The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 United Nations Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Goal 1 No poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Goal 2 Zero hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Goal 3 Good health and well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Goal 4 Quality education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Goal 5 Gender equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Goal 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure . . . . . . . . 40 Goal 10 Reduced inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Goal 12 Responsible consumption and production . . . . . . 46 Goal 13 Climate action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Goal 14 Life below water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Goal 15 Life on land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Goal 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions . . . . . . . . . . 54 Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Note to the reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Regional groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 United Nations New York, 2019 Foreword opportunity for all: our goal to end extreme poverty by 2030 is being jeopardized as we struggle to respond to entrenched deprivation, violent conflicts and vulnerabilities to natural disasters. Global hunger is on the rise, and at least half of the world’s population lacks essential health services. More than half of the world’s children do not meet standards in reading and mathematics; only 28 per cent of persons with severe disabilities received cash benefits; and women in all parts of the world continue to face structural disadvantages and discrimination. Since its inception in 2015, the 2030 Agenda has provided a blueprint for shared prosperity in a sustainable world—a world where all people can live productive, vibrant and peaceful lives on a healthy planet. The year 2030 is just over a decade away, and we must ask ourselves if our actions today are laying the right foundation to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 provides evidence-based insights to answer this question. The report demonstrates that progress is being made in some critical areas, and that some favorable trends are evident. Extreme poverty has declined considerably, the under-5 mortality rate fell by 49 per cent between 2000 and 2017, immunizations have saved millions of lives, and the vast majority of the world’s population now has access to electricity. Countries are taking concrete actions to protect our planet: marine protected areas have doubled since 2010; countries are working concertedly to address illegal fishing; 186 parties have ratified the Paris Agreement on climate change, and almost all have communicated their first nationally determined contributions. About 150 countries have developed national policies to respond to the challenges of rapid urbanization, and 71 countries and the European Union now have more than 300 policies and instruments supporting sustainable consumption and production. And a wide range of other actors—international organizations, businesses, local authorities, the scientific community and civil society—have engaged with the SDGs in a manner that generates great hope for the coming decade. The United Nations, for its part, is working hard to reposition to the United Nations development system to be better equipped to meet the needs of governments to respond to this integrated and transformative agenda. It is abundantly clear that a much deeper, faster and more ambitious response is needed to unleash the social and economic transformation needed to achieve our 2030 goals. From our advances, we know what works. This report therefore highlights areas that can drive progress across all 17 SDGs: financing; resilience; sustainable and inclusive economies; more effective institutions; local action; better use of data; and harnessing science, technology and innovation with a greater focus on digital transformation. In everything we do, we must diligently ensure that policy choices leave no one behind, and that national efforts are supported by effective international cooperation, grounded in a commitment to diplomacy and crisis prevention. The SDG Summit, the Climate Action Summit and the other crucial meetings that will take place in New York in September 2019 provide leaders everywhere with an opportunity to get the world back on track and to kick-start a decade of delivery for people and the planet. The time is right, and we must act now. In that spirit, I commend this report to a wide global audience. Notwithstanding that progress, this report identifies many areas that need urgent collective attention. The natural environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate: sea levels are rising; ocean acidification is accelerating; the past four years have been the warmest on record; one million plant and animal species are at risk of extinction; and land degradation continues unchecked. We are also moving too slowly in our efforts to end human suffering and create The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 António Guterres Secretary-General of the United Nations 2 Introduction Four years after signing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, countries have taken action to integrate the Goals and targets into their national development plans and to align policies and institutions behind them. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 uses the latest available data to track global progress on the SDGs and to take stock of how far we have come in realizing our commitments. The report shows that, while advances have been made in some areas, monumental challenges remain. The evidence and data spotlight areas that require urgent attention and more rapid progress to realize the 2030 Agenda’s far-reaching vision. requires a shift to clean energy, reversing the trend in forest loss, and changing our production and consumption patterns. Promoting sustainable agriculture can help reduce both hunger and poverty, since close to 80 per cent of those who are extremely poor live in rural areas. Increasing access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene can save millions of lives per year and improve school attendance. Improving proficiency in reading and mathematics of some 200 million children who are falling behind in sub-Saharan Africa will help them climb out of poverty and ultimately enable the region to better compete in the global marketplace. Member States agree that these challenges and commitments are interrelated and call for integrated solutions. It is therefore imperative to take a holistic view of the 2030 Agenda and to identify the highest impact areas in order to target interventions. This report also highlights the importance of investing in data for the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Most countries do not regularly collect data for more than half of the global indicators. The lack of accurate and timely data on many marginalized groups and individuals makes them “invisible” and exacerbates their vulnerability. While considerable effort has been made to address these data gaps over the past four years, progress has been limited. Increased investment is urgently needed to ensure that adequate data are available to inform decision-making on all aspects of the 2030 Agenda. Towards that end, the Dubai Declaration, launched at the second World Data Forum in October 2018, outlines a demand-driven funding mechanism under Member States’ oversight that will respond quickly and efficiently to the priorities of national statistical systems. The most urgent area for action is climate change. If we do not cut record-high greenhouse gas emissions now, global warming is projected to reach 1.5°C in the coming decades. As we are already seeing, the compounded effects will be catastrophic and irreversible: increasing ocean acidification, coastal erosion, extreme weather conditions, the frequency and severity of natural disasters, continuing land degradation, loss of vital species and the collapse of ecosystems. These effects, which will render many parts of the globe uninhabitable, will affect the poor the most. They will put food production at risk, leading to widespread food shortages and hunger, and potentially displace up to 140 million people by 2050. The clock for taking decisive actions on climate change is ticking. The challenges highlighted in this report are global problems that require global solutions. No country or individual can resolve them in isolation. In other words, multilateral action is more important than ever. Remarkably, we have already seen how the 2030 Agenda has brought disparate groups together to work towards common goals. International cooperation on climate change, migration, technology, trade and partnerships with all stakeholders can be strengthened even further with the facilitation of the United Nations system. There is still time for us to achieve the SDGs if we act now and act together, taking advantage of the many synergies that exist across the 2030 Agenda. The other defining issue of our time is increasing inequality among and within countries. Poverty, hunger and disease continue to be concentrated in the poorest and most vulnerable groups of people and countries. Over 90 per cent of maternal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Three quarters of all stunted children live in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. People living in fragile States are twice as likely to lack basic sanitation, and about four times as likely to lack basic drinking water services as people in non-fragile situations. Youth are three times more likely to be unemployed than adults. Women and girls perform a disproportionate share of unpaid domestic work and lack autonomy in decision-making. Just as problems are interrelated, the solutions to poverty, inequality, climate change and other global challenges are also interlinked. Valuable opportunities exist to accelerate progress by examining interlinkages across Goals. For example, tackling climate change Liu Zhenmin Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs 3 Introduction Overview End poverty in all its forms everywhere the world is not on track to end poverty by 2030 55% of the world’s population have no access to social protection 36% 16% 1990 2010 10% 2015 736 million 8.6% 2018 6% 2030 (projection) people lived in extreme poverty in 2015, 413 million in sub-saharan africa More than 90% of deaths due to disasters occur in lowand middle-income countries The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 4 323 million rest of the world 413 million sub-saharan africa End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Millions more are living in hunger Two thirds of extremely poor employed workers worldwide are agricultural workers Two thirds of undernourished people worldwide live in two regions: 821 million were undernourished in 2017 sub-Saharan Africa southern asia 237 million 277 million up from 784 million in 2015 22% (149 million) 7.3% (49 million) 5.9% (40 million) of children under 5 ARE stunted of children under 5 ARE affected by wasting of children under 5 ARE overweight 5 Overview Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Under-5 The tuberculosis incidence rate declined by between 2000 and 2017; nonetheless deaths 21% dropped from 10 million 9.8 million in 2000 people Developed TUBERCULOSIS in 2017 to 5.4 million in 2017 vaccinations resulted in an 80% drop in measles deaths between 2000 and 2017 The incidence of HIV among adults 15‒49 years old in sub-Saharan Africa declined by 37% between 2010 and 2017 4 infections per 1000 uninfected 3.39 3 2.14 2 2010 There were an estimated 3.5 million more malaria cases in the 10 highest-burden African countries in 2017 compared to 2016 The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 6 2017 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 750 million 617 million children adolescents lack