Vertical Profile and Earthwork Mass Balance Worksheet

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Zvxr1212

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We have Rodeway and you already worked on it and I will submit it was in the First part Memo1 and 2 that is from (Huron SD to Plankinton at South Dakota State on US) around (60 Miles) ,Please see a map for more consideration, and you can take look at all references I attached here and you must follow the instruction on file Project Task 03 Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance. the second important file is (Profile Vertical Curve Report From AutoCAD 3D Civil) that one I got from AutoCAD.

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Vertical Curve Report Page 1 of 13 Profile Vertical Curve Report Client: Client Client Company Address 1 Prepared by: Preparer Your Company Name 123 Main Street Date: 10/7/2019 7:57:22 PM Vertical Alignment: Layout (1) Description: Station Range: Start: 0+00.00, End: 2945+09.26 Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 1+56.66 1+56.70 1+56.74 1+56.66 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.27% 0.00% Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 0.08' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Grade out(%): K: 1,280.38' 1,280.38' 1,280.38' 1,280.38' 0.27% 150.00' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 118+13.23 118+33.53 118+53.83 118+53.83 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.27% 0.27% Grade out(%): K: 0.00% 150.00' Curve Length: 40.60' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 5,734.02' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,312.28' 1,312.34' 1,312.34' 1,312.34' Stopping Distance: 2,475.86' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 709+45.88 710+31.04 711+16.21 709+45.88 Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,314.14' 1,314.14' 1,315.11' 1,314.14' file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Grade in(%): Change(%): Page 2 of 13 0.00% 1.14% Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 170.33' Grade out(%): K: 1.14% 150.00' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 722+35.48 722+74.73 723+13.97 723+13.97 Grade in(%): Change(%): 1.14% 0.52% Grade out(%): K: 0.62% 150.00' Curve Length: 78.49' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 2,994.50' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,327.85' 1,328.30' 1,328.54' 1,328.54' Stopping Distance: 1,309.32' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 787+64.96 787+89.03 788+13.11 788+13.11 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.62% 0.32% Grade out(%): K: 0.29% 150.00' Curve Length: 48.15' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 4,841.11' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,368.24' 1,368.39' 1,368.46' 1,368.46' Stopping Distance: 2,094.28' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 811+22.94 811+80.67 812+38.39 811+67.09 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.29% 0.77% Grade out(%): K: -0.48% 150.00' Curve Length: 115.45' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 2,066.92' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,375.25' 1,375.42' 1,375.15' 1,375.32' Stopping Distance: 921.21' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Page 3 of 13 PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 877+48.08 877+48.75 877+49.43 877+49.43 Grade in(%): Change(%): -0.48% 0.01% Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 1.35' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Grade out(%): K: 1,344.21' 1,344.20' 1,344.20' 1,344.20' -0.47% 150.00' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 910+57.28 911+12.90 911+68.53 911+27.22 Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,328.78' 1,328.52' 1,328.67' 1,328.61' Grade in(%): Change(%): -0.47% 0.74% Grade out(%): K: Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 111.25' Curve Radius 15,000.00' 0.28% 150.00' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 923+24.60 924+11.36 924+98.12 923+24.60 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.28% 1.16% Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 173.52' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Grade out(%): K: 1,331.85' 1,332.09' 1,333.34' 1,331.85' 1.43% 150.00' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 941+58.99 942+10.05 942+61.12 942+61.12 Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,357.12' 1,357.85' 1,358.24' 1,358.24' Grade in(%): Change(%): 1.43% 0.68% Grade out(%): K: 0.75% 150.00' Curve Length: 102.13' Curve Radius 15,000.00' file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Page 4 of 13 Passing Distance: 2,322.19' Stopping Distance: 1,027.12' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 954+51.02 954+84.17 955+17.33 955+17.33 Grade in(%): Change(%): 1.15% 0.44% Grade out(%): K: 0.71% 150.00' Curve Length: 66.32' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 3,530.88' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,371.88' 1,372.26' 1,372.49' 1,372.49' Stopping Distance: 1,536.36' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 960+49.26 961+03.40 961+57.53 961+57.53 Grade in(%): Change(%): 1.07% 0.72% Grade out(%): K: 0.34% 150.00' Curve Length: 108.27' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 2,196.50' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,378.10' 1,378.68' 1,378.86' 1,378.86' Stopping Distance: 974.85' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 1008+17.69 1008+42.37 1008+67.05 1008+67.05 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.34% 0.33% Grade out(%): K: 0.02% 150.00' Curve Length: 49.36' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 4,723.87' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,394.90' 1,394.99' 1,394.99' 1,394.99' Stopping Distance: 2,044.24' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: 1111+67.75 1111+68.88 1111+70.01 Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,396.54' 1,396.54' 1,396.54' file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report High Point: Page 5 of 13 1111+70.01 Grade in(%): Change(%): Curve Length: Elevation: 1,396.54' 0.02% 0.02% Grade out(%): K: 0.00% 150.00' 2.26' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 102,585.53' Stopping Distance: 44,088.49' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 1281+49.74 1281+90.94 1282+32.14 1281+49.74 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.00% 0.55% Grade out(%): K: -0.55% 150.00' Curve Length: 82.40' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 2,856.27' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,396.54' 1,396.54' 1,396.32' 1,396.54' Stopping Distance: 1,251.02' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 1293+49.03 1293+62.97 1293+76.91 1293+76.91 Grade in(%): Change(%): -0.55% 0.19% Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 27.88' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Grade out(%): K: 1,390.18' 1,390.11' 1,390.05' 1,390.05' -0.36% 150.00' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 1309+44.33 1309+76.57 1310+08.80 1309+98.85 Grade in(%): Change(%): -0.36% 0.43% Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 64.48' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Grade out(%): K: 1,384.36' 1,384.24' 1,384.26' 1,384.26' 0.07% 150.00' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Page 6 of 13 PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 1339+59.83 1339+81.41 1340+02.99 1339+69.79 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.07% 0.29% Grade out(%): K: -0.22% 150.00' Curve Length: 43.16' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 5,395.98' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,386.22' 1,386.23' 1,386.19' 1,386.22' Stopping Distance: 2,331.32' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 1367+57.39 1367+88.03 1368+18.68 1367+90.59 Grade in(%): Change(%): -0.22% 0.41% Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 61.29' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Grade out(%): K: 1,380.09' 1,380.02' 1,380.08' 1,380.05' 0.19% 150.00' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 1410+44.92 1410+48.82 1410+52.72 1410+52.72 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.19% 0.05% Grade out(%): K: 0.14% 150.00' 7.80' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Curve Length: Passing Distance: 29,752.99' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,387.99' 1,388.00' 1,388.01' 1,388.01' Stopping Distance: 12,789.07' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 1456+35.92 1456+45.30 1456+54.69 1456+54.69 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.14% 0.13% Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,394.20' 1,394.22' 1,394.22' 1,394.22' Grade out(%): K: file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 0.01% 150.00' 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Curve Length: Page 7 of 13 18.77' Passing Distance: 12,368.77' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Stopping Distance: 5,321.04' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 1603+47.81 1603+48.47 1603+49.13 1603+49.13 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.01% 0.01% Grade out(%): K: 0.00% 150.00' 1.31' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Curve Length: Passing Distance: 176,483.23' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,395.71' 1,395.71' 1,395.71' 1,395.71' Stopping Distance: 75,847.