How did the decolonization of Jamaica from Britain affect Jamaica's economy in terms of migration, trade, and status?

User Generated

yrbanebovafba1fg

Humanities

SYP4453

Florida Atlantic University

Description

This paper has to be between 10-12 pages about my research topic. I added my professors response to my proposal, literature review, and outline of the paper, so that you could see what he wants specifically. I need 8 citations and also need internal citations in the paper. The literature review is a part of the 10-12 pages and the lit review has to be 3 pages, so the paper is basically 7-9 pages in length. It has to be chicago style. My thesis is:


[CMK1]Status is a very broad concept. What kind of status was affected?

[CMK2]You have an overall argument, which is great. But this thesis needs to be made more specific. What concrete changes occurred in migration, trade, and status. Tell the reader up front more specifically what you will be showing in detail below.

This is just an example of some of the comments my professors writes on my assignments. I really need major help on this paper, and the vocabulary does not have to be too proper because I do not use that high of a vocabulary. College Junior/Senior is the vocabulary I use. I have added

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Robinson, Leona SYP 4453 Professor Koppelman 26 October 2019 Many Caribbean islands that we visit today and vacation to were once colonized, whether it was the British, U.S. or the Europeans. Now that some of those islands have been decolonized, many people - the general public - do not think to wonder why and how, or the impacts of being decolonized. Particularly, in the island of Jamaica how was the economy and people shaped after its decolonization? In this literature review I will discuss and research the effects in the economy of Jamaica since its decolonization from Britain. Within the economy there are a few, but not limited to, subgroups that were directly affected because of the decolonization, which are gender (gender roles), migration, and trade (imports and exports). The sources will be grouped together based on the subgroup that it addresses. After Jamaica’s decolonization, the “mainland was a traditional safety valve for emigrants fleeing stagnant economies, but restrictive U.S. laws had sharply curtailed West Indian access to it. Greater West Indian access to Britain had offset some of these losses, but in the wake of 1958 race riots in Nottingham and London’s Notting Hill neighborhood, Parliament reduced immigration to a trickle. This damaged island economies” (Parker 2008, pg. #). This showed how far Jamaica’s separation and independence from Britain reached, into the United States, although it was through the process of Jamaicans fleeing, and trying to migrate because of the fall out in their economy. “Many ideologies of the Jamaican man were based on what was taught to them or what they saw from the white men. the notion of masculinity was also central to the construction of colonial ideologies of citizenship. Centered on the free white male individual, this version of masculinity was rooted in the bourgeois patriarchal family, Caribbean deviation from the white bourgeois norm of the patriarchal family was used to deny full political freedom to former slaves” (Thame 2011, pg. #). This article gives a glimpse into how their gender roles were established, and still upheld today in Jamaica, because even now if women had a child out of wedlock, or frequently had different partners, the British and Europeans would see it as black men not being able to rule their families (Thame 2011). This put a certain standard on these men as having to be dominant. Trade was a big part of Jamaica’s income. “sugar accounted for 90 per cent of the value of Jamaican output, and over half was exported via Kingston (Gardner 1873; Pitman1917; Burnard 2002). Kingston also maximized its returns from other trading links. By adding to the triangular run the trade of the thirteen British colonies in North America, variety was legitimately introduced into the commodities—lumber, casks, flour, and ground provisions— handled by Kingston, and the volume and value of its trade were enhanced (Pitman 1917)(Clarke 2006).”(Citation?) Once Jamaica was free from Britain it became harder for Jamaica to trade, because Britain was no longer controlling them and their funds. Jamaica has reached out to the World Bank, because “Public debt fell below 100% of GDP in 2018/19 and is expected to decline below 60% by 2025/26, in line with the provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility Law. The rate of unemployment also fell to a historic low of 7.8% in April 2019, which is almost half the rate at the start of the reform program (World Bank). Also “In 2013, Jamaica launched an ambitious reform program to stabilize the economy, reduce debt, and fuel growth, gaining national and international support (World Bank).” Jamaica has been trying to get back on track since their freedom. In conclusion, I plan on bringing all of these different parts, or subgroups together, by explaining how each was affected by the economy, whether it was good or bad. From there I can show that they are all connected even though they were affected differently. None of these are parallel from the economy of Jamaica since their decolonization, but they are all tied together. Bibliography Barriteau, Eudine. 