Vertical Curve Report
Page 1 of 13
Profile Vertical Curve Report
Client:
Client
Client Company
Address 1
Prepared by:
Preparer
Your Company Name
123 Main Street
Date: 10/7/2019 7:57:22 PM
Vertical Alignment: Layout (1)
Description:
Station Range: Start: 0+00.00, End: 2945+09.26
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
1+56.66
1+56.70
1+56.74
1+56.66
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.27%
0.00%
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
0.08'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Grade out(%):
K:
1,280.38'
1,280.38'
1,280.38'
1,280.38'
0.27%
150.00'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
118+13.23
118+33.53
118+53.83
118+53.83
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.27%
0.27%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.00%
150.00'
Curve Length:
40.60'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance: 5,734.02'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,312.28'
1,312.34'
1,312.34'
1,312.34'
Stopping Distance: 2,475.86'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
709+45.88
710+31.04
711+16.21
709+45.88
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,314.14'
1,314.14'
1,315.11'
1,314.14'
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
Page 2 of 13
0.00%
1.14%
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
170.33'
Grade out(%):
K:
1.14%
150.00'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
722+35.48
722+74.73
723+13.97
723+13.97
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
1.14%
0.52%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.62%
150.00'
Curve Length:
78.49'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance: 2,994.50'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,327.85'
1,328.30'
1,328.54'
1,328.54'
Stopping Distance: 1,309.32'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
787+64.96
787+89.03
788+13.11
788+13.11
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.62%
0.32%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.29%
150.00'
Curve Length:
48.15'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance: 4,841.11'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,368.24'
1,368.39'
1,368.46'
1,368.46'
Stopping Distance: 2,094.28'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
811+22.94
811+80.67
812+38.39
811+67.09
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.29%
0.77%
Grade out(%):
K:
-0.48%
150.00'
Curve Length:
115.45'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance: 2,066.92'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,375.25'
1,375.42'
1,375.15'
1,375.32'
Stopping Distance:
921.21'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
Page 3 of 13
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
877+48.08
877+48.75
877+49.43
877+49.43
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
-0.48%
0.01%
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
1.35'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Grade out(%):
K:
1,344.21'
1,344.20'
1,344.20'
1,344.20'
-0.47%
150.00'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
910+57.28
911+12.90
911+68.53
911+27.22
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,328.78'
1,328.52'
1,328.67'
1,328.61'
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
-0.47%
0.74%
Grade out(%):
K:
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
111.25'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
0.28%
150.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
923+24.60
924+11.36
924+98.12
923+24.60
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.28%
1.16%
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
173.52'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Grade out(%):
K:
1,331.85'
1,332.09'
1,333.34'
1,331.85'
1.43%
150.00'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
941+58.99
942+10.05
942+61.12
942+61.12
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,357.12'
1,357.85'
1,358.24'
1,358.24'
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
1.43%
0.68%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.75%
150.00'
Curve Length:
102.13'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
Page 4 of 13
Passing Distance: 2,322.19'
Stopping Distance: 1,027.12'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
954+51.02
954+84.17
955+17.33
955+17.33
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
1.15%
0.44%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.71%
150.00'
Curve Length:
66.32'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance: 3,530.88'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,371.88'
1,372.26'
1,372.49'
1,372.49'
Stopping Distance: 1,536.36'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
960+49.26
961+03.40
961+57.53
961+57.53
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
1.07%
0.72%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.34%
150.00'
Curve Length:
108.27'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance: 2,196.50'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,378.10'
1,378.68'
1,378.86'
1,378.86'
Stopping Distance:
974.85'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
1008+17.69
1008+42.37
1008+67.05
1008+67.05
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.34%
0.33%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.02%
150.00'
Curve Length:
49.36'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance:
4,723.87'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,394.90'
1,394.99'
1,394.99'
1,394.99'
Stopping Distance: 2,044.24'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
1111+67.75
1111+68.88
1111+70.01
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,396.54'
1,396.54'
1,396.54'
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
High Point:
Page 5 of 13
1111+70.01
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
Curve Length:
Elevation:
1,396.54'
0.02%
0.02%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.00%
150.00'
2.26'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance: 102,585.53'
Stopping Distance: 44,088.49'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
1281+49.74
1281+90.94
1282+32.14
1281+49.74
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.00%
0.55%
Grade out(%):
K:
-0.55%
150.00'
Curve Length:
82.40'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance:
2,856.27'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,396.54'
1,396.54'
1,396.32'
1,396.54'
Stopping Distance: 1,251.02'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
1293+49.03
1293+62.97
1293+76.91
1293+76.91
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
-0.55%
0.19%
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
27.88'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Grade out(%):
K:
1,390.18'
1,390.11'
1,390.05'
1,390.05'
-0.36%
150.00'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
1309+44.33
1309+76.57
1310+08.80
1309+98.85
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
-0.36%
0.43%
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
64.48'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Grade out(%):
K:
1,384.36'
1,384.24'
1,384.26'
1,384.26'
0.07%
150.00'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
Page 6 of 13
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
1339+59.83
1339+81.41
1340+02.99
1339+69.79