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2178+71.75 2178+72.16 2178+72.57 2178+71.96 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.00% 0.01% Grade out(%): K: -0.00% 150.00' 0.82' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Curve Length: Passing Distance: 283,346.88' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,396.50' 1,396.50' 1,396.50' 1,396.50' Stopping Distance: 121,773.30' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 2327+37.10 2327+37.41 2327+37.72 2327+37.72 Grade in(%): Change(%): -0.00% 0.00% Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 0.61' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Grade out(%): K: 1,395.90' 1,395.90' 1,395.90' 1,395.90' 0.00% 150.00' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: 2535+73.75 2535+99.97 Elevation: Elevation: 1,395.90' 1,395.90' file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Page 8 of 13 PVT Station: Low Point: 2536+26.19 2535+73.75 Elevation: Elevation: 1,395.99' 1,395.90' Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.00% 0.35% Grade out(%): K: Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 52.44' Curve Radius 15,000.00' 0.35% 150.00' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 2575+11.52 2575+13.68 2575+15.84 2575+11.52 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.35% 0.03% Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 4.33' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Grade out(%): K: 1,409.57' 1,409.58' 1,409.59' 1,409.57' 0.38% 150.00' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2585+03.93 2585+07.60 2585+11.28 2585+11.28 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.38% 0.05% Grade out(%): K: 0.33% 150.00' 7.36' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Curve Length: Passing Distance: 31,527.76' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,413.33' 1,413.34' 1,413.35' 1,413.35' Stopping Distance: 13,551.68' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2586+10.79 2586+16.94 2586+23.09 2586+23.09 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.33% 0.08% Grade out(%): K: 0.25% 150.00' Curve Length: 12.30' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 18,862.90' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,413.68' 1,413.70' 1,413.71' 1,413.71' Stopping Distance: 8,110.16' file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Page 9 of 13 Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2622+24.48 2622+65.50 2623+06.52 2622+61.59 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.25% 0.55% Grade out(%): K: -0.30% 150.00' Curve Length: 82.04' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 2,868.39' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,422.62' 1,422.73' 1,422.60' 1,422.67' Stopping Distance: 1,256.13' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 2633+14.92 2633+82.79 2634+50.65 2633+59.85 Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,419.58' 1,419.38' 1,419.79' 1,419.51' Grade in(%): Change(%): -0.30% 0.90% Grade out(%): K: Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 135.73' Curve Radius 15,000.00' 0.61% 150.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2651+69.84 2651+91.54 2652+13.24 2652+13.24 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.61% 0.29% Grade out(%): K: 0.32% 150.00' Curve Length: 43.40' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 5,366.68' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,430.20' 1,430.33' 1,430.40' 1,430.40' Stopping Distance: 2,318.79' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2659+08.19 2659+08.47 2659+08.75 2659+08.75 Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 1,432.59' 1,432.59' 1,432.59' 1,432.59' 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Grade in(%): Change(%): Curve Length: Page 10 of 13 0.32% 0.00% Grade out(%): K: 0.31% 150.00' 0.56' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 411,075.18' Stopping Distance: 176,666.60' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2661+80.32 2661+81.50 2661+82.68 2661+82.68 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.31% 0.02% Grade out(%): K: 0.30% 150.00' 2.36' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Curve Length: Passing Distance: 98,359.52' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,433.44' 1,433.45' 1,433.45' 1,433.45' Stopping Distance: 42,272.32' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2673+80.18 2673+81.81 2673+83.44 2673+83.44 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.30% 0.02% Grade out(%): K: 0.27% 150.00' 3.26' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Curve Length: Passing Distance: 71,138.30' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,437.00' 1,437.01' 1,437.01' 1,437.01' Stopping Distance: 30,573.81' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2682+87.02 2683+00.96 2683+14.89 2683+14.89 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.27% 0.19% Grade out(%): K: 0.09% 150.00' Curve Length: 27.87' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 8,336.16' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,439.49' 1,439.53' 1,439.54' 1,439.54' Stopping Distance: 3,590.55' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Page 11 of 13 PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 2693+39.42 2693+68.76 2693+98.11 2693+39.42 Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,440.46' 1,440.48' 1,440.62' 1,440.46' Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.09% 0.39% Grade out(%): K: Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 58.69' Curve Radius 15,000.00' 0.48% 150.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2699+59.94 2699+89.92 2700+19.90 2700+19.90 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.48% 0.40% Grade out(%): K: 0.08% 150.00' Curve Length: 59.96' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 3,898.61' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,443.32' 1,443.46' 1,443.49' 1,443.49' Stopping Distance: 1,692.59' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2701+13.79 2701+17.71 2701+21.64 2701+21.64 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.08% 0.05% Grade out(%): K: 0.03% 150.00' 7.85' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Curve Length: Passing Distance: 29,536.06' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,443.56' 1,443.57' 1,443.57' 1,443.57' Stopping Distance: 12,695.86' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 2704+35.53 2704+49.66 2704+63.79 2704+35.53 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.03% 0.19% Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Grade out(%): K: 1,443.66' 1,443.66' 1,443.69' 1,443.66' 0.22% 150.00' file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Curve Length: Headlight Distance: Page 12 of 13 28.26' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: Low Point: 2796+75.31 2796+90.10 2797+04.88 2796+75.31 Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,463.64' 1,463.68' 1,463.74' 1,463.64' Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.22% 0.20% Grade out(%): K: Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 29.57' Curve Radius 15,000.00' 0.41% 150.