2001. The Political Economy of Gender in the Twentieth-Century Caribbean. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave. Charmaine Crawford. 2019. “Decolonizing Reproductive Labor: Caribbean Women, Migration, and Domestic Work in the Global Economy,” no. 1: 33. Clarke, Colin G. 2006. Decolonizing the Colonial City : Urbanization and Stratification in Kingston, Jamaica. Oxford Geographical and Environmental Studies. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Ingram, K. E. 1997. Jamaica. Vol. Rev. ed. World Bibliographical Series. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. Joseph, Celucien L. 2018. “Towards a Caribbean Political Theology of Emancipation and Decolonization: A Comparative Analysis of Four Caribbean Theologians.” Black Theology: An International Journal 16 (2): 148. Parker, Jason C. 2008. Brother’s Keeper : The United States, Race, and Empire in the British Caribbean, 1937-1962. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oyedola, David A., and Olaoluwa A. Oyedola. 2015. “The Relevance of Cultural Heritage in Remaking a New Africa.” Journal of Pan African Studies 8 (6): 85–106. Thame, Maziki. 2011. “Reading Violence and Postcolonial Decolonization through Fanon: The Case of Jamaica.” Journal of Pan African Studies, no. 7: 75. Leona, You are narrowing down your topic, but this review is incomplete. You only draw on three sources – not organizing multiple sources into groups. There are several sources listed in the bibliography that are not mentioned in the review. In the final paper, your literature needs to be more thorough, and show the arguments that different scholars make about the most important changes in Jamaica’s economy and society after decolonization. The material you are introducing jumps around chronologically, from trade in the colonial period, to migration in the 1960s or 1970s, to the economic situation in Jamaica in recent years. It is not clear how each of them help answer your research question directly. Make sure you are reading your sources carefully and drawing only directly relevant information and evidence from them. I would try to focus on the first few decades after decolonization. You will have to read some more history to have a clear sense of what was going on in Jamaica at that time (general history will also help you write your context/background section). See specific comments in the marginal notes. Come to office hours again if you are stuck or want some more guidance! Grade: 75% Robinson, Leona SYP 4453 Professor Koppelman 27 September 2019 Research Question: Many Caribbean islands that we visit today and vacation to were once colonized, whether it was the British, U.S. or the Europeans. Now that some of those islands have been decolonized, no one thinks to wonder why and how, or the impacts of being decolonized. This paper will examine how the economy, gender, and gender roles of those islands were affected positively and negatively during and after their decolonization. Justification: My question is related to this course on global social change because showing the impact of the decolonization of these islands will show that it impacted other parts of the world as well, not only the island and the colonizer. I think it is important for us to understand this subject because often times we just take it as no big deal that certain places decolonize. I do not think we give it much recognition because we think they are doing “fine”, but we never sit back and think how their lives, and economy was really affected. Bibliography Barriteau, Eudine. 2001. The Political Economy of Gender in the Twentieth-Century Caribbean. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave. Charmaine Crawford. 2019. “Decolonizing Reproductive Labor: Caribbean Women, Migration, and Domestic Work in the Global Economy,” no. 1: 33. Pemberton, Rita, Debbie McCollin, Gelien Matthews, and Michael Toussaint. 2018. Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago. Vol. New edition. Historical Dictionaries of the Americas. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Roopnarine, Jaipaul L., and Derek Chadee. 2016. Caribbean Psychology : Indigenous Contributions to a Global Discipline. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Verstraeten, Soraya P.A., Hans A.M. van Oers, and Johan P. Mackenbach. 