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.07%
0.29%
Grade out(%):
K:
-0.22%
150.00'
Curve Length:
43.16'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance:
5,395.98'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,386.22'
1,386.23'
1,386.19'
1,386.22'
Stopping Distance: 2,331.32'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
1367+57.39
1367+88.03
1368+18.68
1367+90.59
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
-0.22%
0.41%
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
61.29'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Grade out(%):
K:
1,380.09'
1,380.02'
1,380.08'
1,380.05'
0.19%
150.00'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
1410+44.92
1410+48.82
1410+52.72
1410+52.72
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.19%
0.05%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.14%
150.00'
7.80'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Curve Length:
Passing Distance: 29,752.99'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,387.99'
1,388.00'
1,388.01'
1,388.01'
Stopping Distance: 12,789.07'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
1456+35.92
1456+45.30
1456+54.69
1456+54.69
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.14%
0.13%
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,394.20'
1,394.22'
1,394.22'
1,394.22'
Grade out(%):
K:
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
0.01%
150.00'
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
Curve Length:
Page 7 of 13
18.77'
Passing Distance: 12,368.77'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Stopping Distance: 5,321.04'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
1603+47.81
1603+48.47
1603+49.13
1603+49.13
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.01%
0.01%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.00%
150.00'
1.31'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Curve Length:
Passing Distance: 176,483.23'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,395.71'
1,395.71'
1,395.71'
1,395.71'
Stopping Distance: 75,847.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2178+71.75
2178+72.16
2178+72.57
2178+71.96
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.00%
0.01%
Grade out(%):
K:
-0.00%
150.00'
0.82'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Curve Length:
Passing Distance: 283,346.88'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,396.50'
1,396.50'
1,396.50'
1,396.50'
Stopping Distance: 121,773.30'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
2327+37.10
2327+37.41
2327+37.72
2327+37.72
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
-0.00%
0.00%
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
0.61'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Grade out(%):
K:
1,395.90'
1,395.90'
1,395.90'
1,395.90'
0.00%
150.00'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
2535+73.75
2535+99.97
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,395.90'
1,395.90'
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
Page 8 of 13
PVT Station:
Low Point:
2536+26.19
2535+73.75
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,395.99'
1,395.90'
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.00%
0.35%
Grade out(%):
K:
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
52.44'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
0.35%
150.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
2575+11.52
2575+13.68
2575+15.84
2575+11.52
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.35%
0.03%
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
4.33'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Grade out(%):
K:
1,409.57'
1,409.58'
1,409.59'
1,409.57'
0.38%
150.00'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2585+03.93
2585+07.60
2585+11.28
2585+11.28
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.38%
0.05%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.33%
150.00'
7.36'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Curve Length:
Passing Distance: 31,527.76'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,413.33'
1,413.34'
1,413.35'
1,413.35'
Stopping Distance: 13,551.68'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2586+10.79
2586+16.94
2586+23.09
2586+23.09
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.33%
0.08%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.25%
150.00'
Curve Length:
12.30'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance: 18,862.90'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,413.68'
1,413.70'
1,413.71'
1,413.71'
Stopping Distance: 8,110.16'
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
Page 9 of 13
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2622+24.48
2622+65.50
2623+06.52
2622+61.59
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.25%
0.55%
Grade out(%):
K:
-0.30%
150.00'
Curve Length:
82.04'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance:
2,868.39'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,422.62'
1,422.73'
1,422.60'
1,422.67'
Stopping Distance: 1,256.13'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
2633+14.92
2633+82.79
2634+50.65
2633+59.85
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,419.58'
1,419.38'
1,419.79'
1,419.51'
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
-0.30%
0.90%
Grade out(%):
K:
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
135.73'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
0.61%
150.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2651+69.84
2651+91.54
2652+13.24
2652+13.24
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.61%
0.29%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.32%
150.00'
Curve Length:
43.40'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance:
5,366.68'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,430.20'
1,430.33'
1,430.40'
1,430.40'
Stopping Distance: 2,318.79'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2659+08.19
2659+08.47
2659+08.75
2659+08.75
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
1,432.59'
1,432.59'
1,432.59'
1,432.59'
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
Curve Length:
Page 10 of 13
0.32%
0.00%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.31%
150.00'
0.56'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance: 411,075.18'
Stopping Distance: 176,666.60'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2661+80.32
2661+81.50
2661+82.68
2661+82.68
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.31%
0.02%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.30%
150.00'
2.36'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Curve Length:
Passing Distance: 98,359.52'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,433.44'
1,433.45'
1,433.45'
1,433.45'
Stopping Distance: 42,272.32'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2673+80.18
2673+81.81
2673+83.44
2673+83.44
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.30%
0.02%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.27%
150.00'
3.26'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Curve Length:
Passing Distance: 71,138.30'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,437.00'
1,437.01'
1,437.01'
1,437.01'
Stopping Distance: 30,573.81'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2682+87.02
2683+00.96
2683+14.89
2683+14.89
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.27%