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2827+35.72 2827+64.31 2827+92.90 2827+92.90 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.41% 0.38% Grade out(%): K: 0.03% 150.00' Curve Length: 57.17' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 4,085.54' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,476.28' 1,476.39' 1,476.40' 1,476.40' Stopping Distance: 1,772.13' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2880+28.55 2880+30.99 2880+33.43 2880+33.43 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.03% 0.03% Grade out(%): K: 0.00% 150.00' 4.88' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Curve Length: Passing Distance: 47,488.84' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,478.11' 1,478.11' 1,478.11' 1,478.11' Stopping Distance: 20,410.52' Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: 2885+64.39 2885+98.20 2886+32.01 Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,478.11' 1,478.11' 1,478.26' file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Vertical Curve Report Low Point: Page 13 of 13 2885+64.39 Elevation: 1,478.11' Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.00% 0.45% Grade out(%): K: 0.45% 150.00' Curve Length: Headlight Distance: 67.61' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2903+41.26 2903+57.43 2903+73.60 2903+73.60 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.45% 0.22% Grade out(%): K: 0.24% 150.00' Curve Length: 32.34' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Passing Distance: 7,188.46' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,485.97' 1,486.04' 1,486.08' 1,486.08' Stopping Distance: 3,098.58' Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve) PVC Station: PVI Station: PVT Station: High Point: 2932+01.57 2932+06.48 2932+11.40 2932+11.40 Grade in(%): Change(%): 0.24% 0.07% Grade out(%): K: 0.17% 150.00' 9.83' Curve Radius 15,000.00' Curve Length: Passing Distance: 23,606.33' Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: 1,492.73' 1,492.74' 1,492.75' 1,492.75' Stopping Distance: 10,148.02' file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html 10/7/2019 Task 3 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance Fall 2019 Task 03 Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance The objective of this task is to develop an initial vertical profile and associated earthwork/mass balance (volume report) for your project corridor. This will include a series of vertical curves, which satisfy relevant design criteria (e.g., SSD, drainage, comfort, appearance, etc.) and include consideration of the issues identified as a part of the route location study (i.e., Lab 01) to determine the vertical profile of the proposed roadway. Part of the consideration and discussion/explanation for this task is potential impacts on the surrounding landscape and environment, including current land use, structures (e.g., rail lines, buildings, bridges, culverts, etc.) and earthwork/mass balance impacts of the vertical profile. Whether you adjust the profile much is your decision but you should justify your choices within the text of your memo. Each group member should produce an alternative vertical profile and resultant volume report following the AutoCAD instructions posted to D2L. In the end, the group should identify the preferred horizontal alignment alternative and prepare a comparative discussion regarding the alternatives and the process used to reach a consensus alternative. Surfaces/Topography and Aerial Imagery: To enable horizontal and vertical alignment and subsequent cross-section and earthwork/volume calculations, you will need to obtain topographical information from me. The topographical files (shapefiles) and AutoCAD files with these files incorporated will be provided. Aerial imagery should be available through AutoCAD per the D2L AutoCAD instructions. Vertical Alignment: AutoCAD Civil 3D should be used to design all vertical curves and tangent sections along the alignment. Include a short discussion of relevant design controls and criteria. The following references should be useful: • AASHTO Green Book o Section 3.4 – Vertical Alignment o Section 3.5 – Combinations of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment o Section 3.6 – Other Features Affecting Geometric Design • South Dakota DOT Design Manual o Chapter 6 – Vertical Alignment o Chapter 8 – Earthwork • Lecture 4 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance To construct the alignment: • Start at the same limits as for the horizontal alignment and progressing similarly. All group members should use the prior consensus horizontal alignment. Task 3 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance • • Fall 2019 Construct an initial, preliminary vertical profile (each group member should do this). Consider key factors identified in the Route Location lab (e.g., cultural sites, cemeteries, bridges, ROW and homes, crash data issues, etc.). Once each group member has an alternate profile and volume report, come to consensus on a single, proposed profile for further development. This decision should be documented and justified within the memo. This consensus profile and volume report AutoCAD file should be shared/distributed amongst the group for the purposes of developing alternatives within the vertical alignment. Instructions for vertical profile development are available on D2L under Content → References → AutoCAD. Include summary tables with details of key vertical curve (e.g., length, grades, curve type, more…) characteristics in the memo. State the reasoning behind all assumptions. There is a simple way to obtain these that I do not believe is currently in the instructions. Stationing and elevations should be provided for all key curve points (i.e., PC/PI/PT, PVC/PVI/PVT). Explain any potential sight distance concerns along the project and demonstrate that vertical curves meet AASHTO stopping sight distance (SSD) and minimum radius/length criteria (refer to the South Dakota DOT Design Manual or Green Book for guidance as necessary). Be sure to provide appropriate coordination between the horizontal and vertical alignments. Earthwork/Mass Balance: Related to estimated earthwork requirements the technical memorandum should include a tabular summary of cross-sectional cut and fill areas at every full station, as well as the associated volumes using the average end area method. Discussion regarding the implications of cut and fill volumes should be included, for each alternative vertical profile as well as the consensus profile. Assumptions regarding shrinkage should be noted. The memo should also include a mass balance diagram that illustrates cut and fill quantities over the project limits. Details should be provided as to the amount (i.e., volume and average distance) of overhaul that will be required, assuming a free-haul distance per SD DOT (balance points), and estimated cost and options for mitigating this cost. Refer to the memo template on the next page. Task 3 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance Fall 2019 TO: ……………….. FROM: [Insert clever team name here] DATE: [Insert date here] SUBJECT: [INSERT LAB TOPIC SUBJECT] Introduction [Include an introduction and overview of the memo. Vertical Profile: Provide summary table of vertical curves which may include PVC station, length, entering and exiting grade, stopping sight distance, and minimum length. Include stations and elevations of all key curve points. Earthwork/Mass Balance: Provide summary (i.e., short → NOT the entire) table of the volumes either per the SD DOT Design Manual or a close facsimile per class notes.] Vertical Alignment Design Controls [Provide information regarding controls on the vertical profile. Include discussion about the design vehicle, sight distance, and which manuals and criteria are applicable. Be sure to state all assumption and discuss why the design values were chosen. Cite references such as the SDDOT Design Manual. Include tables, figures, maps (with annotation) as appropriate.] Design Constraints [Discuss regions of project where location or other factors affected profile. Some of this may include discussion of special conditions related to rural environments, particularly those regarding climate conditions experienced in South Dakota.] Alternatives Analysis/Discussion [Include brief description of each of the alternatives developed and considered for vertical profile. Provide separate images (of key locations) and tables for each profile with related description and discussion. Discussion should include the thought process that lead to each profile alternative, including potential impacts on the surrounding landscape and environment, including current land use, structures (e.g., buildings, bridges, culverts, etc.) and clear zone/roadside design concerns. (Each team member is to develop an alternative themselves. Each team member should recognize that they need to do this sufficiently prior to the task memo deadline to allow preferred alternative discussion and consensus. Clearly identify which team member developed each alternative.) Task 3 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance Fall 2019 Explain the process through which the group came to consensus on the vertical profile – with key considerations