1. Medical Terminology class:
Take a look at the cleaning, hygiene, and beauty products you have in your home or
at your local drug store. What medical terms or elements of medical terms that we
have learned in class do you see? Share a term you find. Break down the
term. How does the medical term relate to the function of the product? Why might
manufacturers incorporate medical terminology elements into titles and
descriptions of products? See attached files MT chapter 1,2,3,4,5 ppt doc
This is student who was post, just replay him.
2. math class:
In 1-2 Paragraphs please answer the following questions?
I would like you to recall a time in life where you gave it 100% and you were
not successful. How did that feel? Did it stop you or did it make you stronger?
If you have not had a time like this, then I want you to focus on the following
question, 'is good, good enough?
Just answer question 1, and 2. Short answer, no work cited, this is weekly discussion post
answer.
3. BIO 100 question, just one page. Answer it.
Pick any muscle. List the action of that muscle (e.g. extension, flexion, adduction, abduction)
and what exercises you'd perform to work-out that muscle.
You can pick the same muscle as someone else but pick different ways to work out the same
muscle.
Also replay this student post:
1,2,3 total 2 pages.
CHAPTER
4
The Skeletal System
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-2
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
LO 4.1 Use roots, combining forms, suffixes, and
prefixes to construct and analyze (deconstruct)
medical terms related to the skeletal system.
LO 4.2 Spell and pronounce correctly medical
terms related to the skeletal system to
communicate them with accuracy and precision in
any health care setting.
LO 4.3 Define accepted abbreviations related to
the skeletal system.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-3
Learning Outcomes
LO 4.4 Relate the different types of bones and
their structure to their functions.
LO 4.5 Describe the causes, appearances,
methods of diagnosis, and treatment of bone and
joint disorders and bone fractures, and their
methods of healing.
LO 4.6 Identify the structures of the axial skeleton
and their disorders and treatments.
LO 4.7 Describe the bones and joints of the
shoulder girdle and upper limb and their disorders
and treatments.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-4
Learning Outcomes
LO 4.8 Relate the structure of the pelvic girdle, hip
joint, and thigh bone to their functions and
disorders and treatments.
LO 4.9 Relate the structures of the knee joint,
ankle, and foot to their functions and disorders and
treatments.
LO 4.10 Apply your knowledge of the medical
terms of the skeletal system to documentation,
medical records, and medical reports.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-5
Learning Outcomes
LO 4.11 Translate the medical terms of the
skeletal system into everyday language in order to
communicate clearly with patients and their
families.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-6
The Skeletal System:
The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics
Lesson 4.1: Bones of the Skeletal System
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-7
Skeletal System
• Health professionals treating musculoskeletal
problems
– orthopedic surgeons
– osteopathic physicians
– chiropractors
– physical therapists and assistants
– orthopedic technologists and technicians
– podiatrists
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-8
Skeletal System
• Components of the skeletal system
– bones
– cartilage
– tendons
– ligaments
• Functions
– support
storage
– protection
– blood formation
– mineral
– detoxification
– endocrine
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-9
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify and define the suffixes of the following
terms:
– chiropractic
– chiropractor
– detoxification
– musculoskeletal
– orthopedist
– osteopathy
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-10
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following words from Latin:
– cartilage
– ligament
– muscle
– tendon
• Define these abbreviations:
– MD
– DC
– DO
– PT
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-11
Skeletal System
• Structure of bones
– Classification of bones
• long
• short
• flat
• irregular
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-12
Word Analysis and Definition
• Give adjective forms of the following terms:
– cortex
cortical
– medulla
medullary
– periosteum
periosteal
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-13
Word Analysis and Definition
• What is the difference in the following terms?