0.19%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.09%
150.00'
Curve Length:
27.87'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance:
8,336.16'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,439.49'
1,439.53'
1,439.54'
1,439.54'
Stopping Distance: 3,590.55'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
file:///C:/Users/Traffic/Documents/Civil%20Report.html
10/7/2019
Vertical Curve Report
Page 11 of 13
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
2693+39.42
2693+68.76
2693+98.11
2693+39.42
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,440.46'
1,440.48'
1,440.62'
1,440.46'
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.09%
0.39%
Grade out(%):
K:
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
58.69'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
0.48%
150.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2699+59.94
2699+89.92
2700+19.90
2700+19.90
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.48%
0.40%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.08%
150.00'
Curve Length:
59.96'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance:
3,898.61'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,443.32'
1,443.46'
1,443.49'
1,443.49'
Stopping Distance: 1,692.59'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2701+13.79
2701+17.71
2701+21.64
2701+21.64
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.08%
0.05%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.03%
150.00'
7.85'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Curve Length:
Passing Distance: 29,536.06'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,443.56'
1,443.57'
1,443.57'
1,443.57'
Stopping Distance: 12,695.86'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
2704+35.53
2704+49.66
2704+63.79
2704+35.53
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.03%
0.19%
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Grade out(%):
K:
1,443.66'
1,443.66'
1,443.69'
1,443.66'
0.22%
150.00'
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Vertical Curve Report
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
Page 12 of 13
28.26'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
Low Point:
2796+75.31
2796+90.10
2797+04.88
2796+75.31
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,463.64'
1,463.68'
1,463.74'
1,463.64'
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.22%
0.20%
Grade out(%):
K:
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
29.57'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
0.41%
150.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2827+35.72
2827+64.31
2827+92.90
2827+92.90
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.41%
0.38%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.03%
150.00'
Curve Length:
57.17'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance:
4,085.54'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,476.28'
1,476.39'
1,476.40'
1,476.40'
Stopping Distance: 1,772.13'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2880+28.55
2880+30.99
2880+33.43
2880+33.43
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.03%
0.03%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.00%
150.00'
4.88'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Curve Length:
Passing Distance: 47,488.84'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,478.11'
1,478.11'
1,478.11'
1,478.11'
Stopping Distance: 20,410.52'
Vertical Curve Information:(sag curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
2885+64.39
2885+98.20
2886+32.01
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,478.11'
1,478.11'
1,478.26'
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Vertical Curve Report
Low Point:
Page 13 of 13
2885+64.39
Elevation:
1,478.11'
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.00%
0.45%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.45%
150.00'
Curve Length:
Headlight Distance:
67.61'
Curve Radius 15,000.00'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2903+41.26
2903+57.43
2903+73.60
2903+73.60
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.45%
0.22%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.24%
150.00'
Curve Length:
32.34'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Passing Distance:
7,188.46'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,485.97'
1,486.04'
1,486.08'
1,486.08'
Stopping Distance: 3,098.58'
Vertical Curve Information:(crest curve)
PVC Station:
PVI Station:
PVT Station:
High Point:
2932+01.57
2932+06.48
2932+11.40
2932+11.40
Grade in(%):
Change(%):
0.24%
0.07%
Grade out(%):
K:
0.17%
150.00'
9.83'
Curve Radius
15,000.00'
Curve Length:
Passing Distance: 23,606.33'
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
Elevation:
1,492.73'
1,492.74'
1,492.75'
1,492.75'
Stopping Distance: 10,148.02'
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Task 3 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance
Fall 2019
Task 03
Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance
The objective of this task is to develop an initial vertical profile and associated earthwork/mass balance
(volume report) for your project corridor. This will include a series of vertical curves, which satisfy
relevant design criteria (e.g., SSD, drainage, comfort, appearance, etc.) and include consideration of the
issues identified as a part of the route location study (i.e., Lab 01) to determine the vertical profile of the
proposed roadway. Part of the consideration and discussion/explanation for this task is potential impacts
on the surrounding landscape and environment, including current land use, structures (e.g., rail lines,
buildings, bridges, culverts, etc.) and earthwork/mass balance impacts of the vertical profile.
Whether you adjust the profile much is your decision but you should justify your choices within the text
of your memo. Each group member should produce an alternative vertical profile and resultant volume
report following the AutoCAD instructions posted to D2L. In the end, the group should identify the
preferred horizontal alignment alternative and prepare a comparative discussion regarding the alternatives
and the process used to reach a consensus alternative.
Surfaces/Topography and Aerial Imagery:
To enable horizontal and vertical alignment and subsequent cross-section and earthwork/volume
calculations, you will need to obtain topographical information from me. The topographical files
(shapefiles) and AutoCAD files with these files incorporated will be provided. Aerial imagery should be
available through AutoCAD per the D2L AutoCAD instructions.
Vertical Alignment:
AutoCAD Civil 3D should be used to design all vertical curves and tangent sections along the alignment.
Include a short discussion of relevant design controls and criteria.
The following references should be useful:
•
AASHTO Green Book
o Section 3.4 – Vertical Alignment o Section 3.5 – Combinations of Horizontal
and Vertical Alignment o Section 3.6 – Other Features Affecting Geometric
Design
•
South Dakota DOT Design Manual o Chapter 6 – Vertical Alignment
o Chapter 8 – Earthwork
•
Lecture 4 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance
To construct the alignment:
•
Start at the same limits as for the horizontal alignment and progressing similarly. All group
members should use the prior consensus horizontal alignment.