clearly noted. Discuss initial considerations of horizontal alignment and vertical profile coordination with each other and the surrounding topography.] Earthwork/Mass Balance Design Controls [Provide information regarding controls on the horizontal alignment and vertical profile of the project and the cross-sections and how these might have impacted volumes. Include discussion about the cross-sections and topography. Be sure to state all assumptions and discuss why the design values were chosen.] Design Constraints [Discuss regions of project where location or other factors affected earthwork volumes.] References [Provide appropriate references for all documents, data sources, and other resources utilized in preparing the memo.] Appendices [Appendices may be provided for plans, drawings, software output, and other details that are not necessary to include in the body of the memo. All such content should be formatted so that it fits neatly into the report/memo.] © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax www.transportation.org © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Publication Code: GDHS-6 ISBN: 978-1-56051-508-1 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. iii EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2010 2011 Officers President: Susan Martinovich, P.E., NEVADA Vice President: Kirk Steudle, P.E., MICHIGAN Secretary/Treasurer: Carlos Braceras, UTAH Immediate Past President: Vacant Regional Representatives REGION I George N. Campbell, Jr., NEW HAMPSHIRE Beverley K. Swaim-Staley, MARYLAND REGION II Mike Hancock, KENTUCKY Robert St. Onge, SOUTH CAROLINA REGION III Thomas K. Sorel, MINNESOTA Vacant REGION IV Amadeo Saenz, Jr., TEXAS Francis G. Ziegler P.E., NORTH DAKOTA Non-Voting Members Executive Director: John Horsley, AASHTO © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. iv TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON GEOMETRIC DESIGN 2008 2010 Officers Mark Marek, Chairman (2007–2011) Texas William Prosser, Secretary FHWA Brooke Struve, Secretary FHWA Members Kent Belleque Oregon Paul Bercich Wyoming James O. Brewer Kansas Ken Briggs Maryland Rick Bruce Ohio Marshall Elizer American Public Works Association Brian Hare Pennsylvania David Hutchison National League of Cities Jeff Jones Tennessee John LaPlante American Public Works Association Mark A. Leiferman South Dakota Donald A. Lyford New Hampshire Deanna Maifield Iowa Eric Marabello Maryland Reza Maleki Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Jim Mills Florida Jim Rosenow Minnesota Joe Ruffer National Association of County Engineers Brent Story Georgia Bart Thrasher Virginia Max Valerio New Mexico Ted Watson Nebraska Stanley Wood Massachusetts © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. v Highway Subcommittee on Design 2010–2011 Vacant, Chair RICHARD LAND, California, Vice Chair David A. Nichol, FHWA, Secretary Keith M. Platte, AASHTO, Staff Liaison ALABAMA William Adams, Rex Bush, Carey Kelley ALASKA Mark Neidhold, Robert A. Campbell ARIZONA Mary Viparina ARKANSAS Michael Fugett, Phillip L. McConnell CALIFORNIA Terry L. Abbott COLORADO Jeffrey Wassenaar CONNECTICUT Michael W. Lonergan, James H. Norman, Timothy M. Wilson DELAWARE Michael F. Balbierer, James M. Satterfield DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Said Cherifi, Zahra Dorriz, Allen Miller FLORIDA James Mills, David O’Hagan, Frank Sullivan GEORGIA James “Ben” Buchan, Russell McMurry, Brent Story HAWAII Julius Fronda IDAHO Loren D. Thomas, Nestor Fernandez ILLINOIS Scott E. Stitt INDIANA Jeff Clanton, Merril E. Dougherty, John E. Wright IOWA Michael J. Kennerly, David L. Little, Deanna Maifield KANSAS James O. Brewer, Robert Lacy KENTUCKY Keith Caudill, Bradley S. Eldridge, Jeff D. Jasper LOUISIANA Nicholas Kalivoda III, David S. Smith, Chad Winchester MAINE Bradford P. Foley MARYLAND Kirk G. McClelland MASSACHUSETTS Stanley Wood, Jr. MICHIGAN Bradley C. Wieferich MINNESOTA John M. Chiglo, Mukhtar Thakur MISSISSIPPI John M. Reese, Amy Mood, C. Keith Purvis MISSOURI David B. Nichols, Kathryn P. Harvey MONTANA Paul R. Ferry, Lesly Tribelhorn NEBRASKA James J. Knott, Ted Watson NEVADA Paul Frost, Eric Glick, Paul K. Sinnott © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. vi NEW HAMPSHIRE Craig A. Green NEW JERSEY Richard Jaffe NEW MEXICO Gabriela Contreras-Apodaca, Joe S. Garcia NEW YORK Daniel D’Angelo NORTH CAROLINA Deborah M. Barbour, Jay A. Bennett, Art McMillan NORTH DAKOTA Roger Weigel OHIO Dirk Gross, Timothy McDonald OKLAHOMA Tim Tegeler OREGON David Joe Polly, Steven R. Lindland PENNSYLVANIA Brian D. Hare PUERTO RICO Luis Santos, José E. Santana-Pimentel RHODE ISLAND Robert Smith SOUTH CAROLINA Rob Bedenbaugh, Mark Lester, Mitchell D. Metts SOUTH DAKOTA Michael Behm, Mark A. Leiferman TENNESSEE Michael Agnew, Jeff C. Jones, Carolyn Stonecipher TEXAS Mark A. Marek UTAH Jesse Sweeten, Lisa Wilson VERMONT Kevin Marshia VIRGINIA Robert H. Cary, Mohammad Mirshahi, Barton A. Thrasher WASHINGTON Pasco Bakotich, Terry L. Berends, Nancy Boyd, Dave Olson WEST VIRGINIA Gregory Bailey, Jason C. Foster WISCONSIN Jerry H. Zogg WYOMING Tony Laird ASSOCIATE MEMBER—Bridge, Port, and Toll NJ TURNPIKE AUTHORITY J. Lawrence Williams PORT AUTHORITY OF NY and NJ Scott D. Murrell ASSOCIATE MEMBER—Federal USDA FOREST SERVICE Ellen G. LaFayette ASSOCIATE MEMBER—International ALBERTA Moh Lali BRITISH COLUMBIA Richard Voyer KOREA Chan-Su “Chris” Reem ONTARIO Joe Bucik SASKATCHEWAN Sukhy Kent © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 HIGHWAY FUNCTIONS 1.1 SYSTEMS AND CLASSIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 1.2 THE CONCEPT OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 1.2.1 Hierarchies of Movements and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 1.2.2 Functional Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4 1.2.3 Access Needs and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7 1.3 FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8 1.3.1 Definitions of Urban and Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8 1.3.2 Functional Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8 1.3.3 Functional Systems for Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8 1.3.4 Functional Highway Systems in Urbanized Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-10 1.3.5 Functional Classification as a Design Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-12 1.4 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-13 CHAPTER 2 DESIGN CONTROLS AND CRITERIA 2.1 DESIGN VEHICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 2.1.1 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 2.1.2 Minimum Turning Paths of Design Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5 2.1.3 Vehicle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-33 2.1.4 Vehicular Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-36 2.2 DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND HUMAN FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-36 2.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-36 2.2.2 Older Drivers and Older Pedestrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-37 2.2.3 The Driving Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-37 2.2.4 The Guidance Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-38 2.2.5 The Information System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-39 2.2.6 Information Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-39 2.2.7 Driver Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-42 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. viii 2.2.8 Speed and Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-45 2.2.9 Design Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-45 2.3 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-46 2.3.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-46 2.3.2 Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-46 2.3.3 Directional Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-50 2.3.4 Composition of Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-51 2.3.5 Projection of Future Traffic Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-52 2.3.6 Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-53 2.3.7 Traffic Flow Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-58 2.4 HIGHWAY CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-60 2.4.1 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-60 2.4.