Name 1! Before the 19th century, if one were to see a physician for any medicinal needs ranging from small issues such as migraines to larger, more threatening ones such as the plague, chances are that the physician would try one of their most common techniques before anything else; bloodletting. Bloodletting is the procedure of removal of some of the patient's blood for therapeutic reasons. This ideology started to spread throughout medieval Europe and became the standard technique amongst all practitioners. It was derived and initiated in prehistoric times for the purpose of being utilized as a way to eliminate the evil and impure fluids within ones body. One medieval author wrote, “It makes the mind sincere, it aids the memory, it purges the brain, it reforms the bladder, it warms the marrow, it opens the hearing, it checks tears, it removes nausea, it benefits the stomach, it invites digestion, it evokes the voice, it builds up the sense, it moves the bowels, it enriches sleep, it removes anxiety.”1 This technique was used on our very own president in early history. On December 14, 1799, President George Washington was suffering from a sore throat, making it difficult for him to breathe. A doctor that was well educated on the topic of bloodletting was immediately called up to Mount Vernon to extract the infection out of Washington’s body. George Rawlins, the practitioner that aided Washington, made a small opening in order to draw blood, in hopes of drawing out the infection as well during the extraction. He had a total of 3.75 liters of blood drawn out in ten hours to help cure him from his infection; approximately more than half of the blood in his whole body. The utilization of leeches in the medical field is one of the oldest procedures and has been used to treat patients experiencing a vast range of conditions. It originated from the Greeks and 1 Kuriyama S. “Interpreting The history of Bloodletting” Name 2! spread across several regions such as the China,, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. My research paper will focus on the numerous methods of bloodletting, different views on leech therapy and how it plays in the practice of bloodletting under the humoral theory in China and Ancient Greece, and the positive vs. negative notions on Hirudotherapy. Although methods of bloodletting have changed over the years from once the method of cupping to the method of bleeding by sharp weapons, Hirudotherapy is specifically important because it is therapeutically