2016. “Decolonization and Life Expectancy in the Caribbean.” Social Science & Medicine 170 (December): 87–96. Leona, This is a good start. You have an interesting question that is clearly relevant to the course. Above you will see that I included some suggestions on how to sharpen your question a bit. All of your sources are valid academic sources, but only three of them seem directly relevant to your topic (and the one on life expectancy is not that directly connected). You will have to find some sources that really speak to the question of gendered changes in the economy – as I can clearly see with the one on migration and domestic work. You are also still looking at the region of the Caribbean as a whole. As you find more sources, it might be a good idea to narrow down to a few more specific cases. Colonization and decolonization was quite different in different islands, so it will be hard to analyze the whole region together with enough detail. Nevertheless, I think you are in a good place to move forward with this, so keep searching for sources and reading more about the topic – this will be the most effective way to start narrowing down the focus and preparing the literature review. Grade: 85% Robinson, Leona 16 November 2019 SYP 4453 Professor Koppelman I. Title Post-colonial Jamaica and Their Economy II. Introduction • Within the economy there are a few, but not limited to, subgroups that were directly affected because of the decolonization in Jamaica, which are status, migration, and trade (imports and exports). This topic is important because it gives a glimpse of how a majority of islands, specifically Jamaica was left off once they decolonized from one of the more successful countries at the time (Britain). • Jamaica’s economy became worse off after their decolonization from Britain, which in turn affected their migration, trade, and status. • I will be using evidence based on what authors wrote about the history of Jamaica, what it was like during their colonization, and based on the aftermath of them separating from Britain. III. • Background/Context “On May 5, 1494 Christopher Columbus, the European explorer, who sailed west to get to the East Indies and came upon the region now called the West Indies, landed in Jamaica” (The 2018). • “In the wake of the West Indian labor rebellion of 1937-38, Britain began a process of gradual decolonization of the region. In 1944, Jamaica was granted a degree of democratic self-government which was progressively extended over the next two decades, culminating in the granting of independence in 1962“(Clarke 2006, pg 416). • “By 1954, there were over one thousand commercial establishments owned by the Chinese. In 1970 the number amounted to 7 percent of Jamaica’s population. In 1982, this fell to 2 percent as many migrated to Canada and the United States of America” (History 2019). • “Due to its extreme poverty for the many in the middle of great wealth for the few, Jamaica was the most unequal place yet studied in the pre-modern world” (Burnard 2019). IV. A summary of your revised literature review • Literature group 1 is mostly about how trade in Jamaica was affected, showing the before and after decolonization and how that affected the economy. When Jamaica was still a part of Britain, Jamaica was receiving more money through their exports, once they separated, they were struggling to have things imported for their people. “Since the 1950s, exports had not been sufficient to cover the cost of imports, and so the country relied on inflows of foreign investment and tourism to make up for a chronic trade deficit. Despite the health per capita growth rate, unemployment increased from 12 percent in 1960 to 24 percent in 1972”(Biddle 1989, pg. 418). • Literature group 2 is about the migration that occurred after the decolonization of Jamaica and how that affected the economy. Jamaica’s separation and independence from Britain reached, into the United States, which made it hard for them to migrate to the U.S. because Jamaica’s economy was on a low. It also worked the other way around that the Jamaicans that did migrate to other places affected the economy because that was less income for them. “Mainland was a traditional safety valve for emigrants fleeing stagnant economies, but restrictive U.S. laws had sharply curtailed West Indian access to it…this damaged island economies” (Parker 2008, pg. #143). • Literature group 3 is about status and how they were affected and how it affected the economy. “Many ideologies of the Jamaican man were based on what was taught to them or what they saw from the white men. The notion of masculinity was also central to the construction of colonial ideologies of citizenship. Centered on the free white male individual, this version of masculinity was rooted in the bourgeois patriarchal family, Caribbean deviation from the white bourgeois norm of the patriarchal family was used to deny full political freedom to former slaves” (Thame 