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-60 2.4.3 Capacity as a Design Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-61 2.4.4 Factors Other Than Traffic Volume That Affect Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-63 2.4.5 Levels of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-66 2.4.6 Design Service Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-67 2.5 ACCESS CONTROL AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-70 2.5.1 General Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-70 2.5.2 Basic Principles of Access Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-72 2.5.3 Access Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-72 2.5.4 Methods of Controlling Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-73 2.5.5 Benefits of Controlling Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-73 2.6 THE PEDESTRIAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-78 2.6.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-78 2.6.2 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-78 2.6.3 Walking Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-79 2.6.4 Walkway Level of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-80 2.6.5 Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-80 2.6.6 Reducing Pedestrian-Vehicular Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-80 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. ix 2.6.7 Characteristics of Persons with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-81 2.7 BICYCLE FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-81 2.8 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-82 2.8.1 Key Factors Related to Traffic Crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-82 2.8.2 Key Safety Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-85 2.8.3 Safety Improvement Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-85 2.8.4 Project Development Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-86 2.9 ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-86 2.10 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-86 2.11 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-86 CHAPTER 3 ELEMENTS OF DESIGN 3.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1 3.2 SIGHT DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1 3.2.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1 3.2.2 Stopping Sight Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2 3.2.3 Decision Sight Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6 3.2.4 Passing Sight Distance for Two-Lane Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8 3.2.5 Sight Distance for Multilane Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14 3.2.6 Criteria for Measuring Sight Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14 3.3 HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18 3.3.1 Theoretical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18 3.3.2 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-19 3.3.3 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-29 3.3.4 Design for Rural Highways, Urban Freeways, and High-Speed Urban Streets . . . . . . . . . . .3-33 3.3.5 Design Superelevation Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-43 3.3.6 Design for Low-Speed Urban Streets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-52 3.3.7 Turning Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-57 3.3.8 Transition Design Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-59 3.3.9 Offtracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-85 3.3.10 Traveled-Way Widening on Horizontal Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-91 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. x 3.3.11 Widths for Turning Roadways at Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-97 3.3.12 Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-106 3.3.13 General Controls for Horizontal Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-111 3.4 VERTICAL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-113 3.4.1 Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-113 3.4.2 Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-113 3.4.3 Climbing Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-125 3.4.4 Methods for Increasing Passing Opportunities on Two-Lane Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-132 3.4.5 Emergency Escape Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-140 3.4.6 Vertical Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-149 3.5 COMBINATIONS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-164 3.5.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-164 3.5.2 General Design Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-165 3.5.3 Alignment Coordination in Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-166 3.6 OTHER FEATURES AFFECTING GEOMETRIC DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-170 3.6.1 Erosion Control and Landscape Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-170 3.6.2 Rest Areas, Information Centers, and Scenic Overlooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-171 3.6.3 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-172 3.6.4 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-174 3.6.5 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-175 3.6.6 Traffic Management Plans for Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-177 3.7 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-179 CHAPTER 4 CROSS SECTION ELEMENTS 4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1 4.2 TRAVELED WAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1 4.2.1 Surface Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1 4.2.2 Cross Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1 4.2.3 Skid Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6 4.2.4 Hydroplaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-7 4.3 LANE WIDTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-7 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. xi 4.4 SHOULDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-8 4.4.1 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-8 4.4.2 Width of Shoulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-10 4.4.3 Shoulder Cross Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-11 4.4.4 Shoulder Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-12 4.4.5 Shoulder Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-13 4.4.6 Turnouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14 4.5 RUMBLE STRIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14 4.6 ROADSIDE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14 4.6.1 Clear Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-15 4.6.2 Lateral Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-15 4.7 CURBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-16 4.7.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-16 4.7.2 Curb Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-17 4.7.3 Curb Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-19 4.8 DRAINAGE CHANNELS AND SIDESLOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-20 4.8.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-20 4.8.2 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-20 4.8.3 Drainage Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-22 4.8.4 Sideslopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-24 4.9 ILLUSTRATIVE OUTER CROSS SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-27 4.9.1 Normal Crown Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-27 4.9.2 Superelevated Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-28 4.10 TRAFFIC BARRIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-29 4.10.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-29 4.10.2 Longitudinal Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-30 4.10.3 Bridge Railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-33 4.10.4 Crash Cushions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-33 4.11 MEDIANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-34 4.12 FRONTAGE ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-36 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. xii 4.13 OUTER SEPARATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-40 4.14 NOISE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-41 4.14.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-41 4.14.2 General Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-42 4.14.3 Noise Reduction Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-43 4.15 ROADSIDE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-47 4.15.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-47 4.15.2 Driveways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-47 4.15.3 Mailboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-48 4.15.4 Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-50 4.16 TUNNELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-50 4.16.