– diaphysis
Greek = growing between
– epiphysis
epi- = upon
-physis = growth
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-14
Skeletal System
• Diseases of the bone
© Dr. Michael Klein/Peter Arnold, Inc.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-15
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define these terms having a common root:
– osteogenesis
– osteomalacia
– osteomyelitis
– osteopenia
– osteoporosis
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-16
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify and define the suffixes from the following
terms:
– achondroplasia
– sarcoma
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-17
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following abbreviations:
– BMD
– DEXA
– FDA
– IU
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-18
Skeletal System
• Bone fractures
– Types of fractures
• See Figure 4.6 and Table 4.1
– Healing of fractures
• See Figure 4.7
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-19
Word Analysis and Definition
•
Describe the differences in the following
fractures:
– closed vs. open fracture
– complete vs. incomplete
– pathologic vs. compression
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-20
Word Analysis and Definition
• Describe the similarities and differences in the
following terms:
– osteocyte
– osteoblast
– osteoclast
– osteogenesis
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-21
The Skeletal System:
The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics
Lesson 4.2: Axial Skeleton
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-22
Axial Skeleton
• Structure of axial skeleton
– vertebral column
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-23
Axial Skeleton
• Structure of axial skeleton
– vertebral column
1. vertebrae
2. intervertebral discs
3. spinal cord
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-24
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the term and write the adjective form:
– sacrum
sacral
– spine
spinal
– vertebrae
vertebral
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-25
Word Analysis and Definition
• How are the following terms related?
– kyphosis
– lordosis
– scoliosis
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-26
Axial Skeleton
• The skull and face
– cranial
cavity
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-27
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following words from Latin, Greek, or
French origin:
– cranium
– mandible
– maxilla
– zygoma
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-28
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify and define the root in the following
terms:
– palatine
– parietal
– sphenoid
– temporal
– ethmoid
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-29
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following abbreviations:
– C5
– C5-C6
– T12
– MRI
– TMJ
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-30
The Skeletal System:
The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics
Lesson 4.3: Bones and Joints of the Shoulder
Girdle and Upper Limb
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-31
Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle
and Upper Limb
• Shoulder girdle and upper arm
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-32
Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle
and Upper Limb
• Shoulder girdle
– Common disorders of the shoulder
1. shoulder separation
2. shoulder dislocation
3. shoulder subluxation
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-33
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify and define the root in the following
terms:
– articulate
– dislocation
– pectoral
– subluxation
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-34
Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle
and Upper Limb
•
Upper arm and elbow joint
– Common disorders of the elbow
1. tennis elbow
2. bursitis
3. bone fractures
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-35
Word Analysis and Definition
• Deconstruct the following terms into their
elements:
– pronation
– supination
– capitulum
– aspiration
– trochlear
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-36
Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle
and Upper Limb
• Forearm, wrist, and hand
– bones
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-37
Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle
and Upper Limb
• Forearm, wrist, and hand
– Common disorders of the wrist
1. ganglion cyst
2. stenosing tenosynovitis
3. carpal tunnel syndrome
4. Colles fracture
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-38
Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle
and Upper Limb
• Forearm, wrist, and hand
– Common disorders of the wrist
1. carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
– Common disorders of the hand
1. osteoarthritis (OA)
- Heberden nodes
2. rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-39
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following root elements:
– arthr
– carp
– oste/o
– ten/o
– phalang/e
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-40
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following abbreviations:
– CTS
– OA
– RA
– po
– prn
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-41
The Skeletal System:
The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics
Lesson 4.4: Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-42
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Pelvic girdle
– Structure (see Figure 4.17)
– Functions
1. Supports the axial skeleton
2. Transmits the upper body’s weight to the
lower limbs
3. Provides attachments for the lower limbs
4. Protects internal reproductive organs, urinary
bladder, and distal segment of the large
intestine
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-43
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Pelvic girdle
– Disorders of the pelvic girdle
1. sacroiliac joint strain
2. diastasis symphysis pubis
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-44
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define each term and write it in the adjective
form:
– femur
femoral
– pelvis
pelvic
– pubis
pubic
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-45
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define each term and write it in the adjective
form:
– ischium
ischial
– sacrum
sacral
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-46
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Bones and joints of the hip and thigh
– Disorders and injuries of the hip joint
1. hip pointer
2. osteoarthritis
3. rheumatoid arthritis
4. avascular necrosis
5. fractures
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-47
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The knee joint
– Bones
1. femur
2. tibia
3. patella
4. fibula
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-48
Word Analysis and Definition
• Put the terms in correct anatomical order from
head to toe:
– tibia
– femur
– pubis
– fibula
– patella
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-49
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define each term and write it in the plural form:
– meniscus
menisci
– patella
patellae
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-50
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The knee joint
– Surgical procedures of the knee
• arthrocentesis
• arthroscopy
• total knee replacement
© Charles McRae, M.D./Visuals Unlimited
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-51
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify and define the root and suffix of the
following terms:
– arthrocentesis
– arthrodesis
– arthrography
– arthroplasty
– arthroscopy
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-52
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• Bones and joints of the lower leg, ankle, and foot
– Disorders of the ankle and foot
1. bunions
2. strains and sprains
3. Pott fracture
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-53
Word Analysis and Definition
• Give the common name of the following medical
terms:
– calcaneus
– talus
– tarsus
– metatarsus
– phalanges
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-54
The Skeletal System:
The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics
Lesson 4.5: Diagnostic and Therapeutic
Procedures for Bone Disorders
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-55
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for
Bone Disorders
• Diagnostic procedures for metabolic bone
disorders
– bone mineral density (BMD)
– nuclear bone scan
– blood tests
– bone biopsy
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-56
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for
Bone Disorders
• Diagnostic procedures for bone cancer
– X-ray
– CT scan
– MRI
– PET
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-57
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for
Bone Disorders
• Therapeutic procedures for bone disorders
– surgery
– chemotherapy
– radiotherapy
– cryosurgery
– drug therapy
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4-58
Word Analysis and Definition
• Deconstruct the following terms into their
elements:
– amputation
– biopsy
– chemotherapy
– radiotherapy
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-59
Final Word
• The skeleton supports and protects your organ
systems.
