Corruption Risk Project

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A research paper about corruption risk compared between America and China. 

The paper should be 10-12 pages in length (excluding the title page, abstract, bibliography, and any tables or figures), and stapled in the upper, left-hand corner.
Paper should be word-processed / typed, and 1.5 lines spaced.
Use standard 8.5 x 11 inch paper.
Use Times New Roman Font with a font size of 12.
Organize your paper clearly and logically, and label each section accordingly.
Number your pages. The first (unnumbered) page must be your title page
The right margin should be 1.5 inches and all other page margins should be 1 inch.


More detailed requirement have been uploaded.

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ACCT 317-70 Winter 2016 Guidelines for Assignment 3 Research Paper (Adapted from guidelines for preparing research papers and theses provided online by E. Jammal, M. Bishop and G. Haskins) Notice to Students These guidelines are intended to assist you in preparing the research paper for ACCT 317:70 for Winter 2016. By observing the recommendations given below, you will meet the minimum requirements for the writing assignments. Do not fall into the trap of expecting that a paper that merely follows these instructions will receive an automatic "A". Rather, a paper, which merely meets the minimum standards set forth in this document, is a "C" paper. In order to receive a higher grade, the paper must distinguish itself as being substantially above these minimum requirements reflecting competent research, clarity, and imaginative analysis. It should be more than a series of reports on different journal articles strung together. You should organize and synthesize the material in a meaningful way. Ideas and statements should be supported as needed by properly citing the results of studies, or with logical arguments. Inconsistencies between studies should be noted if they exist. Sometimes it may be appropriate to critique the methodology of a particular study. Much of this should be handled in the discussion, unless it is more appropriate to address in the literature review. Also note, that how convincing your overall argument is can be significantly affected by the quality of your grammar and spelling. Poor spelling, incorrect usage of words, and awkward sentences suggest incompetence and incorrectness of thought, which lead to disbelief in an argument on the part of the reader. Try to ensure that you are saying what you want to say clearly, and that any reader can easily understand your argument. GOAL AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES You will write an original paper related to an Accounting topic. This research paper assignment is meant to provide a critical overview of the research topic and should introduce the reader to the topic in a user-friendly way. The purpose of this assignment is to allow you to: (i) learn more about a specific Accounting topic; and (ii) communicate that information to a specified audience by writing a paper that conforms to specific guidelines for content and style. Learning objectives: After completing this assignment, students will be able to successfully conduct research into a real world accounting issue by (1) selecting and critically reviewing academic (peer-reviewed) and professional (practitioner) publications appropriate to a research topic; (2) citing and summarizing theory and findings regarding an accounting issue or topic; (3) explaining the information collection and analysis processes and interpreting the findings, and (4) assimilating and synthesizing accounting research and theory about a real world issue and evaluating the implications for specified stakeholders. General Expectations for the Research Paper As you think about the research paper, imagine you wish to describe a controversy surrounding a particular topic within some field of accounting, and its effects on society or a specific stakeholder, to a person who has no preliminary knowledge of what you wish to discuss. In addition, you are trying to convince this person that a particular view is the more justifiable one by logically arguing for that view and then presenting and refuting alternative arguments. You need to give accurate evaluations of the opposing arguments and correctly and effectively refute opposing views. This is the way in which the research paper for this course is to be written. RESEARCH TOPIC It is the responsibility of each student to select a research paper topic early in the term. While you may choose one of the topics provided below, please feel free to use a topic that piques your interest and or furthers your professional aspirations, as long as it deals with some aspect of Accounting and is approved your instructor. You should be certain of the availability of materials before you commit yourself to a particular topic. Remember that this assignment requires original work (i.e., not something that you already turned in or will turn in to another instructor). Each student will write an individual paper (i.e., no group efforts) and, in as much as possible, avoid choosing the same topic as another student. You cannot have the same topic as another member of your group. The following are examples of possible research paper topics. This is by no means an exhaustive list. In most cases, the topics listed are too broad and would need to be narrower in focus to be manageable. You may want to consider these as potential general areas in which to start your research paper. Whatever topic you choose, you will need to critically assess the issues involved and offer recommendations for addressing them or generalizing associated benefits. 