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disaster medicine and managemnt

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1234567- Find the attachment Respond to each post with a FULL Single-space paragraph A reliable reference for each paragraph Respond DO NOT summarize. Very important; you have to include your thoughts APA style 4 responses in total Course: Foundations in Emergency Management for Disasters and Healthcare The assignment was: “Describe the role of the Public Information Officer in media relations and reporting during an incident. Why is this role so crucial? How can the PIO beneficially utilize the media for Risk Communication activities during the event? What pre-event activities lead to success in these relationships?” Post#1 “ Every state has the mandate to provide the public with timely, consistent, and accurate information during an incident. The emergency public information provides the media with timely, accurate information about the severity of the emergency and how to respond to the matter. Public Information Officers (P.I.Os), together with media agents, work together to provide instruction and information to the public about the incident. For example, the earthquake in Haiti incident should have been reported to the public so that healthcare volunteers could get access to the system and provide their services to victims. They should offer a P.I.O work area near the emergency place, coordinate with the incident command officer to establish a media photo location to have a clear picture of the scene. They should have a media information center for a news briefing, develop a team to respond to media and public questions. The role of a P.I.O is crucial because they assist in alerting the public about the hazards of the incident and provide emergency instruction on how to take precautions and avoid injury. The notifications should be made as soon as possible through media to prevent further damage. The P.I.O should utilize the media to release information on safety instruction to the public and information relating to the response activities on the site, shelter, road closures, damages, and medical assessment (Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (ERC), n.d.). The media should inform the public on the status of the incident, that is, injuries, deaths, damages, displaced people, and hospital status. For example, in the Three Mile Island nuclear incident, there were reported communication failures; it is said that people were not aware of what had happened in the early hours. At the time of the accident, there no preparations for media communication.” Post#2 “ The public information officer duties come to communicating the public through multiple resources like, for example, social media and emergency alert systems to inform the public about the situation and notifying them about the incident, this also includes updates when something new changes about the situation. The PIO also provides information to other agencies and the ICS personnel. Communication is an essential piece of tool to achieve the EOP objective, and to prevent the occurrence of mistakes. It is also helping the public involved in the incident to understand the situation and make them work effectively with the emergency responders. The role of the PIO is very critical. To transfer a piece of information in the best suitable way for the public, responders, and other agencies involved in the incident is very important. His absence could trigger a series of misinformation transfer; This could cause public panic. In the 20 century, there are very advanced ways of communications that the PIO could use to convey a message or transfer a piece of information. One advantageous and easy way of communicating with the public is through social media. Nowadays, the majority of the public internationally use social media to contact with each other, because it is very cheap and easy access method. With these technological advances, the public don’t use the newspaper or magazines to read the news; instead, they use social media. Through social media, PIO could inform the public about the incident, including what happened, the location of the event, and what is being done. He also could show the response efforts from the incident site very quickly and clearly through pictures and videos and share it with the public. The PIO could prepare before the event by validating a way of communication and test these ways and spread it to the public so that the audience knows the official accounts and channels of connection with the PIO to prevent the spread of misleading information from false reports and channels that can confuse the public. The PIO could also do some exercise with his staff to see the flow of work and to detect any mistakes and shortages and work to correct them to prevent errors when the real situation happens.” Course: International and Humanitarian Disaster Management The assignment was: “You are an Emergency Manager in your respective country. A highly infectious influenza strain has been detected. There is a limited quantity of the vaccine to prevent this particular strain of influenza. Discuss your plan for distributing this vaccine. Who receives the vaccine and who does not? How did you come to this conclusion?” Post#1 “ As an emergency manager, I would most likely prioritize all health personnel, response personnel, government officials and their families. I would prioritize them because if they or their family members are too sick to work or die as a result or are busy caring for or grieving their family, then there is no one to do research on the disease, develop vaccines, treat the ill or lead the community. As study published in Disaster Management and Response revealed that of three hundred paramedics that participated in the study, 80% would not work if there was no vaccine or protective gear (Mackler et al, 2007). If the paramedic were fully protected, 91% would show up to work but this would then drop to 38% if the paramedic’s immediate family were not protected (Mackler et al., 2007). Taking this study into account and applying it to all first responder, health personnel and government officials, I am convinced that since they are needed to direct an emergency response then they need support to show up. I would distribute the vaccine at the person’s place of work and allow them to take the vaccine home to their families to distribute. I would allow this in hopes that the family members are remaining at home to minimize human contact. As an emergency manager, I would then focus vaccination of school-aged children ages 5-18. Even if every single child was not able to be immunized, achieving herd immunity in that school-aged children should be sufficient. I would focus on vaccination of school-aged children because mathematical models of influenza immunization techniques show that vaccinating roughly 70% of children greatly reduces transmission in the entire community to under epidemic levels (Longini & Halloran, 2005). This strategy is very common adopted by different governments around the world. In Japan during the 1960s-1980, 80% of school children received an influenza vaccine, which the Japanese epidemiologists could calculate prevented about 37,000-49,000 elderly adult deaths a year (Longini & Halloran, 2005). By focusing on school children to vaccinate after first responders and government officials, lowering the transmission rate of influenza is great. While the vaccine is in limited supply, not everyone can receive it. Therefore as an emergency manager who decides who gets immunized, I must decide who doesn’t. Adults would not be my priority group to immunize as seeing the great reduction in transmission rate by campaigning