Description
DUE: TUESDAY, October 8 (by midnight via Canvas)
Format: 2½--3 pages, 1” margins, double-spaced, 10-12 pt font. Please do not add a cover sheet. Simply include your name, course number (AIS 320), and Essay 1 at the top of the page (either centered or adjusted left).
Also, no secondary sources are required. You need only refer to the reading assignments (and lectures, when appropriate). However, whenever you cite or quote from your textbook, The American Indian Intellectual Tradition, please state the page number in parentheses at the end of your citation or quotation. For example, “William Apess brings up the issue of a disputed deed to Marshpee land, which he makes the central part of his argument to the Massachusetts General Court that the state is responsible for redressing the Marshpee’s grievance against Phineas Fish (64-65).” Furthermore, whenever making a direct quote from the book, quotations should be brief, a sentence or two at a time. Please avoid using lengthy block quotes.
Instructions: Making references to the authors read in Part 2 of your textbook, The American Indian Intellectual Tradition, namely La Flesche, Johnson, Winnemucca, Kellogg, Coolidge, Wheelock, Roe Cloud, Parker, Montezuma, Eastman, and Zitkala-Sa, answer the following questions:
- How did La Flesche, Winnemucca, and Montezuma each describe how Indians on the reservations were treated by the Indian Bureau? Be succinct, complete with example(s) from your textbook.
- Referring to any two of the writers named in the above instructions, how did these Indian rights advocates think that US citizenship was a necessary step at redressing the so-called Indian Problem? In other words, why they did think this was a good idea for Indians?
- Referring to any two of the writers named in the above instructions, what examples were given as evidence that Indians were fully capable of succeeding alongside their white peers in modern American society? Again, be succinct, complete with example(s) from your textbook.
(NB: When answering the above questions, it is important that you do not simply reference the same readings in each answer. Mix it up a bit.)
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Essay 1 Outline
I.
All authors establish that the Bureau pursued a policy of systemic oppression of the
Indians.
II.
La Fresche posit that US Citizenship was a necessary step at redressing the so-called
Indian Problem to enable Indians take care of themselves and Coolidge because of the
benefits and value to both Indians and the nation.
III.
Coolige and Eastman refer to numerous examples that Indians were fully capable of
succeeding alongside their white peers in modern American society
Surname 1
Name
Professor
AIS 320
Date
Essay 1
La Flesche describes the Indian Bureau as an imposed, coercive, bureaucratic, and
unwarranted guardianship system specifically designed to subjugate, control, and undermine
Indians on the reservations. The Bureau, under the veil of civilizing the Indians, imposes
restrictions on their movement, the freedom of commerce, and also demands ultimate reverence
and conformity, failure to which they are not fed (La Flesche 114). Le Fresche decries how the
Indian Bureau considers Indians as minors incapable of caring for themselves or making any
decisions pertaining to their lives (115). Further, after stripping the Indians off all capabilities to
fend for themselves, the Bureau has also failed to dispense that responsibility and left them to
suffer (LaFlesche 115). Winnemucca buttresses this narrative in various ways.
One is by highlighting corruption within the Bureau and by its agents where monies
meant to develop the reserves never served the purposes for which they were appropriated
(Hopkins 121). Additionally, rather than protecting the Indians, the Bureau exhibited wanton
disregard for their lives as it allowed troops to massacre Indians (Hopkins 122). Further, Bureau
agents exploited the system to enrich themselves while the Indians starved (Hopkins 127-9).
Similarly, Montezuma (203-12) describes the Bureau as a bureaucratic entity meant to entrench
the oppression of Indians and a conduit for undermining the basic human rights of Indians. It has
destroyed the Indians’ identity and personalities; disenfranchised Indians by taking away their
land; restricted their freedom of expression; denied them education; and deliberately undermined
Surname 2
their capacity to think for themselves or make decisions on matters affecting them. The Bureau is
tainted by greed for mon...
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