minimum proficiency in reading and mathematics and adults still remain illiterate two thirds of them are women More than half • • • • of the schools in sub-Saharan Africa do not have access to out of 5 children 1between 6 17 years basic drinking water handwashing facilities the Internet computers are not and attending school In Central Asia, 27% more girls than boys of primary school age are not attending school 7 Overview Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 18% In Southern Asia, a girl’s risk of marrying in childhood has decreased by since 2000 of ever-partnered women and 40% 30% girls still, of women aged 20 to 24 years were married before age 18 (2018) aged 15 to 49 years have experienced physical and/or sexual partner violence in the previous 12 months 24% of national parliamentarians are women An increase from 19% (2010) At least 200 million girls and women have been subjected to female genital mutilation Women represent but only 39% 27% of the workforce of managerial positions The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 8 Half of them in West Africa Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 785 million people remain without even basic drinking water serviceS (2017) worldwide do not have a basic handwashing facility with soap and water at home (2017) 1 out of 4 health-care facilities worldwide lack basic drinking water services (2016) 2 out of 5 people By 2030, 700 million people could be displaced by intense water scarcity 673 million people (9% of the global population) still practise open defecation (2017) 2 billion people live The majority of them ARE in Southern Asia in countries experiencing high water stress 9 Overview Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 9 10 out of people worldwidE have access to electricity 87% 2.3% less energy was needed to create of the $1 people without of economic output 840 million electricity live in rural areas 17.5% on average , of total final energy consumption comeS From renewable energy each year (2010–2016) 3 billion people lack clean cooking fuels and technology The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 10 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Real GDP grew by median hourly pay of men is 12% higher than that of women 4.8% annually in LDC s (2010–2017), less than the 7% SDG target GDP In 2018, labour productivity increased by 2.1% from 2017: The global unemployment rate is (2018) 5% One fifth of young people are not in education, employment or training the highest annual growth since 2010 11 Overview 9 INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Industrialization in LDC s is too slow to meet the 2030 Agenda TARGET 2000 2016 Global investment in research and development is $2 trillion Manufacturing value added per capita (2016), up from $739 billion $114 $4,938 LDC s Europe and Northern america (2000) 90% of people live within range of a 3G or Medium-high and high-tech sectors account for 45% of the global manufacturing value added (2016), but the share is only 15% in sub-Saharan Africa 45% 15% global sub-saharan africa The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 12 higher quality mobile network (2018), but not all can afford to use it 10 REDUCED INEQUALITIES Reduce inequality within and among countries In more than half of the 92 countries with data, In many countries, AN increasing share top 1% income of the bottom 40% of the population of income goes to the top 1% bottom 40% The bottom 40% receive less than 25% of overall income grew faster than the national average (2011–2016) Most countries have policies to LDC s continue to facilitate safe and orderly migration, but more work remains to be done to protect migrants’ rights and socioeconomic well-being preferential trade status Out of 105 countries surveyed 76% had policies on safe, orderly and regular migration 54% 57% had policies on migrants’ rights had policies on migrants’ socioeconomic well-being 13 benefit from 66% of products compared to 51% exported from LDCs receive duty-free treatment (2017), for developing regions Overview 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 1 4 out of urban residents LIVE in slum-like conditions (2018) 2 billion people do not have access to waste collection services Only half (53%) of urban residents have convenient access to public transport (2018) 500 METRES 1,000 METRES Convenient access means residing within 500 m walking distance of a bus stop/low-capacity transport system and 1000 m of a railway or ferry terminal have developed national urban plans, with almost half of them in the implementation phase 9breathe polluted 10 air out of urban residents The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 150 countries 14 12 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns The global material footprint is rapidly growing, outpacing population and economic growth Developed countries use one fifth of natural resources to produce the same amount of economic output As developing countries 190 metric tons billion (estimate) 54 43 billion 1990 2000 billion 92 billion Nearly 100 countries are 2017 actively 2060 adopting policies and measures Material footprint per capita in high-income countries is to promote 60% higher sustainable consumption and production than in upper-middle-income countries and more than footprint per person 27 metric tons metric tons 13 times the level of low-income countries 17 2 metric tons highincome Upper-middleincome 15 303 policies and instruments are in place Globally lowincome Overview 13 CLIMATE ACTION Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts The global mean temperature in 186 Parties 1°C above have ratified the Paris Agreement 2018 is approximately the pre-industrial baseline Climate-related and geophysical disasters claimed an estimated 1.3 million lives between 1998 and 2017 Despite an increase in global climate finance flows of 17% (2015‒2016), compared with 2013‒2014, Atmospheric CO 2 concentration is To limit global warming to 1.5°C, global carbon emissions need to fall to 55% of 2010 levels by 2030 and continue a steep decline to zero net emissions by 2050 146% of pre-industrial levels (2017) 60 50 40 fossil fuels continues to be higher than investment in climate activites 800 600 $781 billion 2016 $681 billion 400 30 200 20 0 10 0 investment in 2000 2010 2020 2030 The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 2040 2050 16 fossil fuel global climate finance 14 LIFE BELOW WATER Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, sea and marine resources for sustainable development co 2 co 2 co 2 Ocean acidity has increased by since pre-industrial times 26% 104 220 it is expected to rapidly increase quality (2012–2018) by 100‒150% by 2100 The increase in ocean acidity is a negative phenomenon. It impacts the ability of the ocean to absorb CO 2 and endangers marine life. The proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels declined from 90% 67% (1974) out of coastal regions improved their coastal water 17% of waters under national jurisdiction 87 countries ARE covered by protected areas signed the Agreement on Port State Measures, the to first binding (2015) international agreement on illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 17 more than double the 2010 coverage level Overview 15 LIFE ON LAND Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Red List Index: Biodiversity loss is happening at an accelerated rate The risk of species extinction has Land degradation is affecting one fifth of the earth’s land area and the lives of 1 billion people worsened by almost10% over the last 25 years Red List Index tracks data on more than 20,000 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, corals and cycads. The higher the value, the lower the concern More of each Key Biodiversity Area is protected The global mean percentage of each Key Biodiversity Area covered by protected areas increased by: between 2000–2018 116 Parties have ratified the Nagoya Protocol, 39% 42% 36% terrestrial areas Freshwater mountain which addresses access to genetic resources and their fair and equitable use The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 18 16 PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 70% Men make up around 80% of homicide victims overall but women constitute 64% of homicide victims of intimate partner/ family-related homicide of detected victims of human trafficking are women and girls most of whom are trafficked for sexual exploitation Birth registration UN recorded and verified 397 additional killings of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionists across 41 countries (JAN.‒OCT. 2018) 91 journalists and bloggers were among the victims 19 73% only three quarters of children under age 5 globally 46% less than half of children under age 5 in sub-Saharan Africa Overview Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development RemittanceS in 2018, net ODA bilateral totalled oda aid to $149 billion in 2018, to the LDC S africa down by fell by fell by 3% 4% 2.7% from 2017 in real terms from 2017 will be the largest source of external financing in low- and middle-income countries in 2019 (projected to reach $550 billion) Current commitments to statistics— 0.33% of total ODA— must be doubled to meet statistical capacity-building objectives by 2030 In sub-Saharan Africa, less than one quarter of national statistical plans are fully funded Over 80% of people in developed countries are online compared to 45% in developing countries The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 and only 20% in LDC s 20 Leaving no one behind The extreme poverty rate in rural areas is more than Close to half of extremely poor people are children UNDER 14 years 3 times higher 17.2% than in 46% urban areas Youth are 3 times more likely to be 5.3% unemployed than adults Social protection coverage has large gaps 35% 41% 28% 68% 22% of children receive social protection benefits of women with newborns receive maternity benefits of peRSONS with severe disabilities collect disability pensions of people above retirement age receive pensions of people who are unemployed receive unemployment benefits 21 Overview End poverty in all its forms everywhere The decline of extreme poverty continues, but the pace has slowed, and the world is not on track to achieving the target of ending poverty by 2030. Extreme poverty today is concentrated and overwhelmingly affects rural populations. Increasingly, it is exacerbated by violent conflicts and climate change. Tackling the remaining pockets of extreme poverty will be challenging due to their persistence and complexity—often involving the interplay of social, political and economic factors. Effective social protection schemes and policies, along with government spending on key services, can help those left behind get back on their feet and find a way out of poverty. Progress against poverty continues but has slowed, jeopardizing achievement of the Goal The share of the world’s population living in extreme poverty decreased to 10 per cent in 2015, from 16 per cent in 2010 and 36 per cent in 1990. More than one billion people have lifted themselves out of poverty over the past 25 years. Much of this progress was in Eastern Asia, where the poverty rate fell from 52 per cent in 1990 to 10 per cent in 2010 to less than 1 per cent in 2015. More recently, Southern Asia has made impressive inroads against extreme poverty, helping to reduce the global rate further. However, the pace of change is decelerating. The nowcast shows the 2018 rate of extreme poverty at 8.6 per cent, and baseline projections suggest that 6 per cent of the world’s population will still be living in extreme poverty in 2030, if current trends continue. Proportion of people living below $1 .90 a day, 1990–2015, 2018 nowcast and 2030 projection (percentage) 40 35.9 30 20 9.9 10 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 8.6 6.0 2015 2018 nowcast 2030 projection Forecasts suggest that without significant shifts in policy, extreme poverty will still be in the double digits in sub-Saharan Africa by 2030. Extreme