Music of Indonesia Map of Southeast Asia  Indonesia is an island nation that is home to over 350 different ethnic groups.  After WWII the Indonesian archipelago became an independent nation, uniting many different cultures into one Indonesia. Indonesian History  How long did the Dutch Colonize Indonesia and what affect did it have on Indonesian culture and arts?  Arts and music are seen as high status and flourished during the colonial period (1600-1945).  History and layering of religions in Indonesia  Mysticism (pre-history), Buddhism (5th century), Hinduism (7th century), Islam (13th century).  Today, majority are Muslim, but still practice Hindu/Buddhist beliefs and participate in Mystic spirit possession/trance rituals. Indonesian Gamelan  What does the term gamelan mean?  Gamelan music is based on Colotomic Structure:  Music organized into cycles defined by periodic punctuation, in this case the large hanging and rack gongs  Laras - Tuning systems:  Slendro – pentatonic , 5 pitches, equidistant  Pelog – heptatonic, 7 pitches , non- equidistant  Gamelan ensembles have an important association with royal lineage and spiritual practices in Java and Bali. Javanese Gamelan Instruments  Bronze idiophones include:  Punctuation instruments:  Gong, Kempul, Kenong, Ketuk  Melodic instruments:  Slenthem, Saron (barung, demung)  Peking  Ornamental instruments:  Bonang (barung, panerus)  Gender  Other instruments include:     Kendang- drums (conductor) Rebab- spike fiddle Suling- bamboo flute Gambang- wood xylophone Javanese Gamelan  Gongan:  A musical phrase punctuated by the largest gong of the gamelan  Balungan:  Core or skeletal melody  Three layers of activity:  Punctuation: accents the gongan  Melody: plays the balungan  Ornamental: ornaments the balungan video Listening Activity: Javanese Gamelan: Bubaran Udan Mas  Listen to “Bubaran Udan Mas” found in the Indonesia Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as you listen.  What Sounds are you hearing? laras pelog, loud piece  What Behaviors are associated with this musical activity?  What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and behaviors of this musical activity? Listening Activity: Javanese Gamelan Ketawang Puspawarna  Listen to “Ketawang Puspawarna” found in the Indonesia Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as you listen  What Sounds are you hearing? laras slendro, soft piece  What Behaviors are associated with this musical activity?  What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and behaviors of this musical activity? Functions of Gamelan Music  Courtly entertainment  Traditional dance  Puppet plays  Trance rituals VIDEO Javanese dancers  Important ceremonies and celebrations  The sacred Bedhaya dance Bedhaya dancers Wayang Kulit  Shadow puppet plays that enact the epic Hindu stories of Mahabharata and Ramayana.  How have these Hindu stories been “Javanized” over time?  Who is the dalang and what important role does he play in preserving Indonesian history and culture? video Balinese Gamelan  Hindu-Buddhist refugees migrated to Bali in the 15th cent, bringing a hierarchical social system and gamelan  Colonial period- development of the arts is effective way of retaining high status.  Isolated evolution of gamelan in Bali resulted in:  Multiple genres  Altered and new instruments  New forms and functions  Drastically different musical aesthetic and timbre Balinese Gamelan Genres  Gamelan Gambuh  Archaic court opera and accompanying orchestra  Gamelan Gong Gede  Older court music used for court and temple rituals, similar in sound and style to the Javanese gamelan  Gamelan Semar Pegunligan  Large court orchestra that plays instrumental versions of gamelan gambuh melodies  Gender Wayang  Four-piece ensemble of genders that typically accompanies Balinese shadow plays Gamelan Gong Kebyar  Extremely dynamic, virtuosic and unpredictable, modern style of music and dance. Drastically different than older, more refined and elegant genres.  Hocketing 2 players interlocking melodic parts  Shimmer effect altered tunings create dissonance  Most tourist performances of music and dance feature this newer genre. video Listening Activity: Balinese Gamelan Gong Kebyar Teruna  Listen to “Kebyar Teruna” found in the Indonesia Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as you listen.  What Sounds are you hearing?  What Behaviors are associated with this musical activity?  What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and behaviors of this musical activity? Trance Dance: Barong  Trance ritual adapted as a regular performance medium for tourists  Barong an awesome but benevolent lion  Rangda a horrendous and malevolent witch  Masks and trance rituals  Authenticity- Are trance rituals performed for tourists authentic? video Balinese Kecak  “Monkey Chant”  Voices imitate sounds of small gamelan  Dancers enact tales from the Hindu epic, the Ramayana  Originally a trance ceremony without added element of dance, today kecak is performed mostly for tourists  Tourist expectations of exoticism video Popular Music: Gambus video  What foreign influences are present in gambus music?  Instruments? Tonal quality? Language?  The word gambus literally means “oud” though now refers to the genre of music, not just the instrument  Yemen origins, connection with Islamic homeland  Lyrical content may include Islamic subject matter, contemporary songs have drifted away from this and are considered overly sensual by some. Listening Activity: Gambus  Listen to “Gambus: Cari Hiburan” found in the Indonesia Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as you listen.  What Sounds are you hearing?  What Behaviors are associated with this musical activity?  What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and behaviors of this musical activity? Popular Music: Dangdut  Indian film songs blended with Western rock via Malaysia  Popular medium for broadcasting Islamic values to the public in the 1970s under the influence of superstar Rhoma Irama  Dangdut music is also considered scandalous by some because of sensual lyrical content and overtly sexual dance movements. “Goyang!!” video Listening Activity: Dangdut  Listen to “Dangdut: Curahan Hati” found in the Indonesia Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as you listen.  What Sounds are you hearing?  What Behaviors are associated with this musical activity?  What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and behaviors of this musical activity? Popular Music: Kroncong  Prior to the Dutch Colonial period, Portuguese traders had established outposts and introduced their folk instruments and music.  Kroncong was once associated with underclass/violence/pirates  Since the 1920s, kroncong has been “Javanized”  Instruments functional quality similar to gamelan music  Association with middle class and national identity. Nostalgia for older generation video Listening Activity: Kroncong  Listen to “Kroncong: Morisko” found in the Indonesia Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as you listen.  What Sounds are you hearing?  What Behaviors are associated with this musical activity?  What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and behaviors of this musical activity? Popular Music: Jaipongan video  Sundanese (West Java) urban “modern” gamelan music and dance style  Blending of older Sundanese village dance genre and martial arts tradition Jaipongan dancers  Unlike other popular genres, Jaipongan has virtually no foreign influences  Developed in the 1970s, Gugum Gumbira and Jugala studios Gugum Gumbira Listening Activity: Jaipongan  Listen to “Jaipongan: Daun Pulus” found in the Indonesia Audio File. Follow the Listening Guide in your book as you listen.  What Sounds are you hearing?  What Behaviors are associated with this musical activity?  What Conceptions or Ideas govern the sounds and behaviors of this musical activity?
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