BIO 100 SHORT ANSWER, Medical Terminology, MATH DISCUSSION

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Bio 100

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  • Medical Terminology class:

Take a look at the cleaning, hygiene, and beauty products you have in your home or at your local drug store. What medical terms or elements of medical terms that we have learned in class do you see? Share a term you find. Break down the term. How does the medical term relate to the function of the product? Why might manufacturers incorporate medical terminology elements into titles and descriptions of products? See attached files MT chapter 1,2,3,4,5 ppt doc

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  • math class:

In 1-2 Paragraphs please answer the following questions?

I would like you to recall a time in life where you gave it 100% and you were not successful. How did that feel? Did it stop you or did it make you stronger?

If you have not had a time like this, then I want you to focus on the following question, 'is good, good enough?


  • BIO 100 question, just one page. Answer it.

Pick any muscle. List the action of that muscle (e.g. extension, flexion, adduction, abduction) and what exercises you'd perform to work-out that muscle.

You can pick the same muscle as someone else but pick different ways to work out the same muscle.

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1. Medical Terminology class: Take a look at the cleaning, hygiene, and beauty products you have in your home or at your local drug store. What medical terms or elements of medical terms that we have learned in class do you see? Share a term you find. Break down the term. How does the medical term relate to the function of the product? Why might manufacturers incorporate medical terminology elements into titles and descriptions of products? See attached files MT chapter 1,2,3,4,5 ppt doc This is student who was post, just replay him. 2. math class: In 1-2 Paragraphs please answer the following questions? I would like you to recall a time in life where you gave it 100% and you were not successful. How did that feel? Did it stop you or did it make you stronger? If you have not had a time like this, then I want you to focus on the following question, 'is good, good enough? Just answer question 1, and 2. Short answer, no work cited, this is weekly discussion post answer. 3. BIO 100 question, just one page. Answer it. Pick any muscle. List the action of that muscle (e.g. extension, flexion, adduction, abduction) and what exercises you'd perform to work-out that muscle. You can pick the same muscle as someone else but pick different ways to work out the same muscle. Also replay this student post: 1,2,3 total 2 pages. CHAPTER 4 The Skeletal System Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-2 Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you will be able to: LO 4.1 Use roots, combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes to construct and analyze (deconstruct) medical terms related to the skeletal system. LO 4.2 Spell and pronounce correctly medical terms related to the skeletal system to communicate them with accuracy and precision in any health care setting. LO 4.3 Define accepted abbreviations related to the skeletal system. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-3 Learning Outcomes LO 4.4 Relate the different types of bones and their structure to their functions. LO 4.5 Describe the causes, appearances, methods of diagnosis, and treatment of bone and joint disorders and bone fractures, and their methods of healing. LO 4.6 Identify the structures of the axial skeleton and their disorders and treatments. LO 4.7 Describe the bones and joints of the shoulder girdle and upper limb and their disorders and treatments. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-4 Learning Outcomes LO 4.8 Relate the structure of the pelvic girdle, hip joint, and thigh bone to their functions and disorders and treatments. LO 4.9 Relate the structures of the knee joint, ankle, and foot to their functions and disorders and treatments. LO 4.10 Apply your knowledge of the medical terms of the skeletal system to documentation, medical records, and medical reports. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-5 Learning Outcomes LO 4.11 Translate the medical terms of the skeletal system into everyday language in order to communicate clearly with patients and their families. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-6 The Skeletal System: The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics Lesson 4.1: Bones of the Skeletal System Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-7 Skeletal System • Health professionals treating musculoskeletal problems – orthopedic surgeons – osteopathic physicians – chiropractors – physical therapists and assistants – orthopedic technologists and technicians – podiatrists Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-8 Skeletal System • Components of the skeletal system – bones – cartilage – tendons – ligaments • Functions – support storage – protection – blood formation – mineral – detoxification – endocrine Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-9 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify and define the suffixes of the following terms: – chiropractic – chiropractor – detoxification – musculoskeletal – orthopedist – osteopathy Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-10 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following words from Latin: – cartilage – ligament – muscle – tendon • Define these abbreviations: – MD – DC – DO – PT Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-11 Skeletal System • Structure of bones – Classification of bones • long • short • flat • irregular Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-12 Word Analysis and Definition • Give adjective forms of the following terms: – cortex cortical – medulla medullary – periosteum periosteal Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-13 Word Analysis and Definition • What is the difference in the following terms? – diaphysis Greek = growing between – epiphysis epi- = upon -physis = growth Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-14 Skeletal System • Diseases of the bone © Dr. Michael Klein/Peter