Task 3 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance
•
•
Fall 2019
Construct an initial, preliminary vertical profile (each group member should do this). Consider
key factors identified in the Route Location lab (e.g., cultural sites, cemeteries, bridges, ROW and
homes, crash data issues, etc.). Once each group member has an alternate profile and volume
report, come to consensus on a single, proposed profile for further development. This decision
should be documented and justified within the memo. This consensus profile and volume report
AutoCAD file should be shared/distributed amongst the group for the purposes of developing
alternatives within the vertical alignment.
Instructions for vertical profile development are available on D2L under Content → References
→ AutoCAD.
Include summary tables with details of key vertical curve (e.g., length, grades, curve type, more…)
characteristics in the memo. State the reasoning behind all assumptions. There is a simple way to obtain
these that I do not believe is currently in the instructions. Stationing and elevations should be provided
for all key curve points (i.e., PC/PI/PT, PVC/PVI/PVT). Explain any potential sight distance concerns
along the project and demonstrate that vertical curves meet AASHTO stopping sight distance (SSD) and
minimum radius/length criteria (refer to the South Dakota DOT Design Manual or Green Book for
guidance as necessary).
Be sure to provide appropriate coordination between the horizontal and vertical alignments.
Earthwork/Mass Balance:
Related to estimated earthwork requirements the technical memorandum should include a tabular
summary of cross-sectional cut and fill areas at every full station, as well as the associated volumes using
the average end area method. Discussion regarding the implications of cut and fill volumes should be
included, for each alternative vertical profile as well as the consensus profile. Assumptions regarding
shrinkage should be noted. The memo should also include a mass balance diagram that illustrates cut and
fill quantities over the project limits. Details should be provided as to the amount (i.e., volume and
average distance) of overhaul that will be required, assuming a free-haul distance per SD DOT (balance
points), and estimated cost and options for mitigating this cost.
Refer to the memo template on the next page.
Task 3 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance
Fall 2019
TO: ………………..
FROM: [Insert clever team name here]
DATE: [Insert date here]
SUBJECT: [INSERT LAB TOPIC SUBJECT]
Introduction
[Include an introduction and overview of the memo.
Vertical Profile: Provide summary table of vertical curves which may include PVC station,
length, entering and exiting grade, stopping sight distance, and minimum length. Include
stations and elevations of all key curve points.
Earthwork/Mass Balance: Provide summary (i.e., short → NOT the entire) table of the
volumes either per the SD DOT Design Manual or a close facsimile per class notes.]
Vertical Alignment Design
Controls
[Provide information regarding controls on the vertical profile. Include discussion about the
design vehicle, sight distance, and which manuals and criteria are applicable. Be sure to state
all assumption and discuss why the design values were chosen. Cite references such as the
SDDOT Design Manual. Include tables, figures, maps (with annotation) as appropriate.]
Design Constraints
[Discuss regions of project where location or other factors affected profile. Some of this may
include discussion of special conditions related to rural environments, particularly those
regarding climate conditions experienced in South Dakota.]
Alternatives Analysis/Discussion
[Include brief description of each of the alternatives developed and considered for vertical
profile. Provide separate images (of key locations) and tables for each profile with related
description and discussion. Discussion should include the thought process that lead to each
profile alternative, including potential impacts on the surrounding landscape and
environment, including current land use, structures (e.g., buildings, bridges, culverts, etc.)
and clear zone/roadside design concerns. (Each team member is to develop an alternative
themselves. Each team member should recognize that they need to do this sufficiently
prior to the task memo deadline to allow preferred alternative discussion and
consensus. Clearly identify which team member developed each alternative.)
Task 3 – Vertical Profile and Earthwork/Mass Balance
Fall 2019
Explain the process through which the group came to consensus on the vertical profile – with
key considerations clearly noted. Discuss initial considerations of horizontal alignment and
vertical profile coordination with each other and the surrounding topography.]
Earthwork/Mass Balance
Design Controls
[Provide information regarding controls on the horizontal alignment and vertical profile of
the project and the cross-sections and how these might have impacted volumes. Include
discussion about the cross-sections and topography. Be sure to state all assumptions and
discuss why the design values were chosen.]
Design Constraints
[Discuss regions of project where location or other factors affected earthwork volumes.]
References
[Provide appropriate references for all documents, data sources, and other resources utilized in
preparing the memo.]
Appendices
[Appendices may be provided for plans, drawings, software output, and other details that are not
necessary to include in the body of the memo. All such content should be formatted so that it fits
neatly into the report/memo.]
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249
Washington, DC 20001
202-624-5800 phone/202-624-5806 fax
www.transportation.org
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved.
Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
Publication Code: GDHS-6
ISBN: 978-1-56051-508-1
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
iii
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
2010 2011
Officers
President: Susan Martinovich, P.E., NEVADA
Vice President: Kirk Steudle, P.E., MICHIGAN
Secretary/Treasurer: Carlos Braceras, UTAH
Immediate Past President: Vacant
Regional Representatives
REGION I
George N. Campbell, Jr., NEW HAMPSHIRE
Beverley K. Swaim-Staley, MARYLAND
REGION II
Mike Hancock, KENTUCKY
Robert St. Onge, SOUTH CAROLINA
REGION III
Thomas K. Sorel, MINNESOTA
Vacant
REGION IV
Amadeo Saenz, Jr., TEXAS
Francis G. Ziegler P.E., NORTH DAKOTA
Non-Voting Members
Executive Director: John Horsley, AASHTO
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
iv
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON GEOMETRIC DESIGN
2008 2010
Officers
Mark Marek, Chairman (2007–2011)
Texas
William Prosser, Secretary
FHWA
Brooke Struve, Secretary
FHWA
Members
Kent Belleque
Oregon
Paul Bercich
Wyoming
James O. Brewer
Kansas
Ken Briggs
Maryland
Rick Bruce
Ohio
Marshall Elizer
American Public Works Association
Brian Hare
Pennsylvania
David Hutchison
National League of Cities
Jeff Jones
Tennessee
John LaPlante
American Public Works Association
Mark A. Leiferman
South Dakota
Donald A. Lyford
New Hampshire
Deanna Maifield
Iowa
Eric Marabello
Maryland
Reza Maleki
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Jim Mills
Florida
Jim Rosenow
Minnesota
Joe Ruffer
National Association of County Engineers
Brent Story
Georgia
Bart Thrasher
Virginia
Max Valerio
New Mexico
Ted Watson
Nebraska
Stanley Wood
Massachusetts
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
v
Highway Subcommittee on Design
2010–2011
Vacant, Chair
RICHARD LAND, California, Vice Chair
David A. Nichol, FHWA, Secretary
Keith M. Platte, AASHTO, Staff Liaison
ALABAMA
William Adams, Rex Bush, Carey Kelley
ALASKA
Mark Neidhold, Robert A. Campbell
ARIZONA
Mary Viparina
ARKANSAS
Michael Fugett, Phillip L. McConnell
CALIFORNIA
Terry L. Abbott
COLORADO
Jeffrey Wassenaar
CONNECTICUT
Michael W. Lonergan, James H. Norman, Timothy M. Wilson
DELAWARE
Michael F. Balbierer, James M. Satterfield
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Said Cherifi, Zahra Dorriz, Allen Miller
FLORIDA
James Mills, David O’Hagan, Frank Sullivan
GEORGIA
James “Ben” Buchan, Russell McMurry, Brent Story
HAWAII
Julius Fronda
IDAHO Loren D. Thomas, Nestor Fernandez
ILLINOIS
Scott E. Stitt
INDIANA
Jeff Clanton, Merril E. Dougherty, John E. Wright
IOWA
Michael J. Kennerly, David L. Little, Deanna Maifield
KANSAS
James O. Brewer, Robert Lacy
KENTUCKY
Keith Caudill, Bradley S. Eldridge, Jeff D. Jasper
LOUISIANA
Nicholas Kalivoda III, David S. Smith, Chad Winchester
MAINE
Bradford P. Foley
MARYLAND
Kirk G. McClelland
MASSACHUSETTS
Stanley Wood, Jr.
MICHIGAN
Bradley C. Wieferich
MINNESOTA
John M. Chiglo, Mukhtar Thakur
MISSISSIPPI
John M. Reese, Amy Mood, C. Keith Purvis
MISSOURI
David B. Nichols, Kathryn P. Harvey
MONTANA
Paul R. Ferry, Lesly Tribelhorn
NEBRASKA
James J. Knott, Ted Watson
NEVADA
Paul Frost, Eric Glick, Paul K. Sinnott
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
vi
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Craig A. Green
NEW JERSEY
Richard Jaffe
NEW MEXICO
Gabriela Contreras-Apodaca, Joe S. Garcia
NEW YORK
Daniel D’Angelo
NORTH CAROLINA
Deborah M. Barbour, Jay A. Bennett, Art McMillan
NORTH DAKOTA
Roger Weigel
OHIO
Dirk Gross, Timothy McDonald
OKLAHOMA
Tim Tegeler
OREGON
David Joe Polly, Steven R. Lindland
PENNSYLVANIA
Brian D. Hare
PUERTO RICO
Luis Santos, José E. Santana-Pimentel
RHODE ISLAND
Robert Smith
SOUTH CAROLINA
Rob Bedenbaugh, Mark Lester, Mitchell D. Metts
SOUTH DAKOTA
Michael Behm, Mark A. Leiferman
TENNESSEE
Michael Agnew, Jeff C. Jones, Carolyn Stonecipher
TEXAS
Mark A. Marek
UTAH
Jesse Sweeten, Lisa Wilson
VERMONT
Kevin Marshia
VIRGINIA
Robert H. Cary, Mohammad Mirshahi, Barton A. Thrasher
WASHINGTON
Pasco Bakotich, Terry L. Berends, Nancy Boyd, Dave Olson
WEST VIRGINIA
Gregory Bailey, Jason C. Foster
WISCONSIN
Jerry H. Zogg
WYOMING
Tony Laird
ASSOCIATE MEMBER—Bridge, Port, and Toll
NJ TURNPIKE AUTHORITY
J. Lawrence Williams
PORT AUTHORITY OF NY and NJ
Scott D. Murrell
ASSOCIATE MEMBER—Federal
USDA FOREST SERVICE
Ellen G. LaFayette
ASSOCIATE MEMBER—International
ALBERTA
Moh Lali
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Richard Voyer
KOREA
Chan-Su “Chris” Reem
ONTARIO
Joe Bucik
SASKATCHEWAN
Sukhy Kent
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 HIGHWAY FUNCTIONS
1.1 SYSTEMS AND CLASSIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
1.2 THE CONCEPT OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
1.2.1 Hierarchies of Movements and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
1.2.2 Functional Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
1.2.3 Access Needs and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
1.3 FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
1.3.1 Definitions of Urban and Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
1.3.2 Functional Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
1.3.3 Functional Systems for Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
1.3.4 Functional Highway Systems in Urbanized Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-10
1.3.5 Functional Classification as a Design Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-12
1.4 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-13
CHAPTER 2 DESIGN CONTROLS AND CRITERIA
2.1 DESIGN VEHICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
2.1.1 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
2.1.2 Minimum Turning Paths of Design Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
2.1.3 Vehicle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-33
2.1.4 Vehicular Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-36
2.2 DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND HUMAN FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-36
2.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-36
2.2.2 Older Drivers and Older Pedestrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-37
2.2.3 The Driving Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-37
2.2.4 The Guidance Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-38
2.2.5 The Information System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-39
2.2.6 Information Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-39
2.2.7 Driver Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-42
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
viii
2.2.8 Speed and Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-45
2.2.9 Design Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-45
2.3 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-46
2.3.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-46
2.3.2 Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-46
2.3.3 Directional Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-50
2.3.4 Composition of Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-51
2.3.5 Projection of Future Traffic Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-52
2.3.6 Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-53
2.3.7 Traffic Flow Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-58
2.4 HIGHWAY CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-60
2.4.1 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-60
2.4.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-60
2.4.3 Capacity as a Design Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-61
2.4.4 Factors Other Than Traffic Volume That Affect Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-63
2.4.5 Levels of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-66
2.4.6 Design Service Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-67
2.5 ACCESS CONTROL AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-70
2.5.1 General Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-70
2.5.2 Basic Principles of Access Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-72
2.5.3 Access Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-72
2.5.4 Methods of Controlling Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-73
2.5.5 Benefits of Controlling Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-73
2.6 THE PEDESTRIAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-78
