
Tell
a relevant story
State why your topic is important
Relevant quotation(s)
Relevant example(s)
Relevant question(s) [not more than 3]
Techniques(cont’d)
Length
of introduction – 1 paragraph,
¼ to ½ page (5-10 lines)
Background Paragraph
Purpose:
To provide some additional context
to your issue
Should
include only 2 of the following
techniques…
How
long the issue has been in existence
(origins of the issue)
What
parts of the world/country are most
affected by the issue (need specific data)
Background Para (cont’d)
Any
significant rulings/laws related to the
issue (e.g. Roe v.Wade)
Any
significant event(s) related to the issue
(e.g. 9/11)
Dictionary/official
concepts/terms
Any
definitions of any key
significant person/people/groups
involved with the issue
History/Background Para
(cont’d)
Do
not repeat anything already
mentioned in intro
No personal experience in this para
Length: ¼ - ½ page (5-10 lines)
Body Paragraphs
Where
you explain or prove your thesis
with evidence.
Every
reason must have at least one
piece of evidence
Characteristics of Evidence
Relevant
Specific
Adequate
Accurate
Representative
Verifiable
Characteristics of Evidence (cont’d)
Make
sure evidence is understandable
to audience
Treat all issues as ‘sensitive issues’
(balance between arguing and
offending)
Statistics must contain the sample size.
List of Strategies
Opposites
or Contraries
Comparison-Contrast*
Cause-Effect*
Induction/Deduction*
Narration/Description*
Process
List of Strategies (cont’d)
Classification
Emotion
Definition
Hypothetical
Situation
*Counts as only one strategy
Body Paragraphs
Write
paras that are focused, developed
and organized
Length
of paras: ¼ - ¾ (5-18 lines) of a
page. Have balance among reasons!
How
Ask
many paras per reason – you decide
yourself – would my paper be any
different if I took this paragraph out?
The Research Process
Research
involves finding, evaluating,
using & documenting sources
Most important consideration when
evaluating a source – who is the
author or manager or editor of the
information?
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
is using another person’s
language or ideas without
acknowledging them or using them
and acting as if they were your own.
Plagiarism is derived from the Latin
word for kidnapper or thief.
Plagiarism (cont’d)
Plagiarism
is treated so seriously
because you are trying to be someone
you are not and not acknowledging
the hard work or effort of someone
else.
Types of Plagiarism
Deliberate
plagiarism – with intent
Accidental/unintentional plagiarism –
due to carelessness, hurry, or
ignorance
Cite Sources…
When
you quote an entire sentence
word for word
When
you quote part of a sentence
word for word
When
using your own language but
based on someone else’s idea
(paraphrasing)
Works Cited vs Bibliography
Bibliography
– can list all sources
referenced or referred to even if they
do not appear in your paper
Works Cited – can list only those
sources actually used in your paper
We are using Works Cited
Indicating Sources in Paper
I. By
name of author
According
to name of author, “72% of
people that….”
“72%
of 300 people surveyed stated that….”
(name of author).
Name
of author = first & last name or just last
name, NOT just first name.
Indicating Sources in Paper
II. By
name of source (e.g. book/article).
According
to name of source, “72% of
people that….”
“72%
of 300 people surveyed stated
that….” (name of source).
Indicating Sources in Paper
If
source is book/magazine/newspaper/
website put in italics.
If
source is name of article put in
quotation marks.
Indicating Sources in Paper
Can
use various verbs for introducing quotes
(asserts, believes, claims, reports, observes,
etc)
Quote
should not be more than 4 lines
Quote
should not be in first or last sentence of
any paragraph.
For
print sources, page number(s) should be
indicated.
Indicating Sources in Paper
For
the 6 required sources (2 print and 4
database), you must quote something from
them, not simply paraphrase.
After
you have at least one quote from each
of the required sources, if you want to
paraphrase, you can.
You
should have no more than two
paraphrases in the essay.
Formatting (MLA)
Times New Roman, size 12 font
1-inch margins all around
Double-spaced
Black ink, white paper
Stapled (in order!)
Layout of first page – see example essay on ecampus
Need last name and page number in top right
corner of every page
Formatting (MLA)
6-8
pages of content (Works Cited page
does not count)
Length
starts with first word of intro para (NOT
top of first page)
Make sure on each full page you have 23 lines
total; otherwise, you will have to make up those
lines on the last page to meet the minimum
length requirement.
Formatting (cont’d)
Format
of entries – must follow current
MLA standards (handout on e-campus).
