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Running head: LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY Name: Institution affiliation: Date: 1 LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY 2 LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY Date: Student: Abstract Gravity is one of the most common forces in nature. This force acts between two objects. There is scientific proof that an object in space experiences a gravitational force that ties to pull it down towards the earth’s surface. This laboratory experiment is divided into two parts. Experiment 1 was carried out by subjecting a variety of objects to the force of gravity. Experiment 2 involved using a flashlight as an analogy to illustrate the inverse-square law of gravity. This report comprises of an introduction, materials used and methods followed, summary and discussion of the results obtained, and conclusions arrived from the experiment. Introduction Gravity is a force of attraction between two objects. This force always tries to pull the two objects together. The concept of gravitational force was introduced in the 17th century by Sir Isaac Newton when he observed a falling apple while brainstorming the forces of nature. As per Newton’s second law, an object accelerates towards the earth’s surface at a rate equivalent to its weight divided by mass (Solomon, 2011). h F=mg Surface of Earth LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY 3 F = ma = mg This implies that a = g. The inverse square law is a common concept in physics. This experiment provides a better insight into how the gravitational force diminishes with an increase in distance using a flashlight. In this way, it is possible to estimate how astronomers determine the distance of stars, moon, and sun from the earth surface (Сухорукова, 2017). Therefore, the objectives of this experiment include to determine the gravitational acceleration on objects near the earth’s surface and to examine how the brightness of the light can be utilized to measure distance. Materials and methods Materials Styrofoam Tape measure Knife or scissors Rule Graph paper Pencil Stopwatch Solid materials of different sizes (aluminum balls) Procedures Experiment 1: The metal ball was drop down from a certain height, and the time it takes to reach the ground was recorded using a stop watch. The drop height was also measured using a tape measure. The same procedure was repeated with balls of different sizes. Experiment 2: The styrofoam was cup was turned upside down, and the face of a flashlight was placed at the center of the bottom of the cup. Holes were poked around the face of flashlight using a LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY 4 pencil until they are enough to punch out a hole equal to the size of the flashlight face. The flashlight was inserted to the cup through the hole such that light shines through the bottom. The flashlight was turned on in a dark room, and the end of the cup was held 5 cm from the wall. The diameter of the circle of light was measured using a tape measure and recorded in the table. The area of the circle of light was then computed. The same process was repeated for five more distances by varying the distance by a few centimeters away from the wall. Results Experiment 1: Falling in a Gravitational Field 1) The equation for gravitational acceleration is given by: 𝑔= 𝐺𝑀𝑒 𝑅𝑒2 But, G = 6.674×10-11 m3⋅kg-1⋅s−2, Me = 5.972 × 1024 kg. R = Re + 100,000 m. = 6,371,000 + 100,000 = 6,471,000 m Substituting these values into the equation gives; g= (6.674×10^−11)∗(5.972 × 1024 ) 6,471,000^2 = 9.52 m/s2 Gravitational acceleration on the earth’s surface = 9.81 m/s2 Percentage difference = [(9.81 – 9.52)/ 9.81] * 100 = 2.96% 2) Air resistance reduces the acceleration of falling objects. In this case, gravitational acceleration will less than 9.81 m/s2. 3) The force of an object of mass m falling under the influence of gravity is: F= 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝑅^2 Where M and R are the mass and radius of the earth respectively. But the weight of an object is given by: LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY 5 F = mg This implies that mg = 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝑅^2 𝐺𝑀 Thus, g = 𝑅^2 In this case, the gravitational acceleration g is independent of the mass of the falling object. Experiment 2: Inverse Square Law Data table Distance from wall (m) Diameter of light circle (m) Radius of light circle (m) Area of light circle (m2) 0.9779 0.0508 0.0254 0.0020 1.0922 0.7366 0.3683 0.4300 0.25400 0.1524 0.0762 0.0180 0.33020 0.2032 0.1016 0.0320 0.12700 0.0889 0.04445 0.0062 1.1684 0.6858 0.3429 0.3700 1) The intensity (brightness) of the circle of light reduces with an increase in the distance from the source. 2) The area of the circle of light increases as the source of light is moved further away. Similarly, the gravity field region of a body increases when a body is moved further away from another body. 3) LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY 6 Area of light circle (m2) 0.5 Area of light circle 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 -0.1 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Distance from wall (m) 4) The shape of the plot indicates that the area of light of circle and distance from the wall have an exponential relationship. A small increase in distance from the wall leads to a significantly high increase in the area of the light circle. 5) Intensity vs. Distance 70 Intensity (candela) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Distance (m) 6) Yes. The intensity of the light circle can be zero. Gravity doesn’t exist between objects on opposite sides of the galaxy because there is no attraction between them. LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY 7 Conclusions In summary, the gravitational acceleration of an object can be determined experimentally. However, the experimental value in most cases is slightly different from the actual value of gravity due to some errors that might occur. Inverse square law can be used to illustrate how the strength of gravitational attraction varies with the distance between the object and earth. Generally, the experiment was a success because the objectives were met. LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY 8 References Solomon, B. (2011). Gravitational acceleration without mass and noninertia fields. Physics Essays, 24(3), 327-337. doi: 10.4006/1.3595113 Сухорукова, Н. (2017). Gravitational field and practical determination of gravitational acceleration value on the Earth surface. Politechnical Student Journal, (4). doi: 10.18698/2541-8009-2016-4-30 Physics Lab 9[5296] Tuesday, November 19, 2019 8:08 AM Jordan Page 1 Jordan Page 2 Jordan Page 3 Jordan Page 4 Jordan Page 5 Jordan Page 6 Jordan Page 7 Jordan Page 8 Jordan Page 9
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Attached.

Running head: LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY

LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY
Name:
Institution affiliation:
Date:

1

LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY

2

LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY
Abstract
Gravity is one of the most common forces in nature. This force acts between two objects.
There is scientific proof that an object in space experiences a gravitational force that ties to pull
it down towards the earth’s surface. This laboratory experiment is divided into two parts.
Experiment 1 was carried out by subjecting a variety of objects to the force of gravity.
Experiment 2 involved using a flashlight as an analogy to illustrate the inverse-square law of
gravity. This report comprises of an introduction, materials used and methods followed,
summary and discussion of the results obtained, and conclusions arrived from the experiment.
Introduction
Gravity is a force of attraction between two objects. This force always tries to pull the
two objects together. The concept of gravitational force was introduced in the 17th century by Sir
Isaac Newton when he observed a falling apple while brainstorming the forces of nature. As per
Newton’s second law, an object accelerates towards the earth’s surface at a rate equivalent to its
weight divided by mass (Solomon, 2011).

h

F=mg

Surface of Earth

F = ma = mg
This implies that a = g.

LAB ASSIGNMENT 9: GRAVITY

3

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