poverty remains stubbornly high in low-income countries and countries affected by conflict and political upheaval, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Among the 736 million people who lived on less than $1.90 a day in 2015, 413 million were in sub-Saharan Africa. This figure has been climbing in recent years and is higher than the number of poor people in the rest of the world combined. About 79 per cent of the world’s poor live in rural areas. The poverty rate in rural areas is 17.2 per cent—more than three times higher than in urban areas (5.3 per cent). Close to half (46 per cent) of extremely poor people are children under 14 years of age. More than one third of employed workers in sub-Saharan Africa still live on less than $1.90 a day Proportion of employed population living below $1 .90 a day, 2010 and 2018 (percentage) Having a job does not guarantee a decent living. In fact, 8 per cent of employed workers and their families worldwide lived in extreme poverty in 2018, despite a rapid decline in the working poverty rate over the past 25 years. Substandard working conditions are the main issue, underscoring the central role that decent and productive employment plays in helping people escape poverty. Sub-Saharan Africa Oceania* 20 Central and Southern Asia 24 12 Northern Africa and Western Asia Progress in reducing working poverty has slowed over the past five years, suggesting that efforts in this area need to be reinvigorated. The situation remains particularly alarming in sub-Saharan Africa, where the share of working poor stood at 38 per cent in 2018. In least developed and landlocked developing countries, at least one quarter of workers live in extreme poverty despite having a job. Employed young people (between 15 and 24 years of age) are more likely to be living in poverty, with a working poverty rate that is double that of adult workers. 45 38 Latin America and the Caribbean Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 3 4 26 1.6 2.2 11 1.7 Least developed countries Landlocked developing countries 26 31.5 32.4 38 9 8 Small island developing States World 14 8 0 10 20 30 40 2010 * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 22 50 2018 Social protection systems fall short of reaching the world’s most vulnerable people, including children Proportion of population covered by at least one form of social protection benefit, and children covered by social protection, 2016 (percentage) Social protection programmes reduce the brunt of poverty and can also prevent people from falling into poverty in the first place. By helping to prevent and ease poverty and inequality at every stage of people’s lives, such programmes make societies more inclusive and stable. However, only 45 per cent of the world’s population are effectively covered by at least one social protection cash benefit. The remaining 55 per cent—as many as 4 billion people—have been left behind. 13 13 Sub-Saharan Africa Central and Southern Asia 16 14 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 59 56 61 Latin America and the Caribbean Australia and New Zealand The extent of coverage depends on the type of protection system and the region. Globally, 68 per cent of people above retirement age receive a pension, but the benefits in many countries are often not enough to lift older people out of poverty. Data also show a global deficit of social protection for other groups: only 22 per cent of the unemployed receive unemployment benefit payments, 28 per cent of persons with severe disabilities receive disability cash benefits, one third of children are effectively covered by social protection, and only 41 per cent of women giving birth receive maternity cash benefits. Furthermore, coverage of social assistance cash benefits is as low as 25 per cent for vulnerable groups—children, people of working age and older persons not protected by contributory schemes. 99 80 Europe and Northern America 86 35 World 0 20 92 45 40 60 100 80 Children covered by social protection Population covered by at least one form of social protection benefit Note: Data for Northern Africa and Western Asia, and Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand) are not shown due to low population coverage of available data. Data on children covered by social protection are not shown for Central and Southern Asia due to low population coverage of this data for Southern Asia. Poverty affects children disproportionately. One out of five children live in extreme poverty, and the negative effects of poverty and deprivation in the early years have ramifications that can last a lifetime. Ensuring social protection for all children and other vulnerable groups is critical for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in regions with large coverage gaps between children and other segments of the population. The differences among regions are stark: 92 per cent of children are covered by social protection systems in Europe and Northern America, 56 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean, but only 13 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa, and 14 per cent in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia. The toll of climate-related disasters is rising, with poorer countries most affected No matter the measure—whether loss of life or economic loss— disasters cause enormous suffering the world over. From 1998 to 2017, direct economic losses from disasters were estimated at almost $3 trillion, of which climate-related disasters accounted for 77 per cent of the total (a rise of 151 per cent from 1978 to 1997). Over that period, climate-related and geophysical disasters claimed an estimated 1.3 million lives. More than 90 per cent of all disasters were caused by floods, storms, droughts, heatwaves or other extreme weather events. Economic losses (relative to GDP) caused by climate-related disasters, 1998–2017 (percentage) Low income 1.8 Lower-middle income 1.1 Upper-middle income Poverty is a major underlying driver of disaster risk, so it comes as no surprise that the poorest countries are experiencing a disproportionate share of damage and loss of life attributed to disasters. More than 90 per cent of internationally reported deaths due to disaster occur in low- and middle-income countries. Disasters kill 130 people for every one million people in low-income countries compared to 18 per one million in high-income countries. Economic losses resulting from disasters are also much higher in poorer countries, when measured as a percentage of their gross domestic product (GDP). Among the 10 worst disasters in terms of economic damage (when expressed relative to GDP), 8 occurred in low- or middle-income countries. High income 0.0 23 0.6 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Goal 1 | No poverty End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Despite earlier extended progress, the number of people suffering from hunger has been on the rise since 2014. Stunting affects the growth and cognitive development of millions of children, while the prevalence of overweight—the other face of malnutrition— is increasing in all age groups. In the wake of conflicts, climateinduced shocks and economic slowdowns worldwide, intensified efforts are needed to implement and scale up interventions to improve access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food for all. Specifically, attention needs to be given to increasing the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, implementing resilient agricultural practices, and ensuring the proper functioning of markets. Finally, in ensuring that no one is left behind on the road towards zero hunger, the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition must be broken. After extended progress, the number of people suffering from hunger is on the rise different guidehungry layers forhas two-increased and three-line titles. The number ofTwo people going since Guides for edge of right-aligned text and bars are uniform (and account for 2014—a worrisome trend. An estimated 821 million people were space for other languages). arethe of full, 75%,number 50% and 25% color. undernourishedSwatches in 2017, same as in 2010. The prevalence All bars should be 0p6 widevirtually unchanged in the past of undernourishment has remained with 0 spacing within country categories 0p2slightly spacing between three years at aand level belowcountry 11 per categories. cent. Updated figures on If World, LDC, LDS or SIDS categories are spaced will apart,be released in undernourishment, food insecurity and malnutrition 0p6 spacing from main regions. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019 (July 2019). Number labels should be inside color bars (ideally) and 0p3 from edge. Number and proportion of undernourished people in the world, 2005–2017 (millions and percentage) If outside, left-aligned and 0p3 away. The situation deteriorated significantly in sub-Saharan Africa, where Number line 0p2 below bottom bar. Stroke .25pt. the number of undernourished people increased from 195 million in Tick marks 0p3 long. Text 0p1 below tick mark. 2014 to 237 million 2017. Sub-Saharan remains region Legendin categories right-aligned, 1p0Africa apart, 0p3 betweenthe color bubble and text. with the highest prevalence of hunger, with the rate increasing from bubble 0p6. 20.7 per cent inLegend 2014color to 23.2 per cent in 2017. In South America, the Legend 0p6 below number line labels. Any note 0p6 below legend. situation also appears to be worsening. This may be the result of an Note uses hanging indent. economic slowdown, which reduced fiscal capacity to protect the most vulnerable against rising domestic prices and loss of income. Adverse weather conditions affecting food availability and prices, and prolonged armed conflicts, are among the key drivers of these trends. 14 1000 945 855 813 14.5 12 804 784 821 800 12.6 11.5 10 10.7 10.8 10.9 600 8 400 6 4 200 2 0 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 projected Number of undernourished people Proportion of undernourished people 16 0 Number of undernourished people (millions) Proportion of undernourished people (percentage) Stunting and wasting in children are declining, but not fast enough to meet SDG targets Chronic undernutrition or stunting—defined as inadequate height for age—puts children at an increased risk of dying from common infections. Stunting is also associated with poor cognitive development, which can have a negative impact on a country’s long-term progress. Since 2000, the proportion of stunted children has been declining; however, 149 million children under 5 years of age—22 per cent of the global under-5 population—were still chronically undernourished in 2018. Three quarters of those children live in Southern Asia (39 per cent) and sub-Saharan Africa (36 per cent). More intensive efforts are needed to meet the target of bringing the number of stunted children down to 100 million by 2025 and 83 million by 2030. Proportion of children under 5 years who are stunted, 2000 and 2018 (percentage) Sub-Saharan Africa 32 Central and Southern Asia 32 Northern Africa and Western Asia 16 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia** 9 41 49 23 26 13 Latin America and the Caribbean 17 3 2.6 Europe and Northern America*** World 22 0 In 2018, 49 million children under 5 years of age—7.3 per cent of the global under-5 population—suffered from acute undernutrition, or wasting (low weight for height), a condition generally caused by limited nutrient intake and infection. Over half of children with wasting live in Southern Asia. The global wasting rate in 2018 remained well above the 5 per cent global target for 2025 and the 3 per cent target for 2030. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 37 38 Oceania* 2000 20 2018 33 40 95 per cent confidence intervals * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. ** Excluding Japan. *** Including estimates only for the United States of America. Confidence intervals are not available. 