Research Paper Reference Guide International Management Using the topics that you have studied throughout the course, write a six-page paper on Global Leadership and Management Issues for the 21st Century. 1 APA Requirements The research paper must follow the APA requirements with a cover page, header, double-spaced lines, and at least 10 authoritative references. APA does not allow the use of personal pronouns in the body of any writing. Yet, there are ways to write to demonstrate that you have experience and are speaking from a so-called personal experience. Here is an example:  Make sure you do not overuse personal pronouns A. I manage a family farm that has taught me a lot about management, especially when you have various personalities with different objectives. versus B. Managing a family farm with different objectives and personality issues teaches various management and leadership concepts not learned in public organizations at the middle management level. Clearly, the first sounds selfish and personal. Yet, the second sounds professional and authoritative. Both basically say the same thing. Both are clearly written from a personal perspective, but the first sounds unprofessional, while the second sounds professional and authoritative. 2 References and Citations You must use materials outside of the course materials as the course materials are provided for you and cannot support your opinion. An analogy for this could be saying that all local, state, and federal laws that are provided by your local, state government, and the federal government support your opinion on all political, personal, social, and legal topics. Just as this is most likely not true, required reading materials cannot support your views or opinions in your assignments. Thus, outside references are required. You cannot use any dictionaries, encyclopedias, or almanacs. And, you can use the textbook, but only one time as an in text citation.  10 Authoritative References Google is wonderful to look up material. But, like the dictionary and encyclopedia, Google is only a way to look up something and is a personal item. It is not professional nor authoritative. This is also why many folks are not seen as authorities in professional settings. Just like you would not want the car mechanic Googling a solution or way to repair your car, you do not want to Google concepts in this class, or really any class or professional setting. Certainly, it is a way to find something quickly, but that is meant to help you look up appropriate materials in professional and authoritative sources. Just as dictionaries and encyclopedias are personal references and cannot be used as references in college or professional settings, almanacs are also personal references and cannot be used either. Company newsletters and many magazines are also personal, just as newspapers are personal and popular media. Remember, just because it is published, that does not mean it is authoritative or is peer-reviewed. The peer-review process for many materials means only that someone read it to ensure that the grammar is correct and items are arranged logically. They do not check the numbers of the statistics or verify the information with research participants. Do not have an in-text citation for every paragraph. Remember that CSU does have a policy allowing only 20% of all materials to be copied, summarized, and/or paraphrased from other materials. This means that the 20% does not just include quotes, but includes all paraphrased, copied lists, and summaries. The easiest way to think about this is if you copy, quote, summarize, and/or paraphrase 20 words, you must write at least 80 words before you copy, quote, summarize, and/or paraphrase again. And, this formula puts you at the 20% limit! This is the same in professional settings. In fact, over 20% in professional settings and materials are considered unoriginal, even with in-text citations. If you go over 25%, even with in-text citations, then the material is considered plagiarized in professional settings.  Citations For most publishers, authors are allowed only 10%, or less. A zero can actually not be good because it could mean you did not quote or use any authoritative sources. In professional work settings, you do want to know that folks know the professional materials and can use, or at least compare and contrast these items. Additionally, do not confuse popular media, such as news reports, newspapers, magazines, or anything found on Google as authoritative. Comparing and contrasting popular media items with authoritative and professional sources is a good way to demonstrate gaps in information, lack of experience, and why an informational campaign should be used. Just as bloodletting was used when folks had fevers (and is still done in parts of the world), it is a popular method that does not treat fever, and it creates additional problems for a patient. Safe Assign does have a feature in the CSU system that allows you to submit your papers and review the matching percentage before you submit the assignment for grading. This is a quick and easy check. I use this system for all my writing. It ensures that I was not too tired and made a mistake by accident. We all make mistakes. Safe Assign helps ensure that we do not make professional writing mistakes. If you have not used this feature, you can contact the CSU Success Center and they will help you use this feature. 3 Professional Writing There are certain expectations associated and expected with academic writing. Therefore, it is important to make sure your research paper is not only formatted properly but also written accordingly. In professional writing, when you are asked for your opinion, it does not mean they want your personal opinion. Personal is what you say to a family member, a friend, a colleague not at work. Anytime you are asked for an opinion at work, in a professional setting, or in college, it does not mean personal.  Personal comments are not appropriate Think of it this way: When you take your car to the mechanic to be repaired, you do not want his personal opinion that you do not drive well, he does not like your job, you should not have purchased that car, you do not dress the way he likes, your shoes are too expensive, you should not eat or drink in the car or anything within the same veins of commentary. These are his personal opinions and are none of his concern. You want to know how he is going to fix your car based on his professional training, everyday experiences with the same type of vehicle and repairs, and his licenses that ensure he is following the laws within your state, regarding car repairs, and the car manufacturer’s guidelines. When the car mechanic is giving you his opinion on making repairs to your vehicle, he is referencing professional manuals, professional and authoritative materials for making repairs legally as well as professional training. He is not giving his personal opinion. In business when folks confuse these items they often get classified into a job and then get stuck and never progress up the ladder. If they change jobs it is only laterally and not vertically up the ladder. This type of confusion is why some people get promotions quickly while others languish and are almost never promoted. 4 Resources There are many resources available to learn about how to write a research paper located within the “Learning Resources” tab in the student portal.  Research Paper Use the sample Research Paper to learn more about how to format your paper in APA.  Writing a Research Paper The Writing a Research Paper PowerPoint covers the basics of writing a research paper. It starts with understanding your assignment and walks students through each step of the process.  Citation Guide This Citation Guide will provide you with an overview of APA formatting. It has examples of in-text and reference citations as well as instructions for how to format formal papers. 
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