2.6.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-78
2.6.2 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-78
2.6.3 Walking Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-79
2.6.4 Walkway Level of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-80
2.6.5 Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-80
2.6.6 Reducing Pedestrian-Vehicular Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-80
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
ix
2.6.7 Characteristics of Persons with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-81
2.7 BICYCLE FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-81
2.8 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-82
2.8.1 Key Factors Related to Traffic Crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-82
2.8.2 Key Safety Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-85
2.8.3 Safety Improvement Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-85
2.8.4 Project Development Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-86
2.9 ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-86
2.10 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-86
2.11 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-86
CHAPTER 3 ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
3.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
3.2 SIGHT DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
3.2.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
3.2.2 Stopping Sight Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
3.2.3 Decision Sight Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
3.2.4 Passing Sight Distance for Two-Lane Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
3.2.5 Sight Distance for Multilane Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14
3.2.6 Criteria for Measuring Sight Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14
3.3 HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18
3.3.1 Theoretical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18
3.3.2 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-19
3.3.3 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-29
3.3.4 Design for Rural Highways, Urban Freeways, and High-Speed Urban Streets . . . . . . . . . . .3-33
3.3.5 Design Superelevation Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-43
3.3.6 Design for Low-Speed Urban Streets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-52
3.3.7 Turning Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-57
3.3.8 Transition Design Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-59
3.3.9 Offtracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-85
3.3.10 Traveled-Way Widening on Horizontal Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-91
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
x
3.3.11 Widths for Turning Roadways at Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-97
3.3.12 Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-106
3.3.13 General Controls for Horizontal Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-111
3.4 VERTICAL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-113
3.4.1 Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-113
3.4.2 Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-113
3.4.3 Climbing Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-125
3.4.4 Methods for Increasing Passing Opportunities on Two-Lane Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-132
3.4.5 Emergency Escape Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-140
3.4.6 Vertical Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-149
3.5 COMBINATIONS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-164
3.5.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-164
3.5.2 General Design Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-165
3.5.3 Alignment Coordination in Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-166
3.6 OTHER FEATURES AFFECTING GEOMETRIC DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-170
3.6.1 Erosion Control and Landscape Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-170
3.6.2 Rest Areas, Information Centers, and Scenic Overlooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-171
3.6.3 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-172
3.6.4 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-174
3.6.5 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-175
3.6.6 Traffic Management Plans for Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-177
3.7 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-179
CHAPTER 4 CROSS SECTION ELEMENTS
4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
4.2 TRAVELED WAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
4.2.1 Surface Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
4.2.2 Cross Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
4.2.3 Skid Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6
4.2.4 Hydroplaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-7
4.3 LANE WIDTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-7
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
xi
4.4 SHOULDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-8
4.4.1 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-8
4.4.2 Width of Shoulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-10
4.4.3 Shoulder Cross Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-11
4.4.4 Shoulder Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-12
4.4.5 Shoulder Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-13
4.4.6 Turnouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14
4.5 RUMBLE STRIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14
4.6 ROADSIDE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14
4.6.1 Clear Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-15
4.6.2 Lateral Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-15
4.7 CURBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-16
4.7.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-16
4.7.2 Curb Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-17
4.7.3 Curb Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-19
4.8 DRAINAGE CHANNELS AND SIDESLOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-20
4.8.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-20
4.8.2 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-20
4.8.3 Drainage Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-22
4.8.4 Sideslopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-24
4.9 ILLUSTRATIVE OUTER CROSS SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-27
4.9.1 Normal Crown Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-27
4.9.2 Superelevated Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-28
4.10 TRAFFIC BARRIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-29
4.10.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-29
4.10.2 Longitudinal Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-30
4.10.3 Bridge Railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-33
4.10.4 Crash Cushions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-33
4.11 MEDIANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-34
4.12 FRONTAGE ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-36
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
xii
4.13 OUTER SEPARATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-40
4.14 NOISE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-41
4.14.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-41
4.14.2 General Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-42
4.14.3 Noise Reduction Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-43
4.15 ROADSIDE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-47
4.15.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-47
4.15.2 Driveways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-47
4.15.3 Mailboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-48
4.15.4 Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-50
4.16 TUNNELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-50
4.16.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-50
4.16.2 Types of Tunnels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-51
4.16.3 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-51
4.16.4 Tunnel Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-52
4.16.5 Examples of Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-55
