Project Management Wk4

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Discussion4:

Explain the difference between managerial contingency and task contingency.

Group Mid-Term: Case Study 8.1 The Hidden Costs of Infrastructure Projects—The Case of Building Dams, Page 286

1. Given the history of large cost overruns associated with megadam construction, why do you believe they are so popular, especially in the developing world?

2. Develop an argument in support of megadam construction. Develop an argument against these development projects.

Writing Requirements:

Team PowerPoint presentation(20 to 25 slides with notes)

APA format, for citations and referneces

Use the APA template located in the Student Resource Center to complete the assignment.

Each team member submits the team assignment

Project Team Member Peer Evaluation Form (Peer Evaluation Form)

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CASE STUDY 8.1 The Hidden Costs of Infrastructure Projects - The Case of Building Dams In recent years there has been a surge in the construc- complete. Thus, arguments that they will ease the bur tion of large dams in both developing and developed den of energy demands must be taken on faith; given countries including Brazil, Ethiopia, Pakistan, and their long lead times, they certainly are not an option China. There are several reasons for this increased inter for energy crisis situations. They also assume that all est in dam building. Demand for electricity is expected current circumstances (energy demand, population to double worldwide between 2010 and 2035. Thus, growth patterns, water availability, and energy prices) hydroelectric power is seen as a cheap, available option are likely to remain steady, or at least predictable, over for countries with river systems that allow for dams, the period in which the dam is developed, which can particularly as it is a preferred option to dirtier coal- lead to dangerous assumptions of future benefits. Nige burning plants. Other arguments in favor of building ria's Kainji Dam, for example, has fallen short of gen- these dams include their use for flood control, crop irri- erating its expected hydroelectricity levels by as much gation, inland transportation, urban water supplies, and as 70%. Also, cost and schedule projections to complete as a job creators. These are all powerful and tempting these dams are almost always grossly underestimated arguments in favor of building large dams. However, in fact, research suggests that cost overruns for large there is one important counter-argument to the push dam projects average 96% higher than estimated costs toward these hydropower megaprojects: they fail to that is, actual project costs were nearly double the origi- offer the advantages they are assumed to provide nal estimates Schedules for these dams averaged over There are several criticisms of large dam projects. runs of 44%, or 2.3 years. Third, the cost in absolute First, megadams take on average nearly nine years to terms for these large dam projects can nearly bankrupt (anti) the countries investing in them. For example, Ethiopia's of rivers, cause no environmental impact, and produce Grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam on the Nile River cleaner energy was projected to cost $4.8 billion when it was started Large megadams of the type that are being devel- in 2011. When completed in 2017, it ended up costing oped around the planet are a tempting and expensive more than $10 billion, or one-quarter of Ethiopia's GDP pursuit for most countries undertaking them. But with Instead of helping the economy and fostering growth, poor project development records historically, including Ethiopia could be facing enormous problems paying huge cost and schedule overruns, these projects are typi- off long-term debt from financing the dam. Nor is this cally undertaken as much for the national prestige they a new phenomenon. Brazil's Itaipu Dam was built in offer. At the same time, countries that have invested pre- the 1970s at a cost of almost $20 billion, or 240% more cious budget money in creating the dams are frequently than projected. Since opening, it has been a drain on the disappointed with the results, including underutiliza- country's finances. Despite producing electricity that is tion, decades of financial squeeze and debt obligation, needed to support development in Brazil, it is unlikely and a failure to realize the expected benefits. When it that the costs of the Itaipu Dam will ever allow it to comes to megadams, the energy they produce is usually break even neither abundant nor cheap 25 What is the solution? Countries such as Norway, which produces some 99% of its energy from hydro- Questions power, have adopted a smaller, more flexible solution to 1. Given the history of large cost overruns associated the use of dams. The government encourages the devel- with megadam construction, why do you believe opment not of large megadams, but of smaller, more they are so popular, especially in the developing flexible plants designed to produce smaller volumes of world? electricity at more locations within the country. Thus, 2. Develop an argument in support of megadam Norway currently supports some 1,000 smaller energy- construction Develop an argument against these producing dams that do not disrupt the natural flow development projects
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Explanation & Answer

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Project Management
Week 4

Managerial Contingency
• This is an approach in management that involves
theories that the affectivity of management is
dependent on the relationship between application of

behavioral management and unpredicted situations.

Task contingency
• The completion of the current task gives way to
process the next task, therefore, execution of a task
has to be done in a unique or specific environment.

Difference between managerial contingency
and task contingency.
• Managerial contingency execution is usually done at
project establishment level while task contingency is
executed at individual or factor levels

Difference between managerial contingency
and task contingency.
• The provisions created to meet the unforeseen problems
are the contingency reserves. Contingency reserves can
be in the form of managerial or financial in order to

mitigate the risks involved in the project.

Difference between managerial contingency
and task contingency.
• Managerial contingency will be applied to the project
level and the task contingency will be applied to the
work package or individual task level.

Difference between managerial contingency
and task contingency.
• Managerial contingencies take into consideration the
divergence in the original process or technical plan,
and the natural disasters. Task contingencies are

designed to estimate the individual tasks.

Difference between managerial contingency
and task contingency.
• If the project estimates and advances become
accurate, then the reserves for the contingency
can be adjusted.

Mega dams Construction
• There is a demand increase for mega dams in developing countries
because of massive increase in usage and distribution of electricity,
irrigation and control of floods. The cost overrun is the main criticism
of large dam projects and in most cases the costs incurred for
completion of such projects exceeds the costs estimated.

Mega dams Construction
• This leads to draining of the country’s finances therefore making them
take changes on constructing smaller and affordable dams. Despite of
the disadvantages and criticisms, countries still prefer large dam for
meeting their needs. They consider it as a symbol of prestige and
undertaking its construction as a challenging job.

Mega dams Construction
• The mega dams or large dams always provide huge
cost overruns and losses to many countries. The cost
incurred for the construction of such dams were

always exceeded the cost estimated.

Mega dams Construction
• Though the construction of large dams is a finance draining process to
almost all countries, they still prefer mega dams. The construction of

large dams is considered as a national prestige for most of developing
as well as developed countries. They consider it as an evidence of

national development and improvement of the economy.

Mega dams Construction
• In developing countries, they find it very difficult and expensive for
constructing large dams. However, for meeting the needs of electricity
generation, irrigation purposes, and inland transportation developing
countries still prefer to depend on mega dams rather than smaller dams.

Mega dams Construction
• Construction of large dams is expensive and challenging for all the
countries especially developing countries. Most of the mega dam

projects resulted in cost overrun and drain of country’s finance.
However, still nations prefer to build mega dams to showcase their

strength and growth.
...


Anonymous
Really great stuff, couldn't ask for more.

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