24 60 The prevalence of overweight, another form of malnutrition, is increasing in all age groups Proportion of children under 5 years who are overweight, 2018 (percentage) Childhood overweight and wasting form the double burden of malnutrition. Children who are overweight or obese are at higher risk of early-onset obesity-related health and psychological complications. They often carry the extra weight into adolescence and adulthood, leading to lifelong health problems. The prevalence of overweight is increasing in all age groups. In 2018, childhood overweight affected 40 million children under 5 years of age—5.9 per cent of the global under-5 population. Prevalence levels were above 9 per cent in Northern Africa, Southern Africa, Central Asia, Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand) and Western Asia. Northern Africa and Western Asia 9.8 Oceania* 9.1 Europe and Northern America*** 8.8 Latin America and the Caribbean 7.5 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia** 6.9 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.9 Central and Southern Asia 3.4 World Globally, in 2016, overweight affected 20.6 per cent of children 5 to 9 years old (131 million), 17.3 per cent of adolescents (207 million) and 38.9 per cent of adults (2 billion). The promotion of healthy diets is central to halting and reversing the obesity epidemic. Governments have a range of policy options to choose from to improve access to healthy and affordable diets, from “hard” policies, such as bans and regulations, to “soft” policies, that entail lower degrees of intervention in people’s lives, such as the provision of information. 5.9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 95 per cent confidence intervals * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. ** Excluding Japan. *** Including estimates only for the United States of America. Confidence intervals are not available. Small-scale food producers are a big part of the solution to world hunger Steeply climbing food prices affect countries across several regions Empowering small-scale food producers to participate fully in development is critical to improving food security and reducing poverty and hunger. Many small-scale and family farmers are poor; have limited capacities and resources; face regular food insecurity; and have limited access to markets and services. Both the income and productivity of small-scale food producers are systematically lower than those of their larger counterparts. The share of small-scale producers among all food producers in countries with data in Africa, Asia and Latin America ranges from 40 per cent to 85 per cent, compared to less than 10 per cent in Europe. To strengthen the resilience and adaptive capacity of small-scale producers, it is important to help them improve their agricultural productivity. Equally important is enabling them to manage their natural resources sustainably; adapt to climate change; and overcome barriers in accessing markets, financial services, information and knowledge. Weather-induced shocks, civil insecurity and declining food production have all contributed to high food prices in at least two dozen countries worldwide. In 2018 and the first months of 2019, production shortfalls, currency depreciations and insecurity triggered high food prices in several countries in Africa. In Central America, the price of maize climbed steeply in mid-2018, mainly over concerns about the impact of severe dry weather on the main season’s crops. The same occurred in some countries in East and Southern Africa in the first months of 2019. Economic turmoil also drove up food prices in some countries, while low public inventories and increased fuel costs led to record high prices in others. Support to the agriculture sector from domestic and foreign sources continues its downward trend Investment in the agriculture sector is critical for reducing hunger and poverty, improving food security, creating employment and building resilience to disasters and shocks. However, government spending on agriculture in relation to its contribution to the economy fell between 2001 and 2017. At the global level, the agriculture orientation index (AOI)—the share of government expenditure to agriculture divided by the share of GDP from agriculture—fell from 0.42 in 2001 to 0.26 in 2017. From 2015 to 2017, the average AOI was highest in Northern Africa and Western Asia (0.42) and lowest in sub-Saharan Africa (0.20). Aid to agriculture is only a fraction of what it was in the 1980s. The share of sector-allocable aid to agriculture from member countries of the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development fell from nearly 25 per cent in the mid-1980s to only 7 per cent in 2017—a total of $12.6 billion. The agriculture orientation index, 2001 and 2017 Sub-Saharan Africa Australia and New Zealand Latin America and the Caribbean 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.27 0.26 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia Oceania* 0.10 0.33 Europe and Northern America World 0.0 0.60 0.39 Northern Africa and Western Asia Central and Southern Asia 0.94 0.33 0.58 0.45 0.20 0.26 0.2 0.51 0.42 0.4 0.6 0.8 2001 1.0 2017 * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. 25 Goal 2 | Zero hunger Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Major progress has been made in improving the health of millions of people. Maternal and child mortality rates have been reduced, life expectancy continues to increase globally, and the fight against some infectious diseases has made steady progress. In the case of other diseases, however, progress has slowed or stalled, including global efforts to eradicate malaria and tuberculosis. Far too many deaths occurred because trained health workers or routine interventions, such as immunizations, were not available. In fact, at least half the world’s population, many of whom suffer financial hardship, are still without access to essential health services. In rich and poor countries alike, a health emergency can push people into bankruptcy or poverty. Concerted efforts are required on these and other fronts to achieve universal health coverage and sustainable financing for health; address the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, including mental health; and tackle antimicrobial resistance and environmental factors contributing to ill health, such as air pollution and the lack of safely managed water and sanitation. Sustained investment in maternal health, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, is needed to meet the global target Two different guideinlayers for two-health, and three-line titles.nearly Despite significant progress maternal in 2017, Guides for edge of right-aligned text and bars are uniform (and account for 300,000 women died fromlanguages). complications relating to pregnancy and space for other Swatches are of full, 50% and 25% color.and middle-income childbirth. Over 90 per cent of75%, them lived in lowAll bars should be 0p6 wide countries. For every woman who died, countless others suffered acute with 0 spacing within country categories andconsequences 0p2 spacing between categories. and even lifelong of country maternal ill health. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel, 2006–2012 and 2013–2018 (percentage) 59 51 Central and Southern Asia If World, LDC, LDS or SIDS categories are spaced apart, of0p6 maternal deaths are preventable through spacing from main regions. The majority appropriate management and care, including care(ideally) by trained Number labels should beantenatal inside color bars and 0p3health from edge. If outside, left-aligned and 0p3 away. providers, assistance during delivery by skilled health personnel, and Number line 0p2 below bottom bar. Stroke .25pt. care and support in the weeks after childbirth. However, progress Tick marks 0p3 long. Text 0p1 below tick mark. has slowed in recent years. Continued attention Legend categories right-aligned,investment 1p0 apart, 0p3and between color bubble and text. the global target of fewer than 70 maternal are needed to reach Legend color bubble 0p6. deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030, which could save more than Legend 0p6 below number line labels. Any note 0p6 below legend. one million lives over the course of a decade. Note uses hanging indent. 79 79 Northern Africa and Western Asia 89 91 94 Latin America and the Caribbean 90 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 96 Australia and New Zealand 99 97 Europe and Northern America 99 99 69 World Ensuring that all births are assisted by skilled health professionals is not only critical to reducing maternal morbidity and mortality, but also to reducing stillbirths, morbidity and death among newborns. Based on the latest data from 2013 to 2018, 81 per cent of all births globally took place in the presence of skilled health personnel, a significant increase from 69 per cent from 2006 to 2012. In sub-Saharan Africa, where two thirds of the world’s maternal deaths occur, only 60 per cent of births were assisted by skilled attendants. Projections show that substantially more resources will be required just to maintain current coverage rates in Africa, due to population growth. 81 0 20 40 60 2006–2012 Note: No data available for Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand). Complications during pregnancy and childbirth are a leading cause of death among adolescent girls in developing countries. The risk is highest for girls under 15 years of age. Globally, the adolescent fertility rate declined from 56 births per 1,000 adolescent girls in 2000 to 45 in 2015 and 44 in 2018. However, the adolescent fertility rate remained high in sub-Saharan Africa at 101 births per 1,000 adolescent girls in 2018. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 47 Sub-Saharan Africa 26 80 100 2013–2018 If the SDG target for under-5 mortality is met, the lives of an additional 10 million children will be saved by 2030 Under-5 and neonatal mortality rate, 2000–2017 (deaths per 1,000 live births) Remarkable progress has been made in child survival worldwide, and millions of children under 5 years of age are more likely to survive today than in 2000. The under-5 mortality rate has fallen by 49 per cent—from 77 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 39 deaths in 2017. The total number of under-5 deaths dropped from 9.8 million in 2000 to 5.4 million in 2017. Half of those deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, and another 30 per cent in Southern Asia. Almost half (2.5 million) of the total number of under-5 deaths took place in the first month of life—the most crucial period for child survival.  The global neonatal mortality rate fell from 31 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 18 deaths in 2017—a 41-per cent reduction. 160 120 77 80 39 40 Under-5 and neonatal mortality declined in all regions, with the fastest progress in regions where levels were highest. Yet stark disparities persist across regions and countries. In 2017, 118 countries already had an under-5 mortality rate below the target of 25 deaths per 1,000 live births. However, progress will need to accelerate in about 50 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, to meet the target by 2030. If this is achieved, the lives of an additional 10 million children under 5 years of age will be saved. Many of these deaths could be prevented through interventions such as vaccinations, exclusive breastfeeding, proper nutrition, appropriate treatment of common childhood infections, as well as reductions in air pollution and access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation. 