Arnold, Inc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-15 Word Analysis and Definition • Define these terms having a common root: – osteogenesis – osteomalacia – osteomyelitis – osteopenia – osteoporosis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-16 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify and define the suffixes from the following terms: – achondroplasia – sarcoma Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-17 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following abbreviations: – BMD – DEXA – FDA – IU Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-18 Skeletal System • Bone fractures – Types of fractures • See Figure 4.6 and Table 4.1 – Healing of fractures • See Figure 4.7 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-19 Word Analysis and Definition • Describe the differences in the following fractures: – closed vs. open fracture – complete vs. incomplete – pathologic vs. compression Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-20 Word Analysis and Definition • Describe the similarities and differences in the following terms: – osteocyte – osteoblast – osteoclast – osteogenesis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-21 The Skeletal System: The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics Lesson 4.2: Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-22 Axial Skeleton • Structure of axial skeleton – vertebral column Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-23 Axial Skeleton • Structure of axial skeleton – vertebral column 1. vertebrae 2. intervertebral discs 3. spinal cord Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-24 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the term and write the adjective form: – sacrum sacral – spine spinal – vertebrae vertebral Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-25 Word Analysis and Definition • How are the following terms related? – kyphosis – lordosis – scoliosis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-26 Axial Skeleton • The skull and face – cranial cavity Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-27 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following words from Latin, Greek, or French origin: – cranium – mandible – maxilla – zygoma Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-28 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify and define the root in the following terms: – palatine – parietal – sphenoid – temporal – ethmoid Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-29 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following abbreviations: – C5 – C5-C6 – T12 – MRI – TMJ Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-30 The Skeletal System: The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics Lesson 4.3: Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-31 Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb • Shoulder girdle and upper arm Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-32 Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb • Shoulder girdle – Common disorders of the shoulder 1. shoulder separation 2. shoulder dislocation 3. shoulder subluxation Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-33 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify and define the root in the following terms: – articulate – dislocation – pectoral – subluxation Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-34 Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb • Upper arm and elbow joint – Common disorders of the elbow 1. tennis elbow 2. bursitis 3. bone fractures Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-35 Word Analysis and Definition • Deconstruct the following terms into their elements: – pronation – supination – capitulum – aspiration – trochlear Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-36 Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb • Forearm, wrist, and hand – bones Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-37 Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb • Forearm, wrist, and hand – Common disorders of the wrist 1. ganglion cyst 2. stenosing tenosynovitis 3. carpal tunnel syndrome 4. Colles fracture Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-38 Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limb • Forearm, wrist, and hand – Common disorders of the wrist 1. carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) – Common disorders of the hand 1. osteoarthritis (OA) - Heberden nodes 2. rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-39 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following root elements: – arthr – carp – oste/o – ten/o – phalang/e Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-40 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following abbreviations: – CTS – OA – RA – po – prn Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-41 The Skeletal System: The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics Lesson 4.4: Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-42 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb • Pelvic girdle – Structure (see Figure 4.17) – Functions 1. Supports the axial skeleton 2. Transmits the upper body’s weight to the lower limbs 3. Provides attachments for the lower limbs 4. Protects internal reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal segment of the large intestine Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-43 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb • Pelvic girdle – Disorders of the pelvic girdle 1. sacroiliac joint strain 2. diastasis symphysis pubis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-44 Word Analysis and Definition • Define each term and write it in the adjective form: – femur femoral – pelvis pelvic – pubis pubic Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-45 Word Analysis and Definition • Define each term and write it in the adjective form: – ischium ischial – sacrum sacral Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-46 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb • Bones and joints of the hip and thigh – Disorders and injuries of the hip joint 1. hip pointer 2. osteoarthritis 3. rheumatoid arthritis 4. avascular necrosis 5. fractures Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-47 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb • The knee joint – Bones 1. femur 2. tibia 3. patella 4. fibula Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-48 Word Analysis and Definition • Put the terms in correct anatomical order from head to toe: – tibia – femur – pubis – fibula – patella Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-49 Word Analysis and Definition • Define each term and write it in the plural form: – meniscus menisci – patella patellae Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-50 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb • The knee joint – Surgical procedures of the knee • arthrocentesis • arthroscopy • total knee replacement © Charles McRae, M.D./Visuals Unlimited Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-51 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify and define the root and suffix of the following terms: – arthrocentesis – arthrodesis – arthrography – arthroplasty – arthroscopy Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-52 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb • Bones and joints of the lower leg, ankle, and foot – Disorders of the ankle and foot 1. bunions 2. strains and sprains 3. Pott fracture Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-53 Word Analysis and Definition • Give the common name of the following medical terms: – calcaneus – talus – tarsus – metatarsus – phalanges Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-54 The Skeletal System: The Essentials of the Language of Orthopedics Lesson 4.5: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for Bone Disorders Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-55 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for Bone Disorders • Diagnostic procedures for metabolic bone disorders – bone mineral density (BMD) – nuclear bone scan – blood tests – bone biopsy Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-56 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for Bone Disorders • Diagnostic procedures for bone cancer – X-ray – CT scan – MRI – PET Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-57 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for Bone Disorders • Therapeutic procedures for bone disorders – surgery – chemotherapy – radiotherapy – cryosurgery – drug therapy Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4-58 Word Analysis and Definition • Deconstruct the following terms into their elements: – amputation – biopsy – chemotherapy – radiotherapy Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-59 Final Word • The skeleton supports and protects your organ systems. • Understanding the surface anatomy of bones and their markings will enable you to describe and document the sites of symptoms, signs, and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. • The axial skeleton includes the vertebral column, skull, and rib cage. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-60 Final Word • The appendicular skeleton forms the bones and joints of the shoulder girdle and upper limb as well as bones and joints of the pelvic girdle and lower limb. • The procedures and methods, other than clinical examination, that are used to assess, diagnose, and treat bone disorders, including bone cancer, can be complicated and expensive. • Treatment can also cause unpleasant side effects. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. CHAPTER 3 The Integumentary System Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-2 Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you will be able to: LO 3.1 Use roots, combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes to construct and analyze medical terms related to the integumentary system. LO 3.2 Spell and pronounce correctly medical terms and their plurals related to the integumentary system to communicate them with accuracy and precision in any health care setting. LO 3.3 Define accepted abbreviations related to the integumentary system. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-3 Learning Outcomes LO 3.4 Relate the anatomical structures of the integumentary system and their locations to their functions. LO 3.5 Describe common disorders of and injuries to the skin and its accessory glands. LO 3.6 Identify pharmacologic agents and other methods used to treat disorders of the integumentary system. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-4 Learning Outcomes LO 3.7 Apply your knowledge of medical terms relating to the integumentary system to documentation, medical records, and medical reports. LO 3.8 Translate the medical terms relating to the integumentary system into everyday language in order to communicate clearly with patients and their families. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-5 The Integumentary System: The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology Lesson 3.1: Functions and Structure of the Skin Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-6 Functions of the Skin • The skin performs several important functions: – protection – water resistance – temperature regulation – vitamin D synthesis – sensation – excretion and secretion – social functions Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-7 Keynote • Skin is the largest and most vulnerable organ in the body. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-8 Word Analysis and Definition • Describe the difference in the meaning of these two terms: – biopsy – autopsy • Define carcinoma. • Define the prefix cryo. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-9 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following terms: – dermis – dermatology – epidermis – epidermal Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-10 Word Analysis and Definition • Define each term and identify the root: – cutaneous cutan/e skin – prognosis gnosis knowledge Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-11 Structure of the Skin • Epidermis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-12 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify the root and define the term: – keratin – melanin – sebum Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-13 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following terms: – intradermal – subcutaneous – intramuscular – transdermal Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-14 Structure of the Skin • Transdermal applications – Administered through the skin by an adhesive patch – Examples: contraceptive hormones, analgesics, antinausea/antiseasickness medications Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-15 Word Analysis and Definition • Describe the difference in the meanings of these terms: – adipose * fat – lipid * fat Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-16 Word Analysis and Review • Define the terms: – analgesic – follicle – hypodermis – sebaceous – wheal Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-17 The Integumentary System: The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology Lesson 3.2: Disorders of the Skin Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-18 Disorders of the Skin Dermatitis = dermatroot -itis suffix © Dr. P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-19 Dermatitis • Eczema = Greek to boil or to ferment – excoriation = ex-cori-ation prefix root suffix • • • • Contact dermatitis Atopic or allergic dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Stasis dermatitis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-20 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the root of the following terms: – allergen – allergenic – allergy – allergic • What is the definition of the element -gen? • Identify the two adjectives from the terms above. What do they have in common? Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-21 Disorders of the Skin • Types of skin cancers – malignant melanoma – basal cell carcinoma – squamous cell carcinoma © James Stevenson/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-22 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following terms: – malignant – melanoma – metastasize Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-23 Disorders of the Skin • Pressure (decubitus) ulcers – decubitus = deprefix -cubitus root • Congenital lesion (nevus) – nevus = latin mole, birthmark Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-24 Disorders of the Skin • Infections of the skin – viral – fungal – parasitic – bacterial Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-25 Disorders of the Skin • Infections of the skin – Viral infections 1. human papillomavirus © Kenneth Greer/Visuals Unlimited Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-26 Disorders of the Skin • Infections of the skin – Viral infections 2. varicella-zoster virus Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-27 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the following terms: – macule – papillomavirus – papule – verruca Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-28 Disorders of the Skin • Infections of the skin – Fungal infections 1. tinea © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-29 Disorders of the Skin • Infections of the skin – Yeast-like fungus 1. Candida and thrush © Dr. P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-30 Disorders of the Skin • Infections of the skin – Parasitic infestations 1. parasite 2. infestation Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-31 Disorders of the Skin • Infections of the skin – Parasitic infestations 3. lice—pediculosis 4. itch mite—scabies Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-32 Disorders of the Skin • Infections of the skin – Bacterial infections 1 . Staphylococcus aureus, or “staph” Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-33 Word Analysis and Definition • Describe the differences between the following terms: – carbuncle – impetigo – scabies Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-34 Disorders of the Skin • Diseases of the skin – Collagen diseases 1. SLE 2. rosacea Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-35 Disorders of the Skin • Diseases of the skin – Collagen diseases 3. scleroderma Courtesy Dr. Maureen Mayes Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-36 Disorders of the Skin • Diseases of the skin – psoriasis © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-37 Word Analysis and Definition • Practice pronouncing the following words: – psoriasis so-RYE-ah-sis – rosacea roh-ZAY-she-ah – scleroderma sklair-oh-DERM-ah Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-38 The Integumentary System: The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology Lesson 3.3: Accessory Skin Organs Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-39 Accessory Skin Organs • Hair follicles and sebaceous glands Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-40 Accessory Skin Organs • Hair follicles and sebaceous glands – acne © Kenneth Greer/Visuals Unlimited Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-41 Word Analysis and Definition • Define the terms: – cyst – comedo – pustule - seborrhea Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-42 Accessory Skin Organs • Hair • Body hair has no specific function. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-43 Accessory Skin Organs • Sweat glands – Major locations – Cool the body – Different types of sweat glands Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-44 Accessory Skin Organs • Nails – Diseases of nails 1. onychomycosis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-45 Accessory Skin Organs • Nails – Diseases of nails 2. paronychia Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-46 Word Analysis and Definition • Use word deconstruction to determine the meaning of the following words: – onychomycosis (oh-nih-koh-my-KOH-sis) – paronychia (par-oh-NICK-ee-ah) Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-47 The Integumentary System: The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology Lesson 3.4: Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Disorders Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-48 Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Disorders • Diagnostic procedures – dermascope – biopsy Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-49 Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Disorders • Therapeutic methods and pharmacologic agents – Topical therapies 1. Cleansing agents 2. Anti-inflammatory agents 3. Topical antibiotics 4. Antifungal agents 5. Antipruritic agents 6. Systemic therapies Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-50 The Integumentary System: The Essentials of the Language of Dermatology Lesson 3.5: Burns and Injuries to the