4.17 PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-56
4.17.1 Sidewalks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-56
4.17.2 Grade-Separated Pedestrian Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-57
4.17.3 Curb Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-61
4.18 BICYCLE FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-66
4.19 BUS TURNOUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-67
4.19.1 Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-67
4.19.2 Arterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-68
4.19.3 Park-and-Ride Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-70
4.20 ON-STREET PARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-72
4.21 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-74
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
xiii
CHAPTER 5 LOCAL ROADS AND STREETS
5.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
5.2 LOCAL RURAL ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2
5.2.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2
5.2.2 Cross-Sectional Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5
5.2.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-7
5.2.4 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-8
5.2.5 Intersection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-9
5.2.6 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10
5.2.7 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10
5.2.8 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10
5.2.9 Erosion Control and Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10
5.3 LOCAL URBAN STREETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-11
5.3.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-11
5.3.2 Cross-Sectional Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-13
5.3.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-19
5.3.4 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-20
5.3.5 Intersection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-20
5.3.6 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-21
5.3.7 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-22
5.3.8 Roadway Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-22
5.3.9 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-22
5.3.10 Erosion Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23
5.3.11 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23
5.4 SPECIAL-PURPOSE ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23
5.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23
5.4.2 Recreational Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-24
5.4.3 Resource Recovery Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-33
5.5 VERY LOW-VOLUME LOCAL ROADS (ADT ≤ 400) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-34
5.6 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-34
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
xiv
CHAPTER 6 COLLECTOR ROADS AND STREETS
6.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
6.2 RURAL COLLECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2
6.2.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2
6.2.2 Cross-Sectional Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5
6.2.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-7
6.2.4 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8
6.2.5 Intersection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-9
6.2.6 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10
6.2.7 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10
6.2.8 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10
6.2.9 Erosion Control and Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-11
6.3 URBAN COLLECTORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-11
6.3.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-11
6.3.2 Cross-Sectional Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-13
6.3.3 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-16
6.3.4 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-17
6.3.5 Intersection Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-18
6.3.6 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-19
6.3.7 Traffic Control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-19
6.3.8 Roadway Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-19
6.3.9 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20
6.3.10 Erosion Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20
6.3.11 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20
6.4 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-20
CHAPTER 7 RURAL AND URBAN ARTERIALS
7.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
7.2 RURAL ARTERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
7.2.1 General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
xv
7.2.2 General Design Considerations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-2
7.2.3 Cross-Sectional Elements �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-4
7.2.4 Roadside Design���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-6
7.2.5 Structures�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-6
7.2.6 Traffic Control Devices�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-7
7.2.7 Erosion Control�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-7
7.2.8 Provision for Passing �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-7
7.2.9 Ultimate Development of Multilane Divided Arterials�������������������������������������������������������������7-9
7.2.10 Multilane Undivided Arterials�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-12
7.2.11 Divided Arterials�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-12
7.2.12 Intersections�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-24
7.2.13 Access Management���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-24
7.2.14 Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-25
7.2.15 Bus Turnouts�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-25
7.2.16 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-26
7.2.17 Rest Areas���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-26
7.3 URBAN ARTERIALS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-26
7.3.1 General Characteristics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-26
7.3.2 General Design Considerations�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-27
7.3.3 Cross-Sectional Elements ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-29
7.3.4 Roadside Design�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-37
7.3.5 Structures�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-38
7.3.6 Traffic Barriers ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-39
7.3.7 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-39
7.3.8 Access Management�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-39
7.3.9 Bicycle and Pedestrian Facilities�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-41
7.3.10 Provision for Utilities���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-42
7.3.11 Intersection Design �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-42
7.3.12 Operational Control and Regulations�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-43
7.3.13 Directional Lane Usage �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7-47
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
xvi
7.3.14 Frontage Roads and Outer Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-50
7.3.15 Grade Separations and Interchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-51
7.3.16 Erosion Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-51
7.3.17 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-52
7.3.18 Public Transit Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-52
7.4 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-56
CHAPTER 8 FREEWAYS
8.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1
8.2 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1
8.2.1 Design Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1
8.2.2 Design Traffic Volumes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2
8.2.3 Levels of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2
8.2.4 Traveled Way and Shoulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2
8.2.5 Curbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3
8.2.6 Superelevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3