31 18 2017 2000 ld W or Su b -S ah 2000 Af ara ric n a 2017 O ce 2000 an ia * So Ce 2017 ut nt he ra 2000 rn l a As nd an No ia d rt 2017 W he es rn te A 2000 rn fr As ica an ia d La th tin 2017 e A Ca m 2000 rib er be ica So an ut h- Ea 2017 Ea s t st er er n 2000 n an As d No ia rth E 2017 er ur n op Am e 2000 er and ica Au 2017 Ne st w ral Ze ia 2000 al an an d d 2017 0 Under-5 mortality rate Neonatal mortality rate * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. Despite broad immunization coverage, outbreaks of measles and diphtheria have resulted in many unnecessary deaths Immunization coverage worldwide, by type of vaccine, 2000–2017 (percentage) Immunization is widely recognized as one of the world’s most successful and cost-effective health interventions, saving millions of lives. In 2017, 116.2 million children were immunized, the highest number ever reported. At the same time, pockets of low coverage have led to outbreaks of measles and diphtheria, resulting in many deaths—a clear demonstration of the importance of reaching full coverage. 100 85 80 72 67 The proportion of children who have received the required three doses of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3)-containing vaccine increased from 72 per cent in 2000 to 85 per cent in 2015, but remained unchanged between 2015 and 2017. An estimated 19.9 million children did not receive the vaccine during the first year of life, putting them at serious risk of potentially fatal diseases. 60 44 40 20 Two doses of the measles-containing vaccine are required to prevent the disease and the illness, disability and death caused by associated complications. Coverage by the second dose (MCV2), given during the second year of a child’s life or upon school-entry age, increased from 15 per cent in 2000 to 59 per cent in 2015 and 67 per cent in 2017. This progress, while dramatic, is still insufficient to prevent measles outbreaks. 15 4 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 DTP3 MCV2 2017 PCV3 The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has the potential to significantly reduce deaths in children under 5 years of age. Globally, coverage by PCV has made steady advances since it was introduced, but has yet to reach 50 per cent. Many countries, including middle-income countries that have limited access to international financial support, are lagging behind because their current health budgets may not be sufficient to cover the costs without external support. 27 Goal 3 | Good health and well-being The decrease in HIV incidence is falling short of the target, despite steady progress in sub-Saharan Africa Strong domestic and international commitment and funding for the AIDS response has fuelled an acceleration of evidenced-based programmes for prevention, testing and treatment. As a result, the incidence of HIV among adults (15 to 49 years of age) in sub-Saharan Africa declined by around 37 per cent from 2010 to 2017. This represents a drop from 3.39 infections per 1,000 uninfected people in 2010 to 2.14 in 2017. Progress has been slower elsewhere, and some subregions have even seen an increase in HIV incidence, including Western Asia (53 per cent), Central Asia (51 per cent) and Europe (22 per cent). HIV incidence rates, 2010 and 2017 (new cases per 1,000 uninfected adults aged 15 to 49 years) Sub-Saharan Africa Oceania* Latin America and the Caribbean Europe and Northern America Eastern and South-Eastern Asia Central and Southern Asia Australia and New Zealand Northern Africa and Western Asia Global HIV incidence among adults declined by 22 per cent between 2010 and 2017, well short of the progress required to meet the 2020 and 2030 targets. The largest decline in incidence by age group was among children 0 to 14 years old (37 per cent from 2010 to 2017), reflecting increased provision of antiretroviral medications to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission. 3.39 2.14 0.56 0.54 0.36 0.33 0.29 0.33 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.52 World 0.40 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 2010 4.0 2017 * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. With progress against malaria at a standstill, increased efforts are urgently needed in the most affected countries After more than a decade of steady gains against malaria, progress has stalled. No significant advances were made in reducing the number of malaria cases worldwide from 2015 to 2017. The incidence rate of malaria declined by 18 per cent between 2010 and 2015— from 72 cases per 1,000 people at risk to 59 —and then remained unchanged from 2015 to 2017. Malaria incidence rate, 2017 (new cases per 1,000 people at risk) In 2017, an estimated 219 million cases of malaria and 435,000 deaths from the disease were reported. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to carry the heaviest burden, accounting for more than 90 per cent of global malaria cases, and the toll is rising. From 2016 to 2017, approximately 3.5 million more malaria cases were reported in the 10 most affected African countries. Children under 5 years of age are the most vulnerable to the disease, and account for 61 per cent (266,000) of malaria deaths worldwide. Funding for malaria had been increasing since 2000, but recently stalled. Increased support directed to the most affected countries is urgently needed. 0 50¬100 Gaps in detection and treatment of tuberculosis, along with drug-resistant strains, are pushing progress against the disease off course 100¬200 0.1¬1 1¬10 200¬300 10¬50 More than 300 Neglected tropical diseases are slowly being vanquished, but remain a scourge in poorer countries Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of communicable diseases found in 149 tropical and subtropical countries. They affect billions of people—particularly those who live in poverty, lack adequate sanitation, and are in close contact with infectious vectors and domestic animals—costing developing economies billions of dollars each year. In 2017, 1.58 billion people required mass or individual treatment and care for NTDs, down from 1.63 billion in 2015 and 2.03 billion in 2010. At least one NTD was eliminated in 34 countries in 2017. However, actual progress is likely even stronger, since improved surveillance is identifying more people requiring interventions against NTDs than in the past. In least developed countries, 52 per cent of the population (522 million) required treatment and care for NTDs in 2017, down from 78 per cent in 2010. To effectively control and eliminate NTDs, current measures must be intensified and expanded. Tuberculosis remains a leading cause of poor health and death worldwide. An estimated 10 million people fell ill with the disease in 2017. It was the top killer from a single infectious agent that year (above HIV) and the tenth leading cause of death overall. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made. The incidence of tuberculosis declined by 21 per cent since 2000—from 170 new and relapsed cases per 100,000 people that year to 140 in 2015 and 134 in 2017. The tuberculosis mortality rate among HIV-negative people fell by 42 per cent over the same period. However, large gaps in detection and treatment persist, and the current pace of progress is not fast enough to meet the target of ending the epidemic by 2030. Moreover, drug-resistant tuberculosis is a continuing threat. In 2017, there were 558,000 new cases with resistance to rifampicin, the most effective first-line drug, of which 460,000 had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 0¬0.1 28 Lapses in environmental health are increasingly recognized as major contributors to illness and death Share of cause-specific diseases attributable to air pollution, 2016 (percentage) Inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene is linked to 60 per cent of the disease burden from diarrhoea, 100 per cent of the burden from infection through soil-transmitted helminths (parasitic worms), and 16 per cent of the burden owing to malnutrition (“burden” is understood as being the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality, morbidity or other indicators). These three conditions led to a total of 870,000 deaths in 2016. This large disease burden could be significantly reduced if safely managed drinking water and sanitation services were universally available, and good hygiene practices were followed. 20 21 Acute lower respiratory infections Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 7 Ischaemic heart disease Lung cancer 19 Stroke 34 Both household and ambient air pollution increase the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and are major risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Exposure to household air pollution, mainly due to polluting fuels and technologies for cooking, led to around 4 million deaths in 2016. Health risks from this type of pollution are particularly high among women and children, who typically spend the most time around the stove. Ambient air pollution from traffic, industry, power-generation, waste-burning and residential fuel combustion resulted in around 4.2 million deaths in 2016. Health personnel are stretched beyond their limit in countries where they are needed most Strengthening primary health care and achieving health for all requires an adequate workforce that is motivated, supported and available where needed. Sadly, this is far from the reality. Available data from 2013 to 2018 indicate that close to 40 per cent of all countries have fewer than 10 medical doctors per 10,000 people, and around 58 per cent of countries have fewer than 40 nursing and midwifery personnel per 10,000 people. This is only a slight improvement from 2010 to 2015. The proportion of countries with an insufficient number of health-care professionals, latest available data from 2013–2018 (percentage) 100 80 60 64 60 58 Evidence shows that health workers are unevenly distributed across the globe and even within countries. Not surprisingly, regions with the highest burden of disease have the lowest proportion of health workers to deliver services. All of the least developed countries have fewer than 10 medical doctors per 10,000 people, and 98 per cent have fewer than 40 nursing and midwifery personnel per 10,000 people. It is estimated that around 18 million additional health workers will be needed globally by 2030 to ensure healthy lives for all. 40 39 20 0 Fewer than 10 medical doctors per 10,000 population Fewer than 40 nursing and midwifery personnel per 10,000 population Fewer than 5 dentists per 10,000 population Fewer than 5 pharmacists per 10,000 population Countries have greater capacity to detect than to respond to public health emergencies Score by capacities according to International Health Regulations reports, 2018 The International Health Regulations is a legally binding agreement that requires countries to report certain disease outbreaks and public health events to the World Health Organization (WHO). Since 2010, all 196 States Parties have sent reports to WHO on their capacity to implement the Regulations, and on their preparedness to deal with health emergencies more generally. In 2018, 190 States Parties submitted reports, compared to 167 in 2017. C1—Legislation and financing Total average 60 62 67 63 C3—Zoonotic events and C13—Radiation emergencies 52 the human–animal interface 60 C4—Food safety C12—Chemical events 50 An analysis of 182 reports shows that, globally, progress has been made in all 13 of the Regulations’ core capacities. Almost all States Parties are performing better in detection (e.g., surveillance and laboratory detection) than in emergency preparedness and response. Bigger gaps have been observed in capacity at points of entry (e.g., ports, airports and ground crossings) and in chemical safety and radiation emergencies. Although more work remains, these reports are clear evidence of international commitment and effort to improve early warning systems, and reduce and manage public health risks. C2—IHR coordination and national IHR focal point functions C11—Points of entry 52 70 C5—Laboratory C10—Risk communication 57 71 C6—Surveillance C9—Health service provision 59 59 63 C7—Human resources C8—National health emergency framework Note: Overview based on reports received (182 out of a total of 190) in 2018. 