2 1. Corruption risk 2. Participative budgeting 3. Stock-based incentive compensation and other strategic performance management systems 4. Business case for corporate social responsibility, triple-bottom-line accounting, environmental and social accounting 5. Earnings management by international public companies 6. Financial challenged government entities in the US and selected OECD countries 7. Financing higher education in the US and selected OECD countries 8. Financial viability of social security system in the US and selected OECD countries 9. Financial aspects of health care in the US and selected OECD countries 10. Tax management by multinational corporations 11. International transfer pricing 12. Professional accounting in a globally connected world 13. Carried interest in international tax policy 14. Balanced-scorecard and other multi-attribute performance management systems in Multinational Corporations 15. International financial accounting and reporting scandals between 2009 and 2015 DUE DATES Students will submit their research paper in two phases: (1) proposed topic and rationale, and (2) final paper, reflecting the instructor’s comments on the proposed topic and rationale. You must have your topic approved by the instructor no later than January 29, 2016. This is worth up to TEN (10) points. To get your topic approved you need to: (i) propose a topic, backing it by relevant literature, identifying the gaps in our understanding, and the relevance of the topic to at least one key accounting stakeholder; (ii) email the instructor a tentative title and a one paragraph summary of and rationale for your proposed topic (as a Word attachment); and (iii) meet with the instructor for feedback on this document (prior to January 29, 2016). Your completed research paper is due by April 21, 2016 at the beginning of class (one printed copy hand-delivered to your instructor, and an electronic copy (in word format) uploaded in the Assignments area of the course Canvas site). This is worth up to NINETY (90) points. A tardiness penalty of 10% of the points available on the assignment will be deducted for each day, or part thereof, that the paper is late. Since you know about this paper from day one, last minute problems (computer crashes, sickness, vacations, other test/projects, weddings, athletic events, etc) will not give you an extension. 3 *** WARNINGS *** Make a "backup" copy of your paper frequently as you are working on it and before turning in the completed paper, to insure against the possibility of a paper being lost. Information Resources The information for your paper will likely come from a variety of sources, but the vast majority of it should come from the peer-reviewed literature (journal articles, edited book chapters, etc.) and or professional journal / magazines. A great place to start searching for available information is to use search engines such as Google Scholar, which is available at www.scholar.google.com. Please consult the Librarian for additional guidance about appropriate search engines and techniques for performing effective and efficient literature searches. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS You may use a combination of primary research papers, reviews, and other sources, but must include references to at least:  3 peer-reviewed primary research papers published after 2004  2 professional / practitioner oriented articles each at least 4 pages long, and  8 papers / articles / books, etc. overall (i.e., including the peer-reviewed and professional-oriented articles mentioned above.)  Style and Format:   The paper should be 10-12 pages in length (excluding the title page, abstract, bibliography, and any tables or figures), and stapled in the upper, left-hand corner.  Your paper should be word-processed / typed, and 1.5 lines spaced.  Use standard 8.5 x 11 inch paper.  Use Times New Roman Font with a font size of 12.  Organize your paper clearly and logically, and label each section accordingly.  Number your pages. The first (unnumbered) page must be your title page  The right margin should be 1.5 inches and all other page margins should be 1 inch.  4 PAPER STRUCTURE Organization: In almost all cases, the paper should have the sections described below, at a minimum. If you would like to structure your paper differently, please get permission from the instructor first. Within each section, you should include subsections and subheadings as needed. Except for the title page, each section should be clearly labeled. Title page This is where you enter the full title, and the sub-title if any, of the research paper; 
 the name of the author (student name); your email address;
 to whom the paper is submitted (instructor's name); the course (ACCT 317-70 Winter 2016); 
 the date of submission, and the following signed declaration: “I declare that I have developed and written the enclosed research paper completely by myself, and have not used sources or means without declaration in the text. Any thoughts from others or literal quotations are clearly marked. The research paper was not used in the same or in a similar version to achieve an academic grading in another course. Signature …………………………….. Date ………………” Abstract (200-300 words) The abstract provides the reader with a concise summary of the contents of the research paper. It should therefore be brief but contain sufficient detail, telling the reader the motivation/rationale for the work, project objectives, techniques and methods employed, main concepts and results, conclusions, and the significance of the paper. The abstracts should not contain any citations / references. Write the abstract last. 
 The paper will be easier to summarize once all the sections are in place. The abstract should help the reader answers these questions:   What did you do? 