Every
entry in works cited page must
correspond to an entry in your paper
and vice versa.
Counterarguments
Responding
to the points made by the
opposing side
Shows you have thought about the
issue from different viewpoints/ angles
before coming to your decision.
Counterarguments (cont’d)
Also
shows you recognize “flaws” or
“weaknesses” in your own position but
that you still think your position is the
better one
We cannot address all
counterarguments – must address only
two
How to Find Counterarguments
Research
“Flipping”
one of your own reasons
Format of Counterarguments
Each
counterarguments has two parts
- stating the counterargument
- your response to it
Must use the exact wording given for
both sections to get credit for it
Format of Counterarguments
State
the counterargument:
- My opponents* may say/argue that….
*[those on the other side, those who
disagree with me, proponents of the
counter position, those who are
for/against, those with a different point
of view]
Format of Counterarguments
Respond
to the counterargument:
- However, I would respond by saying
that…
If you want to use outside sources in
counterarguments, you can, but it is
not required
Location & Length of
Counterarguments
Both
counterarguments will be in one
paragraph, between the body and
conclusion.
This paragraph should not exceed 12
lines
Proposing a Solution
Do not make an argument without
proposing a solution
Anyone can complain/point out a problem!
A solution shows you have thought deeply
and seriously about the issue
II. Ask for a specific response
Don’t be vague
Don’t be unsure
I.
Proposing a Solution (cont’d)
III.
Know the particulars regarding your
solution
What
is it going to involve in terms of factors
such as time, money, effort, and image?
What
are its benefits/risks?
Proposing a Solution (cont’d)
IV.
Don’t ask for too much
Be reasonable
Don’t ask your audience to do something
you wouldn’t do
V. Offer realistic solutions
Keep audience and their limitations/ context
in mind
Don’t offer “blanket” solutions
Proposing a Solution (cont’d)
VI.
Don’t feel you always have to come up
with an original idea
If
something has worked elsewhere, nothing
wrong in suggesting it
Show
specific examples of how it has worked
in the past
You
can also modify existing solutions
Proposing a Solution (cont’d)
Solution
lines)
will be last paragraph of essay (10-18
If
you want to use outside sources in solution
you can, but it is not required
Don’t
have more than two solutions in this
paragraph
Proposing a Solution (cont’d)
To
sum up, make sure your solution is…
Relevant
Specific
Logical
Practical/realistic
Ethical/moral
E d g a r
A l l a n
P o e
p
The Cask of Amontillado
F
I gave Fortunato no cause to doubt me. I continued to smile in
his face, and he did not understand that I was now smiling at the
thought of what I planned for him, at the thought of my revenge.
Fortunato was a strong man, a man to be feared. But he had one
great weakness: he liked to drink good wine, and indeed he drank
much of it. So he knew a lot about fine wines, and proudly believed
that he was a trained judge of them. I, too, knew old wines well, and
68
E d g a r
A l l a n
P o e :
S t o r y t e l l e r
I bought the best I could find. And wine, I thought, wine would give
me my revenge!
It was almost dark, one evening in the spring, when I met
Fortunato in the street, alone. He spoke to me more warmly than was
usual, for already he had drunk more wine than was good for him. I
acted pleased to see him, and I shook his hand, as if he had been my
closest friend.
“Fortunato! How are you?”
“Montresor! Good evening, my friend.”
“My dear Fortunato! I am indeed glad that I have met you. I
was just thinking of you. For I have been tasting my new wine. I have
bought a full cask of a fine wine which they tell me is Amontillado.
But….”
“Amontillado! Quite impossible.”
“I know. It does not seem possible. As I could not find you I
was just going to talk to Luchresi. If anyone understands wines it is
Luchresi. He will tell me….”
“Luchresi? He does not know one wine from another!”
“But they say he knows as much about wines as you know.”
“Ho! — Come. Let us go.”
“Go where?”
“To your vaults. To taste the wine.”
“No, my friend, no. I can see that you are not well. And the
vaults are cold and wet.”
“I do not care. Let us go. I’m well enough. The cold is nothing.
Amontillado! Someone is playing games with you. And Luchresi! Ha!
Luchresi knows nothing about wines, nothing at all.”
As he spoke, Fortunato took my arm, and I allowed him to hurry
me to my great stone palace, where my family, the Montresors, had
lived for centuries. There was no one at home. I had told the servants
that they must not leave the palace, as I would not return until the
following morning and they must care for the place. This, I knew, was
enough to make it certain that they would all leave as soon as my back
was turned.