2011, pg. #78). This affected the economy because this made the men in Jamaica to remain in power and not really allowing women to go out and work for money, which would help the economy grow. V. Evidence and Analysis • Class Status- In 1960, as in 1991 using the classic labour force as the basis, the percentages would have been roughly 5 percent elite, 25 percent middle class, and 70 percent lower class (Clarke 1966: 169, table 2). This shows the expansion of the middle class and the elite at the expense of the lower class since the end of the colonial period—in spite of structural adjustment, as educational opportunity and the immigration of those with higher qualifications acted in concert with the longterm growth of the bureaucracy and sophisticated service provision to create new higher-class positions. (Clarke 2006, pg 71) • Migration- Migration has been a crucial, but declining, component of population growth in Kingston over the last half century. In 1960, half the inhabitants of the capital had been born elsewhere in the island; but by 1991, almost 70 percent of the residents of the KMR had been born in the parishes of Kingston, St Andrew, and St Catherine—an area, admittedly, larger than the metropolitan region itself. Many small-town dwellers who work in Kingston choose to commute daily from places as distant as May Pen and Mandeville (65 miles to the west), and emigration to Canada and the USA, if feasible, is much preferred to migration to the Kingston’s uncertain labour market. (Clarke 2006, pg 69) • Trade- I think trade was affected both positively and negatively from Jamaica’s decolonization. Once Jamaica decolonized, they were able to get some sort of income on their own to better the economy. “ Kingston…maximized its returns from other trading links. By adding to the triangular run the trade of the thirteen British colonies in North America, variety was legitimately introduced into the commodities—lumber, casks, flour, and ground provisions—handled by Kingston, and the volume and value of its trade were enhanced (H.E. 1918). This piece of analysis will contribute to my overall argument because it will prove how trade affected the economy. VI. Conclusion • The big picture that I want the reader to take away is how Jamaica’s economy was affected by their decolonization from Britain. I also want the reader to see how many different groups were specifically affected from the economy during that period in time. This topic matters because it could possibly help other people realize that everything is connected regardless if it is just one part being targeted. Bibliography Biddle, William Jesse, and John D. Stephens (1989). "Dependent Development and Foreign Policy: The Case of Jamaica." International Studies Quarterly 33, no. 4: 411-34 Burnard, Trevor, Laura Panza, and Jeffrey Williamson. 2019. “Living Costs, Real Incomes and Inequality in Colonial Jamaica.” Explorations in Economic History 71 (January): 55–71. Clarke, Colin G. 2006. Decolonizing the Colonial City: Urbanization and Stratification in Kingston, Jamaica. Oxford Geographical and Environmental Studies. Oxford: OUP Oxford. H. E. Egerton. 1918. “The Development of the British West Indies, 1700-1763. F. W. Pitman.” The Economic Journal 28 (112): 435. “History Notes: Information on Jamaica's Culture & Heritage.” 2019. The National Library of Jamaica. The National Library of Jamaica. May 30. Long, Edward 1774. The History of Jamaica Or, General Survey of the Antient and Modern State of that Island: with Reflections on Its Situation, Settlements, Inhabitants ... In Three Volumes. Illustrated with Copper Plates. Vol. 1. London: Printed for T. Lowndes Parker, Jason C. 2008. Brother’s Keeper: The United States, Race, and Empire in the British Caribbean, 1937-1962. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thame, Maziki. 2011. “Reading Violence and Postcolonial Decolonization through Fanon: The Case of Jamaica.” Journal of Pan African Studies, no. 7: 75. “The History of Jamaica.” Jamaica Information Service. Accessed November 16, 2019. https://jis.gov.jm/information/jamaican-history/. Leona, You are getting closer, but still have some serious work to do. Especially with respect to your argument about trade, you don’t cite any sources about the post-colonial period. You also need to make more explicit how decolonization had effects on gender relations and migration. As it stands, you only state that things changed after decolonization. How did the shift from Jamaica as a colony to an independent country matter? (It did, but you need to show how more clearly). I have written a number of suggestions for areas where you need to clarify or add to different parts of the paper. Look at them closely and come talk to me if you have questions in developing this into the final paper. Grade: 80%
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Postcolonial Jamaica and their Economy