• Understanding the surface anatomy of bones
and their markings will enable you to describe
and document the sites of symptoms, signs, and
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
• The axial skeleton includes the vertebral
column, skull, and rib cage.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-60
Final Word
• The appendicular skeleton forms the bones and
joints of the shoulder girdle and upper limb as
well as bones and joints of the pelvic girdle and
lower limb.
• The procedures and methods, other than clinical
examination, that are used to assess, diagnose,
and treat bone disorders, including bone cancer,
can be complicated and expensive.
• Treatment can also cause unpleasant side
effects.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
CHAPTER
3
The Integumentary
System
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-2
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
LO 3.1 Use roots, combining forms, suffixes, and
prefixes to construct and analyze medical terms
related to the integumentary system.
LO 3.2 Spell and pronounce correctly medical
terms and their plurals related to the
integumentary system to communicate them with
accuracy and precision in any health care setting.
LO 3.3 Define accepted abbreviations related to
the integumentary system.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-3
Learning Outcomes
LO 3.4 Relate the anatomical structures of the
integumentary system and their locations to their
functions.
LO 3.5 Describe common disorders of and injuries
to the skin and its accessory glands.
LO 3.6 Identify pharmacologic agents and other
methods used to treat disorders of the
integumentary system.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-4
Learning Outcomes
LO 3.7 Apply your knowledge of medical terms
relating to the integumentary system to
documentation, medical records, and medical
reports.
LO 3.8 Translate the medical terms relating to the
integumentary system into everyday language in
order to communicate clearly with patients and
their families.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-5
The Integumentary System:
The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology
Lesson 3.1: Functions and Structure of the Skin
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-6
Functions of the Skin
• The skin performs several important functions:
– protection
– water resistance
– temperature regulation
– vitamin D synthesis
– sensation
– excretion and secretion
– social functions
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-7
Keynote
• Skin is the largest and most vulnerable organ in
the body.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-8
Word Analysis and Definition
• Describe the difference in the meaning of these
two terms:
– biopsy
– autopsy
• Define carcinoma.
• Define the prefix cryo.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-9
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following terms:
– dermis
– dermatology
– epidermis
– epidermal
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-10
Word Analysis and Definition
•
Define each term and identify the root:
– cutaneous
cutan/e skin
– prognosis
gnosis knowledge
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-11
Structure of the Skin
• Epidermis
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-12
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify the root and define the term:
– keratin
– melanin
– sebum
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-13
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following terms:
– intradermal
– subcutaneous
– intramuscular
– transdermal
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-14
Structure of the Skin
• Transdermal applications
– Administered through the skin by an adhesive
patch
– Examples: contraceptive hormones,
analgesics, antinausea/antiseasickness
medications
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-15
Word Analysis and Definition
• Describe the difference in the meanings of these
terms:
– adipose
* fat
– lipid
* fat
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-16
Word Analysis and Review
• Define the terms:
– analgesic
– follicle
– hypodermis
– sebaceous
– wheal
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-17
The Integumentary System:
The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology
Lesson 3.2: Disorders of the Skin
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-18
Disorders of the Skin
Dermatitis =
dermatroot
-itis
suffix
© Dr. P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-19
Dermatitis
• Eczema = Greek to boil or to ferment
– excoriation = ex-cori-ation
prefix
root
suffix
•
•
•
•
Contact dermatitis
Atopic or allergic dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Stasis dermatitis
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-20
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the root of the following terms:
– allergen
– allergenic
– allergy
– allergic
• What is the definition of the element -gen?