  Why did you do it? What question were you trying to answer?  How did you do it? How did you get the information to answer your question(s)?  What did you learn? State the major results.   Why does it matter? Why is it important? Point out at least one significant implication.  Introduction (~1-2 pages) The introduction outlines the topic and/or question you are addressing, and a justification of the importance of the topic. It should make clear to both the writer and reader the scope of the paper and the major points to be covered. You can't write a good introduction until you know what the body of the paper says. Consider writing the introduction after you have completed the rest of the paper. Be sure to include a hook at the beginning of the introduction. This is a statement of something sufficiently interesting to motivate your reader to read the rest of the paper, it is an important/ interesting problem that your paper either solves or addresses. The "hook" will help draw readers in and make them want to read the rest of the paper. The next paragraphs in the introduction should cite previous research in this area. It should cite those who had the idea or ideas first, and should also cite those who have done the most recent and relevant work. You should then go on to explain why more work was necessary (your work, of course.) What else belongs in the introductory section(s) of your paper?      A statement of the topic, the controversy within the topic being presented, and the goal(s) of the paper: why the paper was written (do not say “to meet the requirements for ACCT 317-70” or anything similar), why it is important. Do not repeat the abstract.  A general description of the arguments for one side - and then the other - should be cited to show that the paper is indeed addressing a real-life, debatable, non-trivial accounting concern. One or two examples of actual cases that have occurred in the real world (either for or against the rationale) can also be presented.  Sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand the context and significance of the question you are trying to address.  An explanation of the scope of your work, what will and will not be included.  A description of the methods/techniques you are using.  A verbal "road map" or verbal "table of contents" guiding the reader to what lies ahead.  Main part of your research paper (~5-7 pages) The main part of the research paper consists of the following three sections: (1) literature 6 review and data collection approach, (2) analysis and presentation of key findings, and (3) the 
 discussion of the results. Each of these sections can be broken into subsections to address specific aspects of the topic. However, the sections and subsections as a whole must be logically organized. Literature review and Data Collection Approach (~2-3 pages): The Literature Review and Data Collection Approach section is there for you to (1) provide details about the motivation for the project, (2) state why the problem addressed by the paper is important, (3) set the scene for the work described in the paper, (4) describe what others have done and hence sets a benchmark for the current project, and (5)to provide anything else in the way of information (such as statistics) or arguments that help to expound on the nature of the controversy being addressed. However, be sure to adhere to the particular topic in your writing. Presenting information that strays off the topic, or that does not address the debatable aspects of the subject is detrimental to your overall argument, and will result in a lowered score. This section should include       Detailed description of the issue(s) and current views of it, including at least eight  (8) different citations of those authorities within the field that hold these views (see bibliography guide).  Information to allow the reader to assess the believability of your results,  Information needed by another researcher to trace your sources and to replicate your research,  Description of, and justification for your data collection and analysis procedures and theory, if applicable  Overview of the information sources; their limitations, bias and scope  Limitations, assumptions, and range of validity  It is called the Literature Review because the contents are based on published material. A thorough literature review is essential because it shows that you have studied rigorously what others have done. This lends credibility when you state the problem the paper is addressing, and when you provide reasons as to why obtaining a resolution is important. Where applicable, you should also include a critique of the available solutions to the problem that your are tackling. This would implicitly provide justifications for the project and, at the same time, establish benchmarks against which your contributions can be assessed. Therefore, make sure that you seek out the most recent information relating to your topic of study.  No quotes should be used in this section. Everything should be paraphrased in your own words.  All material summarized from articles must be referenced and cited correctly   Good scholarly writing is not typically a paragraph with a citation at the end. Nor is it useful to rely primarily on one article, or to use that article to find earlier ones and then cite what you have just read in the first one without reading the earlier ones.  You will see plenty of examples of how to write in the articles you read. Pay close attention to the writing in the introduction and discussion sections of those articles, use them for ideas, and follow the style of the one(s) that you like the most.  Analysis and Presentation of Key Findings (Results) (~1-2 pages) This section should include actual statements of literature review, statistics, tables and graphs, etc.:  Analysis of the key information and ideas presented in the literature.  Indicate information on range of variation.   Mention negative results as well as positive. Do not interpret results - save that for the discussion.    Lay out the case as for a jury. Present sufficient details so that others can draw their own inferences and construct their own explanations.  Breakup your results into logical segments by using subheads.    