29 Goal 3 | Good health and well-being Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Education enables upward socioeconomic mobility and is a key to escaping poverty. Nevertheless, millions of children are still out of school, and not all who do attend are learning. More than half of all children and adolescents worldwide are not meeting minimum proficiency standards in reading and mathematics. Disparities in educational opportunities and outcomes are found across regions, and sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Central and Southern Asia lag behind. As a result, many students are not fully prepared to participate in a highly complex global economy. That gap should provide the incentive for policymakers to refocus their efforts to ensure that the quality of education is improved, and that more people of all ages can access it. Shockingly low proficiency rates in reading and mathematics signal a global learning crisis Globally, an estimated 617 million children and adolescents of primary and lower secondary school age—more than 55 per cent of the global total—lacked minimum proficiency in reading and mathematics in 2015. One third of those children and adolescents were out of school and urgently needed access to education. About two thirds of them attended school but did not become proficient, either because they dropped out or because they did not learn basic skills. Despite years of steady growth in enrolment rates, non‑proficiency rates remain disturbingly high. They are highest in sub-Saharan Africa, where 88 per cent of children (202 million) of primary and lower secondary school age were not proficient in reading, and 84 per cent (193 million) were not proficient in mathematics in 2015. Central and Southern Asia was not faring significantly better. There, 81 per cent of children (241 million) were not proficient in reading, and 76 per cent (228 million) lacked basic mathematical skills. Percentage of children and adolescents not achieving minimum proficiency in reading and mathematics, 2015 (percentage) 84 88 Sub-Saharan Africa 76 Central and Southern Asia Latin America and the Caribbean 81 52 36 57 57 Northern Africa and Western Asia 28 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 31 22 22 Oceania 14 14 Europe and Northern America 56 58 World 0 20 40 60 80 Mathematics 100 Reading The learning crisis not only threatens an individual’s ability to climb out of poverty, it also jeopardizes the economic future of entire nations as they struggle to compete in a global marketplace with lessthan-skilled human resources. The next decade provides an important window of opportunity for policymakers to ensure that all children are proficient in basic literacy and numeracy. Girls are more likely than boys to learn how to read. Globally, for every 100 boys who achieved minimum proficiency in reading in 2015, 105 girls of primary school age and 109 adolescent women of lower secondary school age met at least the minimum standard. Early childhood education offers a head start in school, but one third of the world’s children are being left behind Evidence shows that good quality early childhood education is one of the best investments a society can make in its children—one that builds a strong foundation for learning in later years. In fact, early childhood education has been found to be one of the strongest determinants of a child’s readiness for school, in both high-income and low-income countries. Participation in organized learning one year before the official entry age for primary school has risen steadily over the past years. At the global level, the participation rate in early childhood education was 69 per cent in 2017, up from 63 per cent in 2010. However, considerable disparities were found among countries, with rates ranging from 7 per cent to nearly 100 per cent. The early childhood education participation rate was only 43 per cent in least developed countries. Participation rate in organized learning one year before the official entry age for primary school, 2017 (percentage) Sub-Saharan Africa† Northern Africa and Western Asia 52 Central Asia 56 Oceania 83 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 87 Latin America and the Caribbean 95 Europe and Northern America 95 Least developed countries† 43 Landlocked developing countries 46 World 69 0 † The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 42 30 Based on 2016 data. 20 40 60 80 100 Progress has stalled in reaching out-of-school children Despite considerable progress in educational access and participation, 262 million children and adolescents (6 to 17 years old) were still out of school in 2017. That represented nearly one fifth of the global population in that age group. Of that number, 64 million were children of primary school age (about 6 to 11 years old), 61 million were adolescents of lower secondary school age (12 to 14 years old), and 138 million were youth of upper secondary school age (15 to 17 years old). Number of school-age children out of school worldwide, by level of education and sex, 2000–2017 (million) 400 300 Female, 67 Girls still face barriers to education in most regions, particularly in Central Asia, Northern Africa and Western Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. In those regions, girls of every age are more likely to be excluded from education than boys. For every 100 boys of primaryschool age out of school in 2017, 127 girls were denied the right to education in Central Asia, 121 in sub-Saharan Africa, and 112 in Northern Africa and Western Asia. At the global level, 118 girls were out of school for every 100 boys. Recent successes in reducing the number of children out of school and reducing the gender gap in the out-of-school rate need to be replicated worldwide to ensure all children, everywhere, are attending school. 200 Male, 71 Female, 30 100 Male, 31 Female, 34 0 Male, 30 2000 2005 Primary 2010 2015 2017 Lower secondary Upper secondary Note: The numbers next to the sex represent 2017 data. Too many schools in sub-Saharan Africa lack the basic elements of a good quality education: trained teachers and adequate facilities Adequate infrastructure and teacher training play a critical role in the quality of education. Of all regions, sub-Saharan Africa faces the biggest challenges in providing schools with basic resources. The situation is extreme at the primary and lower secondary levels, where less than one half of schools in sub-Saharan Africa have access to drinking water, electricity, computers and the Internet. At the upper secondary level, 57 per cent of schools have electricity, but only 25 to 50 per cent have access to drinking water, handwashing facilities, computers and the Internet. Proportion of schools with access to basic school resources globally and in sub-Saharan Africa, upper secondary, 2017 (percentage) World Sub-Saharan Africa 57 50 44 40 25 64 72 76 84 90 Another important step towards the goal of good quality education for all is getting enough trained teachers into classrooms. Here again, sub-Saharan Africa lags behind. In 2017, that region had the lowest percentages of trained teachers in pre-primary (48 per cent), primary (64 per cent) and secondary (50 per cent) education. Electricity Basic drinking water Computer Basic handwashing facilities Internet Despite progress, 750 million adults still cannot read and write a simple statement; two thirds of those adults are women Recent decades have seen improvements in basic reading and writing skills and a steady reduction in gender gaps, with women’s literacy rates growing faster than men’s literacy rates in all regions over the past 25 years. However, 750 million adults—two thirds of whom are women—remained illiterate in 2016. Adult literacy rates are lowest in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Southern Asia alone is home to nearly half (49 per cent) of the global population who are illiterate. Proportion of global population who are illiterate, 15 years and older, 2016 (percentage) On a more positive note, youth literacy rates are generally higher than those of adults. This reflects increased access to schooling among younger generations, although many students with basic reading and writing skills still struggle to meet the higher standard of minimum proficiency in reading and mathematics. The global literacy rate for adults (15 years of age and older) was 86 per cent in 2016, compared to 91 per cent for youth (15 to 24 years old). However, youth literacy remains low in several countries, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa. 49 5 9 Southern Asia 10 Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern and South-Eastern Asia Northern Africa and Western Asia Other 27 31 Goal 4 | Quality education Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls The world is a better place for women today than it was in the past. Fewer girls are forced into early marriage; more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership; and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality. Despite these gains, discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, along with harmful practices and other forms of violence against women and girls. Women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership. Across the globe, women and girls perform a disproportionate share of unpaid domestic work. Moreover, they continue to face barriers with respect to their sexual and reproductive health and rights, including legal restrictions and lack of autonomy in decision-making. Among the most disadvantaged are women and girls who face the compounded effects of gender and other forms of discrimination. Achieving gender equality will require bold and sustainable actions that address the structural impediments and root causes of discrimination against women. Equally important, it will require laws and policies that advance gender equality, backed by adequate resources, as well as stronger accountability for commitments made to women’s rights. Women and girls continue to be subjected to harmful practices that profoundly affect their lives Women and girls around the world continue to experience violence and cruel practices that strip them of their dignity and erode their well-being. Intimate partner violence affects women of all ages and ethnicities, regardless of their socioeconomic status and educational level, in all countries. According to the latest available data from 106 countries, 18 per cent of ever-partnered women and girls 15 to 49 years old experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the 12 months prior to the survey. Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 to 49 years subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, latest available data, 2005–2017 (percentage) Central and Southern Asia 23 Sub-Saharan Africa 22 Latin America and the Caribbean 12 Europe Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a deeply troubling human-rights violation that affects at least 200 million women in the 30 countries where the practice is concentrated (half of them in West Africa). On average, the prevalence of FGM has declined by one quarter since around 2000. Still, on average, about one in three girls 15 to 19 years old in those countries have been subjected to FGM, compared to nearly one in two in 2000. 6 Least developed countries 24 Landlocked developing countries 22 Small island developing States 16 World Child marriage—another harmful practice—has continued to decline around the world, largely driven by progress in Southern Asia. There, a girl’s risk of marrying in childhood has decreased by over 40 per cent since 2000. Increasingly, the global burden of child marriage is shifting from Southern Asia to sub-Saharan Africa, where levels of child marriage have declined at a more modest rate. 18 0 5 10 15 20 25 Note: Only regions where available data cover at least 50 per cent of the population are displayed in this figure. Women and girls perform a disproportionate share of unpaid care and domestic work Inadequate cookstoves, water, sanitation and transportation increase women’s burdens, as do the lack of early childhood education and care, long-term care and access to social protection and services. That burden is compounded by traditional notions of women’s roles in society. When women are engaged in caregiving and domestic chores, they have less time for paid work, education and leisure, further reinforcing their socioeconomic disadvantage. On average, women spend roughly triple the amount of time that men do each day in unpaid care and domestic work, according to the latest available data from around 90 countries. That work includes a variety of unpaid activities, such as taking care of children and the elderly, and domestic chores. Data also suggest that the gender gap widens when women are most likely to have young children at home. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 32 At home, at work and in political life, women are too often denied decision-making power As of 1 January 2019, women’s representation in national parliaments ranged from 0 to 61.3 per cent, averaging 24.3 per cent. This is an increase of 5 percentage points since 2010. In 103 countries and areas with relevant data, women’s representation in elected local deliberative bodies varied from less than 1 per cent to close to parity, at 50 per cent, with a median of 26 per cent. Women’s representation in local government is 40 per cent or higher in only 15 countries and areas. When legislated gender quotas are adopted, significantly higher proportions of women are elected at both national and local levels. Countries with higher representation of women in local government tend to have higher representation in parliament. Proportion of women in managerial positions, 2018 (percentage) Northern Africa and Western Asia 12 Central and Southern Asia 14 Oceania* 27 Sub-Saharan Africa 29 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia In the economic sphere, the world has seen an upward trend in the proportion of women in managerial positions. Since 2000, that share has increased in all regions and country groupings, except in least developed countries. However, it remains disproportionately low. Women comprised 39 per cent of the workforce in 2018, but held only 27 per cent of managerial positions. Australia and New Zealand 37 Europe and Northern America 37 Latin America and the Caribbean 39 World 27 0 That lack of decision-making power is reflected in the home as well. According to data from 51 countries, only 57 per cent of women 15 to 49 years old who are married or in a union make their own decisions about sexual relations and the use of contraceptives and reproductive health services. Women’s and girls’ capacity to make those crucial decisions for themselves—and to be able to act on them—is essential to their empowerment and the full exercise of their reproductive rights. Parity 31 10 20 30 40 50 * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. In too many countries, gaps in legal frameworks are failing to protect women’s rights of the countries studied. Of those countries, 68 per cent lacked rape laws based on the principle of consent. In the areas of employment and economic benefits, and of marriage and family, 29 per cent and 24 per cent of countries, respectively, had legal gaps. For example, in more than half of the countries, no laws were in place to mandate equal pay for work of equal value. Less than one third of the countries had laws stipulating 18 years as the minimum age of marriage for women and men, with no exceptions. Over the past 25 years, progress has been made in gender equality through the creation of new legislation and the reform of existing laws. Still, troublesome gaps remain. This was the conclusion of a study of data collected in 2018 and covering four areas of law in 53 countries. In almost one third of the countries studied, gaps were found in overarching legal frameworks and areas of public life. For example, nearly two thirds of those countries lacked laws that covered both direct and indirect discrimination against women. In the area of violence against women, legal gaps were found in over one quarter Financing gaps limit implementation of laws and policies on gender equality Gender budgeting aims to link policy and legal requirements for gender equality with resource allocation. Although progress has been made in implementing gender budgeting globally, significant gaps remain. For example, many countries have yet to establish a comprehensive system to track allocations for gender equality and to make data publicly available. An analysis of 2018 data from 69 countries and areas found that 13 countries (19 per cent) fully met those criteria, and 41 countries (59 per cent) approached the requirements. More often, countries issue directives on gender budgeting, use sex-disaggregated data to inform budget decisions, and conduct ex-post-impact assessments. The data also revealed a gap in policy implementation. Among the same set of countries, 90 per cent had policies and programmes in place to address gender gaps, but only 43 per cent reported adequate resource allocations to implement them. Proportion of countries with systems to track gender equality budgeting allocations, by level of compliance, 2018 (percentage) Europe and Northern America (6) 83 Sub-Saharan Africa (27) 11 Latin America and the Caribbean (9) 11 Oceania* (10) 67 22 78 20 Northern Africa and Western Asia (7) 11 50 29 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (6) 30 43 33 Central and Southern Asia (4) 29 50 17 75 World (69) 19 0 Fully meets requirements 17 25 22 59 20 40 Approaches requirements 60 80 100 Does not meet requirements * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. Note: Numbers in parentheses reflect the number of countries for which data are available. 33 Goal 5 | Gender equality Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Fresh water is a precious resource that is essential to human health, food and energy security, poverty eradication and many other aspects of sustainable development. Water-related ecosystems have always provided natural sites for human settlements, along with a wealth of ecosystem services. Yet, like other natural resources, water is under threat. The demand for water has outpaced population growth, and half the world’s population is already experiencing severe water scarcity at least one month a year. Most rivers in Africa, Asia and Latin America are more polluted now than they were in the 1990s. An estimated 50 to 70 per cent of the world’s natural wetland area has been lost over the last 100 years. While substantial progress has been made in increasing access to clean drinking water and sanitation, billions of people—mostly in rural areas—still lack these basic services. In response, donors increased their aid commitments to the water sector by 37 per cent between 2016 and 2017. Most countries have recognized the importance of better coordinating the use of water resources, and have put in place integrated plans for their management. However, much more effort is needed to improve access to water and sanitation services, increase wastewater treatment, enhance water use efficiency, expand operational cooperation across transboundary water basins, and protect and restore freshwater ecosystems. Despite progress, accelerated action is needed to provide billions of people with safely managed drinking water and sanitation layers for two-of and three-line Between 2000Two anddifferent 2017, guide the proportion the globaltitles. population using Guides for edge of right-aligned text and bars are uniform (and account for safely managedspace drinking water—the for other languages). highest level of service—increased Swatches are ofcent. full, 75%, and 25% color. was seen in from 61 per cent to 71 per The50% fastest progress All bars should 0p6inwide Central and Southern Asia be and Latin America and the Caribbean. with 0 spacing within country categories Overall, 90 perand cent the world’s had at least basic 0p2of spacing between population country categories. If World, LDC, LDS or SIDS categories are spaced apart,people still drinking water services. Despite those gains, 785 million 0p6 spacing from main regions. lacked even basic drinking water services in 2017. Number labels should be inside color bars (ideally) and 0p3 from edge. Global coverage of sanitation, drinking water and hygiene services, 2000 and 2017 (percentage) 9 9 6 3 18 3 19 8 17 60 2 4 12 80 The proportion of the global population using safely managed sanitation Number line 0p2 below bottom bar. Stroke .25pt. services increased from 28 per cent in 2000 to 45 per cent in 2017, Tick marks 0p3 long. Text 0p1 below tick mark. with Eastern and South-Eastern Asia making the0p3 fastest progress. Anand Legend categories right-aligned, 1p0 apart, between color bubble text. additional 30 per cent of the global population used basic sanitation Legend color bubble 0p6. services. Despite that progress, an estimated 673 million people Legend 0p6 below number line labels. Any note 0p6 below legend. (9 per cent of the global population) still practised open defecation in Note uses hanging indent. 2017, the majority of them in Southern Asia. Achieving universal access to even basic sanitation services by 2030 will require a doubling of the current annual rate of progress. Hygiene Drinking water 21 If outside, left-aligned and 0p3 away. 22 20 5 29 28 40 71 61 60 45 20 28 In 2017, three out of five people worldwide had a basic handwashing facility with soap and water on the premises, compared with less than one out of three (28 per cent) in least developed countries. That means that, globally, an estimated 3 billion people are still unable to properly wash their hands at home. 0 2000 2017 Open defecation Unimproved Limited Basic Safely managed Basic water, sanitation and hygiene services are important not only in homes, but also in public areas where people congregate. In 2016, one third of all primary schools lacked basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services. That adversely affected the education and health of millions of schoolchildren, particularly girls coping with menstruation. One out of four health-care facilities worldwide also lacked basic drinking water services, affecting over 2 billion people and increasing the infection risk of people seeking medical care. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 Sanitation 100 34 2000 2017 Surface water Unimproved Limited Basic Safely managed 2017 No facility Limited Basic Water stress affects people on every continent, requiring immediate and collective action Two billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress, and about 4 billion people experience severe water scarcity at least one month a year. Over the last century, global water use has increased at more than twice the rate of population growth. That growth, along with rapid urbanization, socioeconomic development and changing consumption patterns, continues to drive water demand, which is heightened by climate change. By 2030, an estimated 700 million people could be displaced by intense water scarcity. Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of total renewable freshwater resources, latest available year, 2000–2015 (percentage) Currently, one third of countries have medium to high levels of water stress. Countries with high levels of water stress are all located in Northern Africa and Western Asia and in Central and Southern Asia. To reduce pressure on freshwater resources, every country and region needs to increase the use of non-conventional water resources, such as the reuse of wastewater, desalinated water, and direct use of Less than 10 10¬25 70 or more 25¬70 agricultural drainage water. Countries are advancing the integrated management of their water resources, but more rapid progress is needed Water resources must be carefully managed to ensure sustainability and equitable sharing among users. A global framework for such an approach is known as integrated water resources management (IWRM), and it covers policies, institutions, management instruments and financing. Of the 172 countries that reported on their implementation of IWRM in 2018, 80 per cent had medium-low levels of implementation or higher. That means that they have laid a solid foundation for implementing the many elements of the approach. However, 60 per cent of countries were not on track to reach the 2030 target of full implementation. An acceleration of progress is needed, particularly in the area of sustainable financing. In 2018, the average global score for IWRM implementation was 49 out of 100. Implementation of integrated water resources management, 2018 (percentage) Average score Latin America and the Caribbean 35 Central and Southern Asia 37 Oceania* 38 Sub-Saharan Africa 40 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 53 Northern Africa and Western Asia 55 Europe and Northern America 67 Australia and New Zealand 72 World 49 Community participation is key to ensuring that IWRM is adapted to local contexts. Seventy per cent of countries reported that they had procedures in place (defined in either policy or law) for community participation in the areas of rural drinking water supply and water resources management. However, implementation of those procedures is constrained due to the lack of human and financial resources. 