• Identify the two adjectives from the terms
above. What do they have in common?
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-21
Disorders of the Skin
• Types of skin cancers
– malignant melanoma
– basal cell carcinoma
– squamous cell carcinoma
© James Stevenson/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-22
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following terms:
– malignant
– melanoma
– metastasize
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-23
Disorders of the Skin
• Pressure (decubitus) ulcers
– decubitus =
deprefix
-cubitus
root
• Congenital lesion (nevus)
– nevus =
latin mole, birthmark
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-24
Disorders of the Skin
• Infections of the skin
– viral
– fungal
– parasitic
– bacterial
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-25
Disorders of the Skin
• Infections of the skin
– Viral infections
1. human papillomavirus
© Kenneth Greer/Visuals Unlimited
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-26
Disorders of the Skin
• Infections of the skin
– Viral infections
2. varicella-zoster virus
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-27
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the following terms:
– macule
– papillomavirus
– papule
– verruca
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-28
Disorders of the Skin
• Infections of the skin
– Fungal infections
1. tinea
© SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-29
Disorders of the Skin
• Infections of the skin
– Yeast-like fungus
1. Candida and thrush
© Dr. P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-30
Disorders of the Skin
• Infections of the skin
– Parasitic infestations
1. parasite
2. infestation
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-31
Disorders of the Skin
• Infections of the skin
– Parasitic infestations
3. lice—pediculosis
4. itch mite—scabies
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-32
Disorders of the Skin
• Infections of the skin
– Bacterial infections
1 . Staphylococcus aureus, or “staph”
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-33
Word Analysis and Definition
• Describe the differences between the following
terms:
– carbuncle
– impetigo
– scabies
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-34
Disorders of the Skin
• Diseases of the skin
– Collagen diseases
1. SLE
2. rosacea
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-35
Disorders of the Skin
• Diseases of the skin
– Collagen diseases
3. scleroderma
Courtesy Dr. Maureen Mayes
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-36
Disorders of the Skin
• Diseases of the skin
– psoriasis
© Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-37
Word Analysis and Definition
• Practice pronouncing the following words:
– psoriasis
so-RYE-ah-sis
– rosacea
roh-ZAY-she-ah
– scleroderma
sklair-oh-DERM-ah
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-38
The Integumentary System:
The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology
Lesson 3.3: Accessory Skin Organs
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-39
Accessory Skin Organs
• Hair follicles and sebaceous glands
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-40
Accessory Skin Organs
• Hair follicles and sebaceous glands
– acne
© Kenneth Greer/Visuals Unlimited
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-41
Word Analysis and Definition
• Define the terms:
– cyst
– comedo
– pustule
- seborrhea
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-42
Accessory Skin Organs
• Hair
• Body hair has no specific function.
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3-43
Accessory Skin Organs
• Sweat glands
– Major locations
– Cool the body
– Different types of sweat glands
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3-44
Accessory Skin Organs
• Nails
– Diseases of nails
1. onychomycosis
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3-45
Accessory Skin Organs
• Nails
– Diseases of nails
2. paronychia
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-46
Word Analysis and Definition
• Use word deconstruction to determine the
meaning of the following words:
– onychomycosis
(oh-nih-koh-my-KOH-sis)
– paronychia
(par-oh-NICK-ee-ah)
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-47
The Integumentary System:
The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology
Lesson 3.4: Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin
Disorders
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-48
Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Disorders
• Diagnostic procedures
– dermascope
– biopsy
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1-49
Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Disorders
• Therapeutic methods and pharmacologic agents
– Topical therapies
1. Cleansing agents
2. Anti-inflammatory agents
3. Topical antibiotics
4. Antifungal agents
5. Antipruritic agents
6. Systemic therapies
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-50
The Integumentary System:
The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology
Lesson 3.5: Burns and Injuries to the Skin
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-51
Burns and Injuries to the Skin
• Burns
– first-degree
© Sheila Terry/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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3-52
Burns and Injuries to the Skin
• Burns
– second-degree
© Dr, P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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3-53
Burns and Injuries to the Skin
• Burns
– third-degree
© John Radcliffe Hospital/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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3-54
Burns and Injuries to the Skin
• Burns
- fourth-degree
- Destroys all layers of the skin
- Can involve tendons, muscles, and bones
- Skin grafts are required, as there is no
dermal tissue left for regeneration
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-55
Rule of Nines
• The prognosis for a burn patient also depends
on the extent of body surface that is affected.