Quarantine your observations from your interpretations. The writer must make it crystal clear to the reader, which statements are observation and which are interpretation. In most circumstances, this is best accomplished by physically separating statements about new observations from statements about the meaning or significance of those observations. This can be accomplished by:  Physically separating the information into different sections or paragraphs. Not overlaying interpretation on top of data in figures. Carefully using phrases such as "We infer that ". Discussion (~1-2 pages): This section should contain your synthesis of ideas presented in the literature. Minimize restating earlier material, except with brief summaries or references. Give your opinions in this section, BUT support them with facts! You opinions must be justified based on the information presented. If appropriate, make judgments about the weakness/strengths of studies you discuss. The Discussion must include a subsection entitled “Implications for practice and or research” (or something along those lines). 8 Start with a few sentences that summarize the most important results. The discussion section should be a brief essay in itself, answering the following questions and caveats:  What are the relationships, trends and generalizations among the results?     What are the strengths and weaknesses of the ideas / arguments presented in the literature?  What are the exceptions to these patterns or generalizations?  What do the results mean? Provide several interpretations.   Interpret results in terms of background laid out in the introduction - what is the relationship of the present results to the original question?    What is the implication of the present results for other unanswered questions in the literature?  Include the evidence or line of reasoning supporting each interpretation.    What are the things we now know or understand that we didn't know or understand before the present work?  What is the significance of the present results: why should we care?   Explanation of the positive and negative effects of the issue on society or specified stakeholders, as well as examples of these effects.   Valid argument in support of one view along with reasonable refutation of opposing views.  Conclusions (~1 page) The conclusion section should draw together and summarize the major points and the take-home message(s) of the research paper. You should present here a summary of the arguments you have made, as well as your final statement as to the resolution to the issue and the proper "side" to take. Describe briefly (do not go into a lengthy re-hash) how the evidence, examples, and arguments previously presented work to support this final claim. Clearly state your conclusion(s) by choosing a side of the issue that you have supported with argument and evidence. You may present an analysis and criticism of existing views, and even come up with a new one, but you must take a position. It is of course quite possible that someone could just as easily argue the opposing view of the topic. However, the idea of this research paper is that you have performed enough research, and have adequately addressed and refuted the opposing view(s) so that your conclusion is not just simply "your opinion", but in fact is a 9 reasonable choice derived from logical analysis. Address the following questions and caveats: What is the strongest and most important statement that you can make from your observations?   If you met the reader at a meeting six months from now, what do you want them to remember about your paper?   Refer back to the problem posed, and describe the conclusions that you reached from carrying out this investigation, summarize new observations, new interpretations, and new insights that have resulted from the present work.   Include the broader implications of your results.   Do not repeat word for word the abstract, introduction or discussion.  Recommendations (~1 page)  Remedial action to solve the accounting issue(s).  Further research to fill any remaining gaps in our understanding.  Bibliography The paper must contain a bibliography at the end. In general your bibliography should do the following:         Start on a new page with the word "Bibliography" centered and at the top.  Have at least eight alphabetized sources.  Contain a variety of sources from different types and titles of sources.  Contain recent sources (the majority should be less than five years old).  Not contain entries that are not cited within the text.  Contains all works cited in the research paper.  With regard to the layout of the bibliography, it should be single-line spaced with one blank line between each entry.  It must conclude with the following sentence: “All sources that have been used in this paper have been listed.”  (Keep track of references as you use them by adding them at the end of your paper or to an associated file.)  GRADING The paper will be primarily, but not exclusively, graded on the following criteria: Quality, quantity, and thoroughness of research Adherence to topic Thoroughness of coverage of the topic issues Relevancy and clarity of arguments Documentation, synthesis and analysis of relevant material Persuasiveness and accuracy of conclusions Clarity and conciseness of writing Difficulty of subject matter Correctness and quality of works cited Grammar and spelling Adherence to instructions Specifically, the following rubric will be used for grading your research paper: ITEM Points Proposed topic and rationale: Did the student propose a topic, backing it by relevant literature, identifying the gaps in our understanding, and the relevance of 10 the topic to at least one key accounting stakeholder, and meet with the instructor by the time indicated to discuss same? Title Page: Does the title page contain the title of the research paper, the student’s name and email address, the professor’s name, the course name, and the signed 4 declaration? Abstract: Does the abstract reflect the title of the project and the aim and scope of the work? Does it contain essential information on rationale, background, and 8 significance? Does it state the major results and implications for research /practice? Is it written clearly? Introduction: Does the introduction do a good job of introducing an important accounting topic or question? Are the goals/objectives of the paper adequately introduced? Does it adequately describe the scope of the paper? Is the importance 10 of the topic well justified? Are statements supported by appropriate citations from published literature, where appropriate? Does it contain a “verbal roadmap” to guide the reader to what lies ahead? Literature Review and Data Collection Approach: Is the literature review an organized presentation of the literature that was reviewed? Is it aimed carefully at the main topic or question, and objective(s)? Are ideas paraphrased well? Are ideas synthesized from multiple sources? Are statements supported by appropriate citations? Does the student show sufficient familiarity