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-50 4.16.2 Types of Tunnels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-51 4.16.3 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-51 4.16.4 Tunnel Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-52 4.16.5 Examples of Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-55 4.17 PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-56 4.17.1 Sidewalks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-56 4.17.2 Grade-Separated Pedestrian Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-57 4.17.3 Curb Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-61 4.18 BICYCLE FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-66 4.19 BUS TURNOUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-67 4.19.1 Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-67 4.19.2 Arterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-68 4.19.3 Park-and-Ride Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-70 4.20 ON-STREET PARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-72 4.21 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-74 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. xiii CHAPTER 5 LOCAL ROADS AND STREETS 5.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1 5.2 LOCAL RURAL ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2 5.2.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2 5.2.2 Cross-Sectional Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5 5.2.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-7 5.2.4 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-8 5.2.5 Intersection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-9 5.2.6 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10 5.2.7 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10 5.2.8 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10 5.2.9 Erosion Control and Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10 5.3 LOCAL URBAN STREETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-11 5.3.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-11 5.3.2 Cross-Sectional Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-13 5.3.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-19 5.3.4 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-20 5.3.5 Intersection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-20 5.3.6 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-21 5.3.7 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-22 5.3.8 Roadway Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-22 5.3.9 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-22 5.3.10 Erosion Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23 5.3.11 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23 5.4 SPECIAL-PURPOSE ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23 5.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23 5.4.2 Recreational Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-24 5.4.3 Resource Recovery Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-33 5.5 VERY LOW-VOLUME LOCAL ROADS (ADT ≤ 400) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-34 5.6 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-34 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. xiv CHAPTER 6 COLLECTOR ROADS AND STREETS 6.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1 6.2 RURAL COLLECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2 6.2.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2 6.2.2 Cross-Sectional Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5 6.2.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-7 6.2.4 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8 6.2.5 Intersection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-9 6.2.6 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10 6.2.7 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10 6.2.8 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10 6.2.9 Erosion Control and Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-11 6.3 URBAN COLLECTORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-11 6.3.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-11 6.3.2 Cross-Sectional Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-13 6.3.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-16 6.3.4 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-17 6.3.5 Intersection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-18 6.3.6 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-19 6.3.7 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-19 6.3.8 Roadway Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-19 6.3.9 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20 6.3.10 Erosion Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20 6.3.11 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20 6.4 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20 CHAPTER 7 RURAL AND URBAN ARTERIALS 7.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1 7.2 RURAL ARTERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1 7.2.1 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. xv 7.2.2  General Design Considerations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-2 7.2.3  Cross-Sectional Elements �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-4 7.2.4  Roadside Design���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-6 7.2.5  Structures�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-6 7.2.6  Traffic Control Devices�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-7 7.2.7  Erosion Control�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-7 7.2.8  Provision for Passing �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-7 7.2.9  Ultimate Development of Multilane Divided Arterials�������������������������������������������������������������7-9 7.2.10  Multilane Undivided Arterials�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-12 7.2.11  Divided Arterials�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-12 7.2.12  Intersections�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-24 7.2.13  Access Management���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-24 7.2.14  Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-25 7.2.15  Bus Turnouts�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-25 7.2.16  Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-26 7.2.17  Rest Areas���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-26 7.3  URBAN ARTERIALS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-26 7.3.1  General Characteristics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-26 7.3.2  General Design Considerations�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-27 7.3.3  Cross-Sectional Elements ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-29 7.3.4  Roadside Design�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-37 7.3.5  Structures�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-38 7.3.6  Traffic Barriers ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-39 7.3.7  Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-39 7.3.8  Access Management�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-39 7.3.9  Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-41 7.3.10  Provision for Utilities���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-42 7.3.11  Intersection Design �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-42 7.3.12  Operational Control and Regulations�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-43 7.3.13  Directional Lane Usage �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-47 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. xvi 7.3.14 Frontage Roads and Outer Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-50 7.3.15 Grade Separations and Interchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-51 7.3.16 Erosion Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-51 7.3.17 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-52 7.3.18 Public Transit Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-52 7.4 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-56 CHAPTER 8 FREEWAYS 8.