I took down from their places on the wall two brightly burning
lights. I gave one of these to Fortunato and led him to a wide doorway.
There we could see the stone steps going down into the darkness.
69
E d g a r
A l l a n
P o e
Asking him to be careful as he followed, I went down before him,
down under the ground, deep under the old walls of my palace. We
came finally to the bottom of the steps and stood there a moment
together. The earth which formed the floor was cold and hard. We
were entering the last resting place of the dead of the Montresor family. Here too we kept our finest wines, here in the cool, dark, still air
under the ground.
Fortunato’s step was not sure, because of the wine he had been
drinking. He looked uncertainly around him, trying to see through
the thick darkness which pushed in around us. Here our brightly burning lights seemed weak indeed. But our eyes soon became used to the
darkness. We could see the bones of the dead lying in large piles along
the walls. The stones of the walls were wet and cold.
From the long rows of bottles which were lying on the floor,
among the bones, I chose one which contained a very good wine.
Since I did not have anything to open the bottle with, I struck the
stone wall with it and broke off the small end. I offered the bottle to
Fortunato.
“Here, Fortunato. Drink some of this fine Medoc. It will help to
keep us warm. Drink!”
“Thank you, my friend. I drink to the dead who lie sleeping
around us.”
“And I, Fortunato — I drink to your long life.”
“Ahh! A very fine wine, indeed! But the Amontillado?”
“It is farther on. Come.”
We walked on for some time. We were now under the river’s bed,
and water fell in drops upon us from above. Deeper into the ground
we went, past still more bones.
“Your vaults are many, and large. There seems to be no end to
them.”
“We are a great family, and an old one. It is not far now. But I
can see you are trembling with the cold. Come! Let us go back before
it is too late.”
“It is nothing. Let us go on. But first, another drink of your
Medoc!”
I took up from among the bones another bottle. It was another
wine of a fine quality, a De Grâve. Again I broke off the neck of the
70
E d g a r
A l l a n
P o e :
S t o r y t e l l e r
bottle. Fortunato took it and drank it all without stopping for a breath.
He laughed, and threw the empty bottle over his shoulder.
We went on, deeper and deeper into the earth. Finally we arrived
at a vault in which the air was so old and heavy that our lights almost
died. Against three of the walls there were piles of bones higher
than our heads. From the fourth wall someone had pulled down all
the bones, and they were spread all around us on the ground. In the
middle of the wall was an opening into another vault, if I can call it
that — a little room about three feet wide, six or seven feet high, and
perhaps four feet deep. It was hardly more than a hole in the wall.
“Go on,” I said. “Go in; the
Amontillado is in there.”
Fortunato continued to go
forward, uncertainly. I fol
lowed
him immediately. Soon, of course,
he reached the back wall. He
stood there a moment, facing the
wall, surprised and wondering.
In that wall were two heavy iron
rings. A short chain was hanging
from one of these and a lock
from the other. Before Fortunato
could guess what was happening,
I closed the lock and chained him
tightly to the wall. I stepped back.
“Fortunato,” I said. “Put your hand against the wall. You must
feel how the water runs over it. Once more I ask you, please, will you
not go back? No? If not, then I must leave you. But first I must do
everything I can for you.”
“But…But the Amontillado?”
“Ah, yes, yes indeed; the Amontillado.”
As I spoke these words I began to search among the bones.
Throwing them to one side I found the stones which earlier I had
taken down from the wall. Quickly I began to build the wall again,
covering the hole where Fortunato stood trembling.
“Montresor! What are you doing!?”
71
E d g a r
A l l a n
P o e
I continued working. I could hear him pulling at the chain, shaking it wildly. Only a few stones remained to put in their place.
“Montresor! Ha-ha. This is a very good joke, indeed. Many times
will we laugh about it — ha-ha — as we drink our wine together —
ha-ha.”
“Of course. As we drink the Amontillado.”
“But is it not late? Should we not be going back? They will be
expecting us. Let us go.”
“Yes. Let us go.”
As I said this I lifted the last stone from the ground.
“Montresor! For the love of God!!”
“Yes. For the love of God!”
I heard no answer. “Fortunato!” I cried. “Fortunato.” I heard only
a soft, low sound, a half-cry of fear. My heart grew sick; it must have
been the cold. I hurried to force the last stone into its position. And
I put the old bones again in a pile against the wall. For half a century
now no human hand has touched them. May he rest in peace!
72
Purchase answer to see full
attachment