0 Very high High 20 Medium-high 40 60 Medium-low 80 Low 100 Very low * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. Commitments of donor aid to the water sector have increased, while disbursements have levelled off Disbursements of official development assistance (ODA) by donor countries to the water sector increased for several years, reaching nearly $9.1 billion in 2016. However, from 2016 to 2017, ODA disbursements fell by 2 per cent. That drop may be due to donor stocktaking in the transition from the Millennium Development Goals to the Sustainable Development Goals, and corresponds to a fall in ODA commitments to the water sector between 2012 and 2016 (from $12.5 billion to $9.5 billion). Encouragingly, ODA commitments spiked by 36 per cent between 2016 and 2017, indicating a renewed focus by donors on the water sector. That large increase in ODA commitments was attributed mostly to a tripling of commitments to agricultural water resources, prompted by new projects in Southern and SouthEastern Asia. Water supply and sanitation also saw a substantial rise over that period, from $7.6 billion to $9.1 billion, with large increases in ODA committed to water sector policy and administrative management as well as to large water supply and sanitation systems. ODA commitments and disbursements to the water sector, 2000–2017 (millions of constant 2016 dollars) 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2000 2005 2010 Commitment 35 2015 2017 Disbursement Goal 6 | Clean water and sanitation Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all The world is making progress towards Goal 7 with encouraging signs that energy is becoming more sustainable and widely available. Access to electricity in poorer countries has begun to accelerate, energy efficiency continues to improve, and renewable energy is making impressive gains in the electricity sector. Nevertheless, more focused attention is needed to improve access to clean and safe cooking fuels and technologies for 3 billion people, to expand the use of renewable energy beyond the electricity sector, and to increase electrification in sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly 9 out of 10 people now have access to electricity, but reaching the unserved will require increased efforts More people are using electricity than ever before, with the proportion of the global population having access to this service rising from 83 per cent in 2010 to 87 per cent in 2015, then accelerating to 89 per cent in 2017 (a gain of 1 percentage point annually in the past two years). Still, 840 million people were without this essential service in 2017, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In that region, only 44 per cent of the population had access, and an estimated 573 million people still lacked electricity. Proportion of population with access to electricity, 2000 and 2017 (percentage) 25 Sub-Saharan Africa 44 29 Oceania* 63 60 Central and Southern Asia 91 87 Northern Africa and Western Asia Globally, electrification of rural areas progressed swiftly between 2015 and 2017, but a large gap remains. In 2017, rural coverage was 78 per cent compared to 97 per cent in urban areas. This means that 87 per cent of the people currently without electricity live in rural areas. Future electrification efforts will face the complexities of reaching unserved populations, including those who are displaced or living in remote, hard-to-reach communities and those connected to a frail and overburdened urban grid. 95 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 91 Latin America and the Caribbean 92 98 98 Europe and Northern America 100 100 Australia and New Zealand 100 100 78 World 0 20 40 60 89 80 2000 100 2017 * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. Three billion people still lack clean cooking fuels and technologies, posing a grave threat to human health and the environment Access to clean and safe cooking fuels and technologies has increased since 2010 at an annual rate of 0.5 percentage points, reaching 61 per cent of the global population in 2017. This is far too slow to meet the SDG target and still leaves nearly 3 billion people dependent on inefficient and highly polluting cooking systems, resulting in nearly 4 million premature deaths each year. The lack of cleaner fuels and technologies remains a major contributor to poor health and environmental degradation in low- and middle-income countries. Proportion of population with access to clean cooking fuels and technologies, 2017 (percentage) In sub-Saharan Africa, advances in the use of clean fuels (such as liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas and electricity) and fuel-efficient stoves have not kept pace with population growth, in contrast to other regions. Tackling the problem will require concerted action on the part of policymakers to address key barriers, including availability, affordability, reliability, limited financing and consumer awareness. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019 0¬10 10¬50 36 50¬99 100 Data not available Not applicable Progress in the electricity sector must extend to transportation and heating to meet an ambitious renewable energy target Proportion of renewable energy in total final energy consumption and by end use, 2010 and 2016 (percentage) Electricity Heat Transport The share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption reached 17.5 per cent in 2016, up from 16.6 per cent in 2010. In absolute terms, renewable energy consumption grew by 18 per cent over that period. The share of modern renewable energy increased at a faster pace, from 8.6 per cent in 2010 to 10.2 per cent in 2016. This category excludes traditional biomass use—that is, the inefficient use of solid biomass, such as the burning of wood, charcoal or other organic matter. Total final energy consumption Most growth in renewable energy has been concentrated in the electricity sector. This is mainly due to the rapid expansion of wind and solar power, prompted by sustained policy support and cost reductions. However, electricity makes up only 20 per cent of final energy use. The remaining 80 per cent is concentrated in the heat and transport sectors, where modern renewables penetrated only 9 per cent and 3.3 per cent of the global market, respectively, in 2016. Meeting the ambitious SDG target will require increased policy attention to the deployment of modern renewables in both of these key sectors. 2010 2.5 2016 2.5 3.3 3.3 2010 15.5 8.2 2016 15.1 9.0 2010 19.8 23.7 24.1 19.8 2016 24.0 2010 7.9 2016 8.6 7.3 0 24.0 16.5 10.2 5 17.5 10 15 Traditional use of biomass 20 25 Modern renewable energy Notes: Totals may not equal the sum of parts due to rounding. Heat refers to the amount of energy used for heat-generating purposes. Traditional biomass use corresponds to the use of local solid biomass resources by low-income households that do not have access to modern cooking and heating fuels or technologies, including consumption in the residential sector of developing countries. Energy efficiency continues to improve, but more concerted action is needed to reach the SDG target Improving energy efficiency—along with increasing energy access and affordability—is central to the global goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Primary energy intensity, defined as total energy supply per unit of GDP, improved by 2.5 per cent in 2016, bringing the annual rate of improvement between 2010 and 2016 to 2.3 per cent. This is far better than the progress observed between 1990 and 2010, when annual improvements averaged 1.3 per cent. However, it still falls short of the SDG target of at least 2.7 per cent. What’s more, the latest estimates for 2017 and 2018 suggest a slowdown in improvement. Improvement rate of primary energy intensity, 1990–2010 and 2010–2016 (percentage) -0.9 Oceania* Northern Africa and Western Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Europe and Northern America -2.1 Australia and New Zealand -2.2 Central and Southern Asia To boost progress, governments will need to set their energy efficiency ambitions higher. Fortunately, a range of policy options are available, all of which have been implemented in some form, to spur efficiency gains and provide the basis for more effective action. 0.1 -0.4 -0.8 Latin America and the Caribbean -2.3 -4 -3 -1.1 -1.3 -3.4 World 0.3 -1.7 -2.5 Eastern and South-Eastern Asia -1.5 -1.8 -1.0 -1.1 -2 -1.3 -1 1990¬2010 0 1 2010¬2016 * Excluding Australia and New Zealand. International financing for renewable energy in developing countries is rising sharply International financial commitments from official sources to developing countries in support of clean and renewable energy, 2000–2016 (billions of dollars, constant 2016 prices) From 2000 to 2009, official international financing commitments for clean and renewable energy in developing countries ranged from $1 billion to $4 billion a year. Commitments rose to $9.9 billion in 2010 and to $18.6 billion by 2016, a tenfold increase from the early 2000s. Yearly financial flows fluctuated greatly, mainly due to the timing of large-scale hydropower investments. But overall, the share of hydropower in the total flow fell from 60 per cent between 2000 and 2009 to around 40 per cent between 2010 and 2016, while the shares of wind, geothermal and, especially, solar energy, increased. Average project size also grew from an average of $10 million per project between 2000 and 2009 to $19 million between 2014 and 2016. 20 16 12 8 4 0 2000 2004 Hydropower 2008 Solar Wind 2012 Geothermal 2016 Other renewable energy Note: The category “other renewables” includes bioenergy, marine and other renewable energy. 37 Goal 7 | Affordable and clean energy Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Sustained and inclusive economic growth can drive progress, create decent jobs for all and improve living standards. Globally, real GDP per capita and labour productivity have increased, and unemployment has dropped back to pre-financial-crisis levels. However, sluggish growth overall has prompted a rethinking of economic and social policies to achieve the transformational objectives of Goal 8 so as to meet economic growth targets in least developed countries; increase employment opportunities, especially for young people; reduce inequalities across regions, age groups and genders; decrease informal employment; and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers. Economic growth in least developed countries is again on the upswing, but the 7 per cent target is still out of reach Real GDP per capita—a proxy for the average standard of living— increased globally by 1.9 per cent in 2017, compared to by 1.3 per cent in 2016. That growth is expected to remain steady at about 2 per cent until 2020. In least developed countries (LDCs), the SDG target aims for at least 7 per cent real GDP growth. In those countries, real GDP accelerated from an average annual rate of 5.8 per cent over the period 2000 to 2004, to 7.1 per cent over 2005 to 2009, before slowing to 4.8 per cent over 2010 to 2017. Growth in LDCs is expected to climb to 5.7 per cent in 2020 owi...
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