with, and understanding of, 14 the relevant literature? Has the student compiled and assessed a representative set of academic and professional sources (including recent papers) that is relevant to the assignment objectives? Does it provide a sufficiently comprehensive study of the topic? Has the student provided systematic motivation of the literature choices made, based on an identification of the objective, the core problem/ issues, the relevant solution parameters, the theory and/or other considerations? Data Analysis and Presentation (Results): Was the student able to present the data clearly? Were the techniques adopted appropriate to the subject matter and properly applied? Were the results suitably set out, and accompanied by adequate exposition? Did the student present actual statements of the literature reviewed, statistics, tables and graphs etc.? Did the student analyze the key information and 14 ideas presented in the literature? Did the student indicate information on range of variation? Did the student mention negative results as well as positive? Did the student present sufficient details so that others can draw their own inferences and construct their own explanations? Discussion: Is the literature well synthesized, and in the student’s own words? Were the weakness and/or strengths of the topic discussed and analyzed? Has the student shown an ability to conduct a critical study and in-depth analysis of the relevant sections of the selected sources and, on that basis to broaden, integrate and/or compare the various theories, concepts and models to develop his/her own 14 ideas for the resolution of the issue, advancement of the debate regarding the research topic? Were arguments well structured, logical, to the point and linguistically correct? Did the student include information on implications for research /practice? Conclusions: Were the major points and findings from the paper summarized adequately? Were conclusions consistent with the arguments, analysis and facts presented? Did the student describe briefly how the evidence, examples, and arguments previously presented work to support this final claim? Did the student clearly state his/her conclusion(s) by choosing a side of the issue that was supported with argument and evidence? Did the student present an analysis and criticism of 8 existing views, and even come up with a new one, and make a decision / take a position? Did the student refer back to problem posed, and describe the conclusions that were reached from carrying out this investigation, summarizing new observations, new interpretations, and new insights that have resulted from the present work? Recommendations: Did the student provide suggested remedial action(s) to resolve the accounting issue(s)? Did the student provide suggestions about further 4 research that could be conducted to fill any gaps in our understanding of the accounting issue? Bibliography: Is appropriate formatting used for in-text and Reference citations? Was the bibliography started on a new page with the word "Bibliography" centered and at the top? Did it contain at least eight alphabetized sources? Did it contain a variety of sources from different types and titles of sources? Did it contain recent sources (the majority should be less than five years old)? Did it not contain entries that are not cited within the paper? Did it contain all works cited in the research 6 paper? With regard to the layout, was it single-line spaced, with one blank line between each entry? Did the in-text citation and bibliography consistently follow the Chicago/Turabian Style, MLA Style, or APA Style? Did the bibliography conclude with the following statement - “All sources that have been used in this paper have been listed”? Independence / Originality: Did the student demonstrate an independent and creative approach to his/her research? Did the paper include new or novel analyses 4 or interpretations of theories, concepts, constructions, models, and or practice- related ideas? Overall Presentation and Clarity: Are the different sections of the paper well linked? Are the ideas presented clearly and can they be followed from one section of the paper to the next? Is the writing style clear (topic sentences introduce themes 4 presented in each paragraph; concise language used; spelling and grammar acceptable)? Use of tense and active/passive voice is consistent? Did the writer follow overall instructions for content, format, etc.? RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOOD WRITING Clarity and accuracy   Write at a level that is appropriate for your audience.  Use verbs instead of abstract nouns.  Use strong verbs instead of "to be".   Use short sentences. A sentence made of more than 40 words should probably be rewritten as two sentences.    Make sure that the antecedent for every pronoun (it, these, those, that, this, one) is crystal clear. If in doubt, use the noun rather than the pronoun, even if the resulting sentence seems a little bit redundant.  Ensure that subject and verb agree in number (singular versus plural).   Be especially careful with compound subjects. Be especially careful with subject/verb agreement within clauses.   Contractions (can't, doesn't, etc.) are a form of informal speech that should never be used in a formal paper.   The paper should be written in a formal style. Conversational text is not appropriate. Examples:  Well, the reason is ....... The answer is, you see ... "Well" is not appropriate. "You see" is not appropriate. So, computers are .......... "So" is not appropriate. All formal papers should be written solely in the third person (he, she, it). The only section of the paper in which you may do otherwise is the conclusion where  first person (I) is allowed. The use of second person (you) should never be used because you (the writer) would be making assumptions about the reader that may not be true. Editing your Text Even a rough draft should be edited.     Proofread your paper a few times; and consider having a friend or family member read your paper before you turn it in.   Check on the logic of your arguments!   Check your spelling. Spellcheckers are useful for initial checking, but don't catch homonyms (e.g. hear, here), so you need to do the final check by eye.   Make sure that you use complete sentences.  Helpful Resources for Reading Academic Papers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKxm2HF_-k0 http://tep.uoregon.edu/resources/exchange/research/readingjournalarticles.html www.eecs.harvard.edu/~michaelm/.../ReadPaper.pdf http://faculty.washington.edu/davidgs/ReadArticle.html 14
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