– Head and neck are 9% of body surface.
– Each arm is 9%.
– Each leg is 18%.
– Anterior trunk is 18%.
– Posterior trunk is 18%.
– Genitalia are 1%.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-56
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify the noun and adjective forms from the
following terms:
– edema
– edematous
– inflammation
– inflammatory
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-57
Word Analysis and Definition
• auto/graft
• homo/graft
• allo/graft
• xeno/graft
• hetero/graft
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3-58
Burns and Injuries to the Skin
• Wounds and tissue
repair
– lacerations
– incisions
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3-59
Burns and Injuries to the Skin
• Wounds and tissue
repair
– scab formation
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3-60
Burns and Injuries to the Skin
• Wounds and tissue repair
– suturing
– keloids
© Ken Geer/Visuals Unlimited
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3-61
Word Analysis and Definition
• What do the following terms have in common?
– abdominoplasty
– blepharoplasty
– mammoplasty
– rhinoplasty
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1-62
Final Word
• The skin is the largest organ of the body.
• Understanding the structure and function of the
skin will provide knowledge of how to diagnose
and treat various skin disorders, burns, and
injuries.
• The skin provides the first line of defense
against injury, disease, allergens, and pollutants.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
CHAPTER
2
The Body as a Whole
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-2
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
LO 2.1 Use roots, combining forms, suffixes, and
prefixes to construct and analyze (deconstruct)
medical terms related to the anatomy and
physiology of the body as a whole.
LO 2.2 Spell and pronounce correctly medical
terms related to the body as a whole in order to
communicate with accuracy and precision in any
health care setting.
LO 2.3 Discuss the medical terms associated with
cells and tissues.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-3
Learning Outcomes
LO 2.4 Describe the primary tissue groups and
their functions.
LO 2.5 Relate individual organs and organ
systems to the organization and function of the
body as a whole.
LO 2.6 Integrate the medical terms of the different
anatomic positions, planes, and directions of the
body into everyday medical language.
LO 2.7 Describe the nine regions of the abdomen.
LO 2.8 Map the body cavities.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-4
Learning Outcomes
LO 2.9 Apply your knowledge of the medical terms
of the body as a whole to documentation, medical
records, and medical reports.
LO 2.10 Translate the medical terms of the body
as a whole into everyday language in order to
communicate clearly with patients and their
families.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-5
The Body as a Whole:
The Essentials of the Language of Anatomy
Lesson 2.1: Composition of Body and Cells
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-6
Composition of Body and Cells
• The body is composed of:
– organ systems
– organs
– tissues
– cells
– organelles
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2-7
Composition of Body and Cells
• Zygote
© Francis Leroy, BIOCOSMOS/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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2-8
Composition of Body and Cells
• cytology =
cyt/o-logy
combining
suffix
form
= study of the cell
• cytologist =
cyt/o-logist
combining
suffix
form
= specialist in the structure, chemistry
and pathology of the cell
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-9
Word Analysis and Definition
• Pronounce the following words:
– cytology = SIGH-tol-oh-jee
– fertilization = FER-til-eye-ZAY-shun
– tissue = TISH-you
– zygote = ZYE-goat
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-10
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify the root in the following words:
– cytologist
cyt/o– organelle
organ– molecular
molecul-
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-11
Structure and Function of Cells
• Every cell carries out these basic functions of
life:
– Manufactures proteins and lipids
– Produces and uses energy
– Communicates with other cells
– Replicates deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
– Reproduces itself
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2-12
Structure and Function of Cells
• Nucleus
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2-13
1-
Word Analysis and Definition
• Practice pronouncing the following words:
– cytoplasm
SIGH-toh-plazm
– deoxyribonucleic acid
dee-OCK-see-rye-boh-nyu-KLEE-ik ASS-id
– mitochondria
my-toe-KON-dree-ah
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-14
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify the roots of the following terms:
– catabolism
– chromosome
– nucleus
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2-15
The Body as a Whole:
The Essentials of the Language of Anatomy
Lesson 2.2: Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-16
Tissues
• Primary tissue groups:
– connective
– epithelial
– muscle
– nervous
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2-17
Connective Tissue in the Knee Joint
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2-18
Word Analysis and Definition
• Pronounce the following words:
capsular = KAP-syu-lar
collagen = KOLL-ah-jen
periosteum = PER-ee-OSS-tee-um
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-19
Organs and Organ Systems
• The body is made up of 11 organ systems.