8.2.7 Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3
8.2.8 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4
8.2.9 Vertical Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4
8.2.10 Roadside Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5
8.2.11 Ramps and Terminals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5
8.2.12 Outer Separations, Borders, and Frontage Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5
8.3 RURAL FREEWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-6
8.3.1 Alignment and Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-6
8.3.2 Medians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-7
8.3.3 Sideslopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-9
8.3.4 Frontage Roads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-9
8.4 URBAN FREEWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10
8.4.1 General Design Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10
8.4.2 Medians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10
8.4.3 Depressed Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-11
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
xvii
8.4.4 Elevated Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-16
8.4.5 Ground-Level Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-22
8.4.6 Combination-Type Freeways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-24
8.4.7 Special Freeway Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-28
8.4.8 Accommodation of Managed Lanes and Transit Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-35
8.5 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-47
CHAPTER 9 INTERSECTIONS
9.1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1
9.2 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2
9.2.1 Characteristics of Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2
9.2.2 Intersection Functional Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2
9.2.3 Design Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4
9.2.4 Design Considerations for Intersection User Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-5
9.2.5 Intersection Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-6
9.2.6 Intersection Design Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8
9.3 TYPES AND EXAMPLES OF INTERSECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8
9.3.1 Three-Leg Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-10
9.3.2 Four-Leg Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-14
9.3.3 Multileg Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-19
9.3.4 Roundabouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-21
9.4 ALIGNMENT AND PROFILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-25
9.4.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-25
9.4.2 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-25
9.4.3 Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-27
9.5 INTERSECTION SIGHT DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-28
9.5.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-28
9.5.2 Sight Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-29
9.5.3 Intersection Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-32
9.5.4 Effect of Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-54
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
xviii
9.6 TURNING ROADWAYS AND CHANNELIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-55
9.6.1 Types of Turning Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-55
9.6.2 Channelization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-92
9.6.3 Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-94
9.6.4 Free-Flow Turning Roadways at Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-106
9.6.5 Turning Roadways with Corner Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-106
9.6.6 Superelevation for Turning Roadways at Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-114
9.6.7 Stopping Sight Distance at Intersections for Turning Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-123
9.7 AUXILIARY LANES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-124
9.7.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-124
9.7.2 Deceleration Lanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-125
9.7.3 Design Treatments for Left-Turn Maneuvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-131
9.8 MEDIAN OPENINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-140
9.8.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-140
9.8.2 Control Radii for Minimum Turning Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-141
9.8.3 Minimum Length of Median Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-149
9.8.4 Median Openings Based on Control Radii for Design Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-149
9.8.5 Effect of Skew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-151
9.8.6 Above-Minimum Designs for Direct Left Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-154
9.9 INDIRECT LEFT TURNS AND U-TURNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-155
9.9.1 General Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-155
9.9.2 Intersections with Jughandle or Loop Roadways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-157
9.9.3 Displaced Left-Turn Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-160
9.9.4 Wide Medians with U-Turn Crossover Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-162
9.9.5 Location and Design of U-Turn Median Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-164
9.10 ROUNDABOUT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-167
9.10.1 Geometric Elements of Roundabouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-169
9.10.2 Fundamental Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-171
9.11. OTHER INTERSECTION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-176
9.11.1 Intersection Design Elements with Frontage Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-176
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
xix
9.11.2 Traffic Control Devices�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-180
9.11.3 Bicycles�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-180
9.11.4 Pedestrians�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-181
9.11.5 Lighting ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-181
9.11.6 Driveways�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-181
9.11.7 Midblock Left Turns on Streets with Flush Medians�����������������������������������������������������������9-182
9.12 RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-184
9.12.1 Horizontal Alignment�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-184
9.12.2 Vertical Alignment�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-184
9.12.3 Crossing Design ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-185
9.12.4 Sight Distance�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-186
9.13 REFERENCES���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9-192
Chapter 10 Grade Separations and Interchanges
10.1 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL TYPES OF INTERCHANGES���������������������������������������������������������������10-1
10.2 WARRANTS FOR INTERCHANGES AND GRADE SEPARATIONS�����������������������������������������������������������10-3
10.3 ADAPTABILITY OF HIGHWAY GRADE SEPARATIONS AND INTERCHANGES���������������������������������������10-5
10.3.1 Traffic and Operation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-6
10.3.2 Site Conditions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-7
10.3.3 Type of Highway and Intersecting Facility�����������������������������������������������������������������������������10-7
10.4 ACCESS SEPARATIONS AND CONTROL ON THE CROSSROAD AT INTERCHANGES ���������������������������10-7
10.5 SAFETY���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-9
10.6 STAGE DEVELOPMENT�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10
10.7 ECONOMIC FACTORS�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10
10.7.1 Initial Costs�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10
10.7.2 Maintenance Costs ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10
10.7.3 Vehicular Operating Costs�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10-10
10.8 GRADE SEPARATION STRUCTURES ������������������������������������������������...
Purchase answer to see full
attachment