Name of Students
Course
Professor
Date

Surname

2

Postcolonial Jamaica and Their Economy
After colonizers leave a country to govern itself, the outcome can be positive, while in
some instances, it can be harmful. Sometimes even though people suffered during colonial
regimes, it becomes hard when the country becomes independent. Jamaica gained its
independence from the British in the early 1960s, and the decolonization process has had an
impact on migrations, trade, and gender. Decolonization is a continuous process, and even
though many countries attained self-governance in the mid-20th century, the countries are still
experiencing the impacts of the decolonization process. Before Jamaica attained self-governance,
it was the colonial master that was the market of its agricultural produce. After independence, the
volume of goods bought by the British from Jamaica significantly dropped as Jamaica was
supposed to make its trade deals. It is, therefore, essential to note that the non-performing
economy negatively impacts people in the country. The economy of Jamaica slowed after it
gained its independence, and this led to emigrations and low trade volumes.
Overview of Jamaica Under British Rule
Christopher Columbus discovered Jamaica in 1494, and this marked the disruption of the
life of the indigenous inhabitants and, consequently, colonization ("The History of Jamaica"
2019, 1). The indigenous inhabitants of Jamaica are believed to be people called the Tainos, who
arrived on the Island about 2500 years ago. These people lived a simple life until Columbus
discovered the potential of the Island. The arrival of Columbus marked the colonization of the
Island. The Spaniards tortured the original inhabitants, and within a short period, their numbers
had significantly reduced. European diseases also contributed to the decline of the indigenous
population in the area. In the early years of Spanish occupation, the Island remained weak since

Surname

3

the Spanish community was small, and the Island majorly acted as a supply base for conquering
mainland America. The Island did not get adequate support from the Spanish government and
coupled with internal strife and pirate attacks, and the Island remained weak during the Spanish
occupation of the area.
The British takeover of Jamaica began in 1655 when Admiral Wiliam Penn with General
Robert Venables successfully attacked the Island. When the Spaniards saw that they had been
defeated, the surrendered, freed their slaves and fled Cuba. The slaves that were freed became
what is commonly known as the maroons. It is when the Island was under British rule that the
buccaneers became attracted to the Island, and they were instrumental in defeating the Spaniards.
The buccaneers were ruthless sea pirates who robbed seafarers in the region. The Buccaneers
attacked Spanish settlements in other islands in the region, and they, therefore, paid little
attention to defending Jamaica and hence, the British occupation of the region ("The History of
Jamaica" 2019, 2).
After several setbacks that range from tropical diseases to earthquakes, the British finally
settled and began the development of the Island. The majority of the British settler were farmers,
and they grew crops like tobacco, cocoa, and indigo for sale in England. Later, sugar became the
main cash crop of the Island. Africans were shipped from Africa to work in the plantation, and
they were preferred because they were cheap and hardened. The Island experienced several slave
rebellions are African slaves who were dissatisfied with the working conditions. The free slaves
joined the Maroons in the mountains, and they started attacks against the planters. Finally,
slavery was abolished on the Island, and mechanisms were put in place to empower the freed
slaves.

Surname

4

The abolition of the slave trade dealt a blow to the sugar industry since it led to a
reduction of workers. In 1846, the British parliament passed legislation that ensured that
Jamaica’s sugar is not prioritized as it was in the past. This killed the sugar industry in the
country, and Jamaica’s house of assembly had to vote for direct British rule. There was,
however, a setback in the early 1860s since the American civil war prevented supplies from
reaching the Island, and this caused riots that led to the death of many white men. Those who
organized and were sympathetic to the plight of the poor blacks were shot and hanged by
Governor Edward Eyre. ...


Anonymous
Really helped me to better understand my coursework. Super recommended.

Studypool
4.7
Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

Related Tags