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2-20
Organs and Organ Systems
• Muscular and skeletal systems are often
considered one organ system, the
musculoskeletal system.
• The muscular system contains the muscles. This
system can cause movements, maintain
posture, and produce body heat.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-21
Organs and Organ Systems
• The skeletal system contains the bones, joints,
ligaments, and cartilages.
• This system provides a framework, protects soft
tissues, provides attachments for muscles,
produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts.
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2-22
Organs and Organ Systems
• The cardiovascular system contains the heart
and blood vessels.
• This system moves blood and transports
substances throughout the body.
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2-23
Organs and Organ Systems
• The digestive system contains the mouth,
tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, and small and large intestines.
• This system receives, breaks down, and absorbs
food. It also eliminates unabsorbed material.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-24
Keynote
• Homeostasis is the coordinated response of all
the organs to maintain the internal physiologic
stability of an organism.
• Homeostasis =
home/ocombining
form
-stasis
suffix
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2-25
The Body as a Whole:
The Essentials of the Language of Anatomy
Lesson 2.3: Anatomical Positions, Planes, and
Directions
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-26
Fundamental Anatomical Position
• The body is standing erect with feet flat on the
floor, face and eyes facing forward, and arms at
the sides with the palms facing forward.
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2-27
Anatomical Directional Terms
• Anatomical position
and directional terms
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-28
Anatomical Directional Terms
• Define the following directional terms:
– superior
– inferior
– proximal
– distal
– anterior
– posterior
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2-29
Anatomical Planes
• Anatomical planes
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
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2-30
Word Analysis and Definition
• Describe the differences between the two listed
terms:
– caudal vs. cephalic
near to the tail vs. near to the head
– supine vs. prone
lying on back vs. lying on stomach
– proximal vs. distal
near to center of body vs. farther from center
of body
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-31
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify the roots of the following words and their
meanings:
– coronal
– ventral
– dorsal
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2-32
Body Cavities
• There are five major body cavities.
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2-33
Abdominal Quadrants and Regions
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2-34
Word Analysis and Definition
• Describe the difference between the following
two terms whose root means stomach:
– epigastric
– hypogastric
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1-35
Final Word
• Effective medical treatment requires knowledge
of the location of each organ, tissue, and cell in
the body.
• Each organ, tissue, and cell is connected to and
functions in harmony with every other organ
system.
• Homeostasis is the coordinated response of all
organs to maintain the internal physiologic
stability of an organism.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-36
Final Word
• Medical terms help to describe clearly the
location of different anatomical structures and
lesions and their relation to each other in the
human body.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
CHAPTER
1
The Anatomy of Medical
Terms
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-2
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
LO 1.1 Recognize the roots, combining vowels
and combining forms of medical terms.
LO 1.2 Demonstrate the importance of suffixes
and prefixes in forming medical terms.
LO 1.3 Construct (build) medical terms from
separate elements.
LO 1.4 Deconstruct (break down) medical terms
into their elements.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-3
Learning Outcomes
LO 1.5 Correctly use the plurals of medical terms.
LO 1.6 Articulate the correct pronunciations of
medical terms.
LO 1.7 Demonstrate precision and accuracy in
documentation and other written and verbal
communication of medical terms.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-4
The Anatomy of Medical Terms:
The Essential Elements of the Language of
Medicine
Lesson 1.1: The Construction of Medical Words
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-5
Roots and Combining Vowels
• All medical terms have one or more roots.
• The root provides the meaning of the word.
• Example:
– The word pneumonia has the root pneum-,
meaning lung or air.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-6
Roots and Combining Vowels
• Roots are often joined to other elements of a
medical term by placing a combining vowel on
the end of the root.
• A root plus a combining vowel creates a
combining form.
• Example: pneum + o
=
root
combining
vowel
pneum/o
combining
form
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-7
Keynote
• Throughout this textbook, the combining vowel
will be separated from the root by a slash (/)
whenever the term is being analyzed.
• Example: respir/a
combining form
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1-8
Combining Forms
pneumroot
-ocombining
vowel
pneum/o
combining
form
pulmonroot
-ocombining
vowel
pulmon/o
combining
form
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-9
Keynote
Different roots can have the same meaning.