Skin Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-51 Burns and Injuries to the Skin • Burns – first-degree © Sheila Terry/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-52 Burns and Injuries to the Skin • Burns – second-degree © Dr, P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-53 Burns and Injuries to the Skin • Burns – third-degree © John Radcliffe Hospital/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-54 Burns and Injuries to the Skin • Burns - fourth-degree - Destroys all layers of the skin - Can involve tendons, muscles, and bones - Skin grafts are required, as there is no dermal tissue left for regeneration Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-55 Rule of Nines • The prognosis for a burn patient also depends on the extent of body surface that is affected. – Head and neck are 9% of body surface. – Each arm is 9%. – Each leg is 18%. – Anterior trunk is 18%. – Posterior trunk is 18%. – Genitalia are 1%. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-56 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify the noun and adjective forms from the following terms: – edema – edematous – inflammation – inflammatory Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-57 Word Analysis and Definition • auto/graft • homo/graft • allo/graft • xeno/graft • hetero/graft Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-58 Burns and Injuries to the Skin • Wounds and tissue repair – lacerations – incisions Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-59 Burns and Injuries to the Skin • Wounds and tissue repair – scab formation Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-60 Burns and Injuries to the Skin • Wounds and tissue repair – suturing – keloids © Ken Geer/Visuals Unlimited Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-61 Word Analysis and Definition • What do the following terms have in common? – abdominoplasty – blepharoplasty – mammoplasty – rhinoplasty Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-62 Final Word • The skin is the largest organ of the body. • Understanding the structure and function of the skin will provide knowledge of how to diagnose and treat various skin disorders, burns, and injuries. • The skin provides the first line of defense against injury, disease, allergens, and pollutants. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. CHAPTER 2 The Body as a Whole Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-2 Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you will be able to: LO 2.1 Use roots, combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes to construct and analyze (deconstruct) medical terms related to the anatomy and physiology of the body as a whole. LO 2.2 Spell and pronounce correctly medical terms related to the body as a whole in order to communicate with accuracy and precision in any health care setting. LO 2.3 Discuss the medical terms associated with cells and tissues. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-3 Learning Outcomes LO 2.4 Describe the primary tissue groups and their functions. LO 2.5 Relate individual organs and organ systems to the organization and function of the body as a whole. LO 2.6 Integrate the medical terms of the different anatomic positions, planes, and directions of the body into everyday medical language. LO 2.7 Describe the nine regions of the abdomen. LO 2.8 Map the body cavities. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-4 Learning Outcomes LO 2.9 Apply your knowledge of the medical terms of the body as a whole to documentation, medical records, and medical reports. LO 2.10 Translate the medical terms of the body as a whole into everyday language in order to communicate clearly with patients and their families. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-5 The Body as a Whole: The Essentials of the Language of Anatomy Lesson 2.1: Composition of Body and Cells Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-6 Composition of Body and Cells • The body is composed of: – organ systems – organs – tissues – cells – organelles Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-7 Composition of Body and Cells • Zygote © Francis Leroy, BIOCOSMOS/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-8 Composition of Body and Cells • cytology = cyt/o-logy combining suffix form = study of the cell • cytologist = cyt/o-logist combining suffix form = specialist in the structure, chemistry and pathology of the cell Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-9 Word Analysis and Definition • Pronounce the following words: – cytology = SIGH-tol-oh-jee – fertilization = FER-til-eye-ZAY-shun – tissue = TISH-you – zygote = ZYE-goat Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-10 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify the root in the following words: – cytologist cyt/o– organelle organ– molecular molecul- Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-11 Structure and Function of Cells • Every cell carries out these basic functions of life: – Manufactures proteins and lipids – Produces and uses energy – Communicates with other cells – Replicates deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – Reproduces itself Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-12 Structure and Function of Cells • Nucleus Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-13 1- Word Analysis and Definition • Practice pronouncing the following words: – cytoplasm SIGH-toh-plazm – deoxyribonucleic acid dee-OCK-see-rye-boh-nyu-KLEE-ik ASS-id – mitochondria my-toe-KON-dree-ah Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-14 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify the roots of the following terms: – catabolism – chromosome – nucleus Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-15 The Body as a Whole: The Essentials of the Language of Anatomy Lesson 2.2: Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-16 Tissues • Primary tissue groups: – connective – epithelial – muscle – nervous Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-17 Connective Tissue in the Knee Joint Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-18 Word Analysis and Definition • Pronounce the following words: capsular = KAP-syu-lar collagen = KOLL-ah-jen periosteum = PER-ee-OSS-tee-um Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-19 Organs and Organ Systems • The body is made up of 11 organ systems. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-20 Organs and Organ Systems • Muscular and skeletal systems are often considered one organ system, the musculoskeletal system. • The muscular system contains the muscles. This system can cause movements, maintain posture, and produce body heat. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-21 Organs and Organ Systems • The skeletal system contains the bones, joints, ligaments, and cartilages. • This system provides a framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-22 Organs and Organ Systems • The cardiovascular system contains the heart and blood vessels. • This system moves blood and transports substances throughout the body. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-23 Organs and Organ Systems • The digestive system contains the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines. • This system receives, breaks down, and absorbs food. It also eliminates unabsorbed material. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-24 Keynote • Homeostasis is the coordinated response of all the organs to maintain the internal physiologic stability of an organism. • Homeostasis = home/ocombining form -stasis suffix Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-25 The Body as a Whole: The Essentials of the Language of Anatomy Lesson 2.3: Anatomical Positions, Planes, and Directions Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-26 Fundamental Anatomical Position • The body is standing erect with feet flat on the floor, face and eyes facing forward, and arms at the sides with the palms facing forward. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-27 Anatomical Directional Terms • Anatomical position and directional terms © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-28 Anatomical Directional Terms • Define the following directional terms: – superior – inferior – proximal – distal – anterior – posterior Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-29 Anatomical Planes • Anatomical planes © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-30 Word Analysis and Definition • Describe the differences between the two listed terms: – caudal vs. cephalic near to the tail vs. near to the head – supine vs. prone lying on back vs. lying on stomach – proximal vs. distal near to center of body vs. farther from center of body Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-31 Word Analysis and Definition • Identify the roots of the following words and their meanings: – coronal – ventral – dorsal Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-32 Body Cavities • There are five major body cavities. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-33 Abdominal Quadrants and Regions © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2-34 Word Analysis and Definition • Describe the difference between the following two terms whose root means stomach: – epigastric – hypogastric Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-35 Final Word • Effective medical treatment requires knowledge of the location of each organ, tissue, and cell in the body. • Each organ, tissue, and cell is connected to and functions in harmony with every other organ system. • Homeostasis is the coordinated response of all organs to maintain the internal physiologic stability of an organism. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-36 Final Word • Medical terms help to describe clearly the location of different anatomical structures and lesions and their relation to each other in the human body. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. CHAPTER 1 The Anatomy of Medical Terms Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-2 Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, you will be able to: LO 1.1 Recognize the roots, combining vowels and combining forms of medical terms. LO 1.2 Demonstrate the importance of suffixes and prefixes in forming medical terms. LO 1.3 Construct (build) medical terms from separate elements. LO 1.4 Deconstruct (break down) medical terms into their elements. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-3 Learning Outcomes LO 1.5 Correctly use the plurals of medical terms. LO 1.6 Articulate the correct pronunciations of medical terms. LO 1.7 Demonstrate precision and accuracy in documentation and other written and verbal communication of medical terms. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-4 The Anatomy of Medical Terms: The Essential Elements of the Language of Medicine Lesson 1.1: The Construction of Medical Words Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-5 Roots and Combining Vowels • All medical terms have one or more roots. • The root provides the meaning of the word. • Example: – The word pneumonia has the root pneum-, meaning lung or air. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-6 Roots and Combining Vowels • Roots are often joined to other elements of a medical term by placing a combining vowel on the end of the root. • A root plus a combining vowel creates a combining form. • Example: pneum + o = root combining vowel pneum/o combining form Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-7 Keynote • Throughout this textbook, the combining vowel will be separated from the root by a slash (/) whenever the term is being analyzed. • Example: respir/a combining form Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-8 Combining Forms pneumroot -ocombining vowel pneum/o combining form pulmonroot -ocombining vowel pulmon/o combining form Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-9 Keynote Different roots can have the same meaning. Pulmon- and pneumon- both mean lung. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-10 Suffix • A suffix is an element added to the end of a root or combining form to give it a new meaning. • If the suffix begins with a consonant, it must follow a combining vowel. • If the suffix begins with a vowel, no combining vowel is needed. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-11 Suffix pulmon -ary root + suffix = pulmonary, pertaining to the lung pulmon/o -logy root + combining vowel + suffix = pulmonology, study of the lung Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-12 Suffix -ia a condition of pneumonia, a condition (infection) of the lung -ation a process respiration, a process of breathing Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-13 Prefix • A prefix is an element added to the beginning of a root or combining form. Prefixes continue to expand the meaning of medical terms. • Prefixes never require a combining vowel. • Not every term has a prefix. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-14 Prefix pre- mature prefix + root = premature, before the normal pregnancy post- mature prefix + root = postmature, after the normal pregnancy Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-15 Prefix uni- unilateral, one side of the body bi- bilateral, two (both) sides of the body Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-16 Prefix peri- perinatal, around the time of birth epiepigastric, above the stomach hypohypogastric, below the stomach Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-17 Prefix micromicrocyte, small red blood cell macromacrocyte, large red blood cell Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-18 Element Review • Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: – perinatal periprefix -natroot -al suffix Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-19 Element Review • Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word: – hypogastric hypoprefix -gastrroot -ic suffix Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-20 The Anatomy of Medical Terms: The Essential Elements of the Language of Medicine Lesson 1.2: Word Deconstruction, Plurals, Pronunciation, and Precision Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-21 Word Deconstruction • When you see an unfamiliar medical term, first identify the suffix. For example: – cardiologist The suffix is -logist, one who studies and is a specialist in. Cardi/o is the combining form for heart. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-22 Word Deconstruction • Use deconstruction to determine the meaning of the following word: – myocardial The suffix is -al, pertaining to; my/o is the combining form for muscle; and the root cardi means heart. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-23 Element Review • Identify the elements of the following word: – cardiomyopathy cardi/o-my/ocombining combining form form -pathy suffix Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-24 Plurals • Plural endings for medical terms do not simply involve adding an “s.” • Plural endings must be memorized. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-25 Plural Examples • Refer to Table 1.1 of the text, page 12. Singular Ending Plural Ending Examples -a -ae axilla axillae -is -es diagnosis diagnoses Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-26 Pronunciations • Correct pronunciation of medical terms is essential so that other health professionals can understand what you are saying. • It is a most important component in ensuring patient safety and providing high-quality patient care. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-27 Pronunciations • Some words that are pronounced the same are spelled differently and have different meanings. For example: Both ilium and ileum are pronounced ILL-ee-um. The ilium is a bone in the pelvis. The ileum is a segment of the small intestine. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-28 Pronunciations • Some words sound the same if incorrectly pronounced. For example: The term prostate, pronounced PROSS-tate, refers to the gland at the base of the male bladder. The term prostrate, pronounced pross-TRAYT, means to be physically weak or exhausted or to lie flat on the ground. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-29 Keynote • Many words, when they are written or pronounced, have an element that, if misspelled or mispronounced, gives the intended word an entirely different meaning. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-30 Keynote • Consider the case of confusing hypotension (low blood pressure) with hypertension (high blood pressure) A treatment response to the different meaning could cause a medical error and perhaps the death of a patient. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-31 Keynote • Precision in written and verbal communication is essential to prevent errors in patient care. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-32 Final Word • Being a health professional requires the utmost attention to detail and precision in both written documentation and verbal communication. A patient’s life can be in your hands. • Any incorrect spelling can reflect badly on the whole health team. • Any incorrect pronunciation and spelling can reflect badly on you as a health professional. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 1-33 Final Word • Roots provide the core meaning of medical terms. • Roots are often joined to other elements in the medical term by placing a combining vowel on the end of the root. • Adding a suffix or a prefix to a root can build new words with different meanings. • Precision in communication is vitally important. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Running Head: ANSWER AND RESPONSE TO QUESTIONS

Bio 100 Short Answers, Medical Terminology, Math Discussion
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ANSWER AND RESPONSE TO QUESTIONS

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Medical Terminology Class
One product that I have in my room is lotil soap. I have been using a bit of well water
that is slightly hard, and this has been affecting my skin. Lotil soap has been helping me to keep
my skin moisturized. One of the ingredients used in manufacturing lotil soap is sodium
gluconate, which is described as a chelating agent. Chelating implies the ability to react with
hard metal ions to form water-soluble or stable compounds. Agent means a substance that takes
an active role in producing specific effects.
Sodium gluconate as a chelating agent means that it is an ingredient that can react with
hard metal ions to produce a stable or water-soluble compound. We use soap for bathing not only
to remove dirt but also to provide optimum skincare. Sodium gluconate was probably added to
lotil soap because of its ability to improve lather by sequestering hard water ions. In this way, it
improves skin health. The manufacture...


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