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1 8.2 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1 8.2.1 Design Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1 8.2.2 Design Traffic Volumes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2 8.2.3 Levels of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2 8.2.4 Traveled Way and Shoulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2 8.2.5 Curbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3 8.2.6 Superelevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3 8.2.7 Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3 8.2.8 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4 8.2.9 Vertical Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4 8.2.10 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5 8.2.11 Ramps and Terminals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5 8.2.12 Outer Separations, Borders, and Frontage Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5 8.3 RURAL FREEWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-6 8.3.1 Alignment and Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-6 8.3.2 Medians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-7 8.3.3 Sideslopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-9 8.3.4 Frontage Roads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-9 8.4 URBAN FREEWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10 8.4.1 General Design Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10 8.4.2 Medians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10 8.4.3 Depressed Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-11 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. xvii 8.4.4 Elevated Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-16 8.4.5 Ground-Level Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-22 8.4.6 Combination-Type Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-24 8.4.7 Special Freeway Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-28 8.4.8 Accommodation of Managed Lanes and Transit Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-35 8.5 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-47 CHAPTER 9 INTERSECTIONS 9.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1 9.2 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2 9.2.1 Characteristics of Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2 9.2.2 Intersection Functional Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2 9.2.3 Design Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4 9.2.4 Design Considerations for Intersection User Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-5 9.2.5 Intersection Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-6 9.2.6 Intersection Design Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8 9.3 TYPES AND EXAMPLES OF INTERSECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8 9.3.1 Three-Leg Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-10 9.3.2 Four-Leg Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-14 9.3.3 Multileg Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-19 9.3.4 Roundabouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-21 9.4 ALIGNMENT AND PROFILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-25 9.4.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-25 9.4.2 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-25 9.4.3 Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-27 9.5 INTERSECTION SIGHT DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-28 9.5.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-28 9.5.2 Sight Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-29 9.5.3 Intersection Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-32 9.5.4 Effect of Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-54 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. xviii 9.6 TURNING ROADWAYS AND CHANNELIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-55 9.6.1 Types of Turning Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-55 9.6.2 Channelization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-92 9.6.3 Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-94 9.6.4 Free-Flow Turning Roadways at Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-106 9.6.5 Turning Roadways with Corner Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-106 9.6.6 Superelevation for Turning Roadways at Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-114 9.6.7 Stopping Sight Distance at Intersections for Turning Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-123 9.7 AUXILIARY LANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-124 9.7.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-124 9.7.2 Deceleration Lanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-125 9.7.3 Design Treatments for Left-Turn Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-131 9.8 MEDIAN OPENINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-140 9.8.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-140 9.8.2 Control Radii for Minimum Turning Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-141 9.8.3 Minimum Length of Median Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-149 9.8.4 Median Openings Based on Control Radii for Design Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-149 9.8.5 Effect of Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-151 9.8.6 Above-Minimum Designs for Direct Left Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-154 9.9 INDIRECT LEFT TURNS AND U-TURNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-155 9.9.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-155 9.9.2 Intersections with Jughandle or Loop Roadways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-157 9.9.3 Displaced Left-Turn Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-160 9.9.4 Wide Medians with U-Turn Crossover Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-162 9.9.5 Location and Design of U-Turn Median Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-164 9.10 ROUNDABOUT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-167 9.10.1 Geometric Elements of Roundabouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-169 9.10.2 Fundamental Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-171 9.11. OTHER INTERSECTION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-176 9.11.1 Intersection Design Elements with Frontage Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-176 © 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. xix 9.11.2 Traffic Control Devices�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-180 9.11.3 Bicycles�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-180 9.11.4 Pedestrians�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-181 9.11.5 Lighting ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-181 9.11.6 Driveways�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-181 9.11.7 Midblock Left Turns on Streets with Flush Medians�����������������������������������������������������������9-182 9.12 RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-184 9.12.1 Horizontal Alignment�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-184 9.12.2 Vertical Alignment�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-184 9.12.3 Crossing Design ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-185 9.12.4 Sight Distance�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-186 9.13 REFERENCES���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-192 Chapter 10 Grade Separations and Interchanges 10.1 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL TYPES OF INTERCHANGES���������������������������������������������������������������10-1 10.2 WARRANTS FOR INTERCHANGES AND GRADE SEPARATIONS�����������������������������������������������������������10-3 10.3 ADAPTABILITY OF HIGHWAY GRADE SEPARATIONS AND INTERCHANGES���������������������������������������10-5 10.3.1 Traffic and Operation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-6 10.3.2 Site Conditions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-7 10.3.3 Type of Highway and Intersecting Facility�����������������������������������������������������������������������������10-7 10.4 ACCESS SEPARATIONS AND CONTROL ON THE CROSSROAD AT INTERCHANGES ���������������������������10-7 10.5 SAFETY���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-9 10.6 STAGE DEVELOPMENT�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10 10.7 ECONOMIC FACTORS�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10 10.7.1 Initial Costs�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10 10.7.2 Maintenance Costs ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10 10.7.3 Vehicular Operating Costs�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10 10.8 GRADE SEPARATION STRUCTURES ������������������������������������������������...
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Number of words 1000
Breakdowns of tasks
a) Introduction
b) Vertical profile
c) Earthwork estimation
d) Vertical alignment design
e) Earthwork design controls
Format APA Memo
Number of pages 4
References
1
Citations
APA