Pulmon- and pneumon- both mean lung.
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1-10
Suffix
• A suffix is an element added to the end of a root
or combining form to give it a new meaning.
• If the suffix begins with a consonant, it must
follow a combining vowel.
• If the suffix begins with a vowel, no combining
vowel is needed.
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1-11
Suffix
pulmon -ary
root + suffix
= pulmonary, pertaining to the lung
pulmon/o -logy
root + combining vowel + suffix
= pulmonology, study of the lung
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1-12
Suffix
-ia
a condition of
pneumonia, a condition (infection) of the lung
-ation
a process
respiration, a process of breathing
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1-13
Prefix
• A prefix is an element added to the beginning of
a root or combining form. Prefixes continue to
expand the meaning of medical terms.
• Prefixes never require a combining vowel.
• Not every term has a prefix.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-14
Prefix
pre- mature
prefix + root
= premature, before the normal pregnancy
post- mature
prefix + root
= postmature, after the normal pregnancy
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1-15
Prefix
uni-
unilateral, one side of the body
bi-
bilateral, two (both) sides of the body
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1-16
Prefix
peri-
perinatal, around the time of birth
epiepigastric, above the stomach
hypohypogastric, below the stomach
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1-17
Prefix
micromicrocyte, small red blood cell
macromacrocyte, large red blood cell
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1-18
Element Review
• Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following
word:
– perinatal
periprefix
-natroot
-al
suffix
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1-19
Element Review
• Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following
word:
– hypogastric
hypoprefix
-gastrroot
-ic
suffix
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-20
The Anatomy of Medical Terms:
The Essential Elements of the Language of
Medicine
Lesson 1.2: Word Deconstruction, Plurals,
Pronunciation, and Precision
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-21
Word Deconstruction
• When you see an unfamiliar medical term, first
identify the suffix.
For example:
– cardiologist
The suffix is -logist, one who studies and is a
specialist in.
Cardi/o is the combining form for heart.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-22
Word Deconstruction
• Use deconstruction to determine the meaning of
the following word:
– myocardial
The suffix is -al, pertaining to; my/o is the
combining form for muscle; and the root cardi
means heart.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-23
Element Review
• Identify the elements of the following word:
– cardiomyopathy
cardi/o-my/ocombining combining
form
form
-pathy
suffix
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1-24
Plurals
• Plural endings for medical terms do not simply
involve adding an “s.”
• Plural endings must be memorized.
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1-25
Plural Examples
• Refer to Table 1.1 of the text, page 12.
Singular Ending Plural Ending Examples
-a
-ae
axilla
axillae
-is
-es
diagnosis
diagnoses
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-26
Pronunciations
• Correct pronunciation of medical terms is
essential so that other health professionals can
understand what you are saying.
• It is a most important component in ensuring
patient safety and providing high-quality patient
care.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-27
Pronunciations
• Some words that are pronounced the same are
spelled differently and have different meanings.
For example:
Both ilium and ileum are pronounced
ILL-ee-um.
The ilium is a bone in the pelvis.
The ileum is a segment of the small intestine.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-28
Pronunciations
• Some words sound the same if incorrectly
pronounced.
For example:
The term prostate, pronounced PROSS-tate,
refers to the gland at the base of the male
bladder.
The term prostrate, pronounced
pross-TRAYT, means to be physically weak or
exhausted or to lie flat on the ground.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-29
Keynote
• Many words, when they are written or
pronounced, have an element that, if misspelled
or mispronounced, gives the intended word an
entirely different meaning.
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1-30
Keynote
• Consider the case of confusing hypotension
(low blood pressure) with hypertension (high
blood pressure)
A treatment response to the different meaning
could cause a medical error and perhaps the
death of a patient.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1-31
Keynote
• Precision in written and verbal communication is
essential to prevent errors in patient care.
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1-32
Final Word
• Being a health professional requires the utmost
attention to detail and precision in both written
documentation and verbal communication. A
patient’s life can be in your hands.
• Any incorrect spelling can reflect badly on the
whole health team.
• Any incorrect pronunciation and spelling can
reflect badly on you as a health professional.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Final Word
• Roots provide the core meaning of medical terms.
• Roots are often joined to other elements in the
medical term by placing a combining vowel on the
end of the root.
• Adding a suffix or a prefix to a root can build new
words with different meanings.
• Precision in communication is vitally important.
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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