Our readings this week concern the question of why states adopt human rights treaties and join human rights organizations. We also learn about NGOs and transnational advocacy networks, and the challenges they face. Please compose a post that addresses each of the following questions:How do we determine whether human rights IOs are effective? Which types are most effective: human rights treaties, NGOs, or transnational advocacy networks?I look forward to reading your posts and providing feedback on the discussions. Instructions: Your initial post should be at least 500 wordsReadings:Benjamin, Dave. 2009. “Protecting the Protectors: NGO Action and the Responsibility to Protect.” International Journal on World Peace 26(1): 31-50. EBSCO: http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://search.eb...ProQuest: http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://search.pr...Hathaway, Oona. 2007. “Why Do Countries Commit to Human Rights Treaties?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 51(4): 588-621. JSTOR: http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://www.jstor...ProQuest: http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://search.pr...Keck, Margaret and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. “Chapter 1: Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics: Introduction.” In Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1998. Pages 1-38.http://site.ebrary.com/lib/apus/reader.action?ppg=...Meernik, James, Rosa Aloisi, Marsha Sowell, and Angela Nichols. 2012. “The Impact of Human Rights Organizations on Naming and Shaming Campaigns”. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 56 (2): 233–56. JSTOR: JSTOR: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/stable/pdf/...Schneider, Christina. 2011. “Weak States and Institutionalized Bargaining Power in International Organizations.” International Studies Quarterly 55(2): 331-355.EBSCO: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/logi.... Wotipka, C. M. and K. Tsutsui. 2008. “Global Human Rights and State Sovereignty: Nation-States’ Ratifications of International Human Rights Treaties, 1965-2001.” Sociological Forum 23(4): 724-754.EBSCO: http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://search.eb...JSTOR: http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://www.jstor...

1. What is the Principle of Utility?2. What is Hedonism?3. Give two similarities and two differences between the utilitarian views of Bentham and Mill.4. Why might utilitarianism offend our sense of justice? Give example(s). What would a defender of utilitarianism respond to the justice objection?5. Using your own example, explain how being an Act Utilitarian could lead you to commit a morally wrong action.6. Explain the difference between act and rule utilitarianism.7. Explain how Mill revises Bentham's quantitative "calculus of felicity" to include the quality of higher pleasures. Do you agree that some pleasures are of a higher quality? Explain.8. Explain the main problems with utilitarianism: including the problem of motives, difficulty of predicting consequences, violation of rights and duties, radical self sacrifice (Peter Singer), falsity of hedonism.Kant (duty oriented morality)9. Explain the distinction between autonomy vs heteronomy.10. Explain the distinction between duty vs inclination.11. Explain the distinction between hypothetical vs categorical imperatives.12. What is Kant's criterion for moral acceptability of a maxim, according to the universalizability formulation of the categorical imperative? Give an example of a maxim that satisfies Kant's criterion and explain why the maxim you pick would be morally acceptable for Kant.13. What does the respect formulation of the categorical imperative command?14. Explain why illegally downloading movies is a violation of the first formulation of the categorical imperative. (Be careful, the ultimate reason should not refer to any consequences.)15. Say I come upon a red light with my wife who is just staring to give birth. There is nobody around and the faster I get her to the hospital the better. What would an act utilitarian most likely say I should do, and why? What would a rule utilitarian say I should do and why?16. Say John lies to Mary in order to have sex with her. Using Kant's, Third Version of the Categorical Imperative, explain why that is morally wrong.17. What do existentialists like Jean Paul Sartre mean when they say Freedom has priority over Reason and what does this mean for their understanding of morality?18. What are analytic statements? What are synthetic statements? Why aren't moral claims either? What category do they fit into?19. What do logical positivists like A. J. Ayer think about statements like; "It is wrong to kill people."?20. What is the "Naturalistic Fallacy"? Give an example of this fallacy.21. What does Palmer think about the claim that there are no universally held moral values?22. Even if all cultures differed in their values why is it an invalid step to conclude from that, that there are no objectively best values that should be adopted by all cultures?23. Explain at least two arguments against cultural relativism.24. Based on the reading, make an argument that some cultures have better moral values than others and are are morally justified in making moral judgments about cultural practices of other societies and in some cases even forcing them to abide by better moral principles.25. How does the allegedly typical "female" style of moral thinking differ from utilitarianism or Kantianism?26. Why do deep ecologists think traditional ethical systems need to be revised?27. Who would be more likely to defend experimenting on animals in order to find medicines that benefit people: Arne Naess or Immanuel Kant? Explain why.

Hi, I need help with discussion board-Initial Post-10 meaningful sentences-This chapter describes the personal characteristics of effective counselors. After reflecting on this list of personal qualities, identify what you consider to be the three most important qualities. Explain your choices. Be sure to connect your response to something you learned in Chapter 2. To clearly illustrate that connection, your response must contain the page number from the textbook in order to earn full credit.Attached is chapter 2.I also need reply (5 meaningful sentences) to the following post:After reflecting on the personal qualities an effective counselor should possess, I believe the three most important to be having a sincere interest in the welfare of others, possessing effective interpersonal skills and being able to maintain healthy boundaries. According to Corey (2017), effective counselors need to trust, respect, care, and value others (Corey, 2017, p. 20). I feel that this is a necessary component to becoming a counselor, because someone who was not concerned with the welfare of others would not make a good counselor and would not put forth much effort in helping a person through the struggles that they are facing and would not be useful to others in a therapeutic setting. Without regard for others, it would be more damaging to be in this field than helpful. The second quality I find most important to being a counselor is possessing effective interpersonal skills. Corey (2017), explains that this allows a counselor to see the worldviews of another but also enables them to have a healthy relationship with others to work towards common goals (Corey, 2017, p. 20). Corey (2017), points out that it is not the techniques used but the human dimension of the relationship between the therapist and client that has the greatest effect on the outcome of therapy (Corey, 2017, p. 19). To me, this means that someone studying counseling could be a straight A student but if they are lacking in interpersonal skills, techniques and theories are not going to be effective in establishing a relationship with a client and being effective. Lastly, I feel that being able to maintain healthy boundaries is an essential component to being an effective counselor. For our own emotional well-being as well as the well-being of our clients, it is essential to set boundaries and be clear about them upfront and stick to them (Corey, 2017, p. 30). We cannot walk through life for our clients or be a fixer of their problems. Our role is to guide them and offer support but not become a crutch for them. Corey, G. (2017). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy, 10th edition. Boston,