school-aged children first; I don’t see adults as being necessary. Therefore, I would promote behavioral changes for adults to consider in regards to influenza transmission. Examples would be to work from home, limit human contact, wash your hands, and to wear face masks and gloves. A study posted by CDC predicts that transmission rates and death rates could decrease up to 50% by limiting the contact rate between healthy and sick individuals (Haber et al., 2007). Therefore educating prevention methods for adults, can reduce transmission of disease without the use of vaccines. Another group I would not prioritize would be those already infected and showing mild to severe symptoms. Vaccinating them at this point would be unnecessary, as they would need to receive treatment. Therefore, educating the public about symptoms and treatment methods early on is important so when they feel sick then they will go to the doctor immediately. In an ideal world, if a highly infectious influenza strain were detected in a population, as an emergency manager I would want the ability and resources to vaccinate everyone. However, that is not always possible. Therefore, prioritizing first responder, medical personnel, government officials and their families would have an impact on response ability and epidemic management. Prioritizing school-aged children would be a secondary priority because epidemiological studies published it would drastically reduce transmission rate in the community. Finally, I would also prioritize educating and advocating the remainder of the public to limit human contact and the use of Personal Protected Equipment until more vaccines are available or the influenza strain dies out.” Post#2 “ After emergence, an influenza virus spreads very fast since individuals are not immune to the virus, and, sometimes, a vaccine to provide immediate protection may not be widely accessible. The spreading of a widespread influenza virus can happen in numerous disease ‘waves’ split by a number of months. During its spread, many people may require medical care across the affected areas. Schools, workplaces, childcare centers, as well as other places where there are mass gatherings may be closed for some time. The virus can be spread through sneezes, contaminated hands, and even coughs. In this paper, I discuss what I would do to prevent an influenza strain in my country if a highly infectious influenza strain is detected, and the amount of vaccine is limited. Generally, there is no guaranteed technique of obstructing the transmission of the virus in the event of an influenza pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak. Even though a vaccine may not be accessible at first, certain vaccines can be used to slow down the spread of the influenza virus. Once a vaccine is accessible, particular people and groups should be vaccinated first. Mass vaccination requires individuals to offer medical information regarding their other family members in order to understand which people should be given first priority (World Health Organization, 2004). In this case, where there is a limited vaccine to work with, I would first administer it to people who are already infected with the virus to ensure that they do not spread it further. Next, I would consider individuals who have not received the vaccine before because this means that their immune system is low and cannot fight the disease. It is also important to consider those people who are more vulnerable to the disease. This includes people who are terminally ill, the elderly, and whose immune system is low and whose bodies cannot resist or survive the disease. This would be key in preventing or reducing hospital admissions as well as deaths (Ropero-Álvarez et al., 2012). Worth mentioning, health care providers should be vaccinated in order to maintain key services because, without them, health care services will come to a halt. Healthy people who have been living healthy lives will not receive the vaccine because their bodies have substantial immunity, and hence, they can fight the virus. This includes healthy children as well as adults who are generally healthy or those who have received the vaccine before. These individuals can only be vaccinated if the vaccine is adequate to cater for all people in the country (World Health Organization, 2004). However, because, in our case we are working will limited vaccine supply, this healthy population will be left to continue with their daily activities. To protect them from getting infected, they will have to take various precautions while undertaking their daily activities, including washing their hand using soap and water regularly, wear face masks if interacting with infected people and when going to crowded areas, and avoid any touch on the mouth, eyes, or even ears with bare hands. If possible, these people should avoid completely going to crowded areas and stay home until everything gets back to normal. Influenza pandemics mostly happen suddenly and are, in most cases, unforeseen and inevitable. Influenza antiviral drugs and vaccines are crucial elements that make up an extensive pandemic response, which also involves makes arrangements for antibiotic supplies as well as other healthcare resources. Nevertheless, the reality now is the majority of countries lack or have extremely limited supplies. In such situations, emergency management teams are forced to make hard decisions pertaining to which individuals should be given priority when vaccines are limited.”
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Name of the Student
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Course: Foundations in Emergency Management for Disasters and Healthcare
RESPONSE TO POST #1
I agree that the primary duty of a public information officer is to give emergency
instructions and vital information via media to society. Another role is to provide the public with
through media with complete and correct information about the cause, magnitude, materials
committed, status of the incident, and potential long-term and shortest effects of the incident. For
massive occurrences or events involving many response agencies, public information officers
from the various agencies should form a team under the supervision of the designated general
information officer.
The function of a public information officer is essential because he gives the public
information on instructions and actions to take during emergencies to ensure safety and prevent
accidents from spreading. To achieve the roles of public information officers, they are supposed
to work with media to provide instructions and information to public during emergencies. The
public information officers should put up a media information center for briefing media when
incidents occur. The media information center provides information on precautionary measures
during the event. It also includes information about response actions in the scene, medical,
shelter, road closures, and injury assessment. Media also gives information on the status of the
incident like deaths if reported by public information officer, hospital status, displaced persons,
and damages.

RESPONSE TO POST#2
I concur with the post that social media is not just social because it is the primary news
source and the leading form of communication. The public information officers utilize social

media for rapid communication, more extensive reach, creating public awareness on events, and
monitoring and responding to the incident. When most people are asked whether information
regarding incidents is correct, their answer is always that they saw it on social media.
Public information officers play a critical role because they ...


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