Running head: VERTICAL ALIGNMENT AND EARTHWORK

Vertical Alignment and Earthwork
Name
Course
Date

1

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT AND EARTHWORK

2

To:
From:
Date:
Subject: Vertical Alignment and Earthwork

Introduction
Vertical alignment represents the process through which the design of the road adapts to
the hills and other obstacles that appear in the terrain. The study of the vertical alignment thus
requires a careful evaluation of the topography or elevation of the ground throughout the path of
the road. This study focuses on selecting those regions that result in the lowest possible number
of crest and sag curves, as they may represent a substantial threat to the safety of the road due to
the reduced visibility in these areas.
Vertical profile
Table 1. Design variables of the 44 vertical curves presented in the road design
Curve
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Type
Sag
Crest
Sag
Crest
Crest
Crest
Sag
Sag
Sag
Crest
Crest
Crest
Crest
Crest
Crest
Sag

PVC
% grade
elevation
% grade in out
%change
Length
1280,38
0,27
0,27
0
0,08
1312,28
0,27
0
0,27
40,6
1314,14
0
1,14
1,14
170,33
1327,85
1,14
0,62
0,52
78,49
1368,24
0,62
0,29
0,32
48,15
1375,25
0,29
-0,48
0,77
115,45
1344,21
-0,48
-0,47
0,01
1,35
1328,78
-0,47
0,28
0,74
111,25
1331,85
0,28
1,43
1,16
173,52
1357,12
1,43
0,75
0,68
102,13
1371,88
1,15
0,71
0,44
66,32
1378,1
1,07
0,34
0,72
108,27
1394,9
0,34
0,02
0,33
49,36
1396,54
0,02
0
0,02
2,26
1396,54
0
-0,55
0,55
82,4
1390,18
-0,55
-0,36
0,19
27,88

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT AND EARTHWORK
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

Sag
Crest
Sag
Crest
Crest
Crest
Crest
Sag
Sag
Crest
Crest
Crest
Sag
Crest
Crest
Crest
Crest
Crest
Sag
Crest
Crest
Sag
Sag
Crest
Crest
Sag
Crest
Crest

1384,36
1386,22
1380,09
1387,99
1394,2
1395,71
1396,5
1395,9
1409,57
1413,33
1413,68
1422,62
1419,58
1430,2
1432,59
1433,44
1437
1439,49
1440,46
1443,32
1443,56
1443,66
1463,64
1476,28
1478,11
1478,11
1485,97
1492,73

-0,36
0,07
-0,22
0,19
0,14
0,01
0
0
0,35
0,38
0,33
0,25
-0,3
0,61
0,32
0,31
0,3
0,27
0,09
0,48
0,08
0,03
0,22
0,41
0,03
0
0,45
0,24

3
0,07
-0,22
0,19
0,14
0,01
0
0
0,35
0,38
0,33
0,25
-0,3
0,61
0,32
0,31
0,3
0,27
0,09
0,48
0,08
0,03
0,22
0,41
0,03
0
0,45
0,24
0,17

0,43
0,29
0,41
0,05
0,13
0,01
0,01
0,35
0,03
0,05
0,08
0,55
0,9
0,29
0
0,02
0,02
0,19
0,39
0,4
0,05
0,19
0,2
0,38
0,03
0,45
0,22
0,07

64,48
43,16
61,29
7,8
18,77
1,31
0,82
52,44
4,33
7,36
12,3
82,04
135,73
43,4
0,56
2,36
3,26
27,87
58,69
59,96
7,85
28,26
29,57
57,17
4,88
67,61
0,22
9,83

Earthwork/Mass balance
The required earthwork has been calculated considering that the construction of the road
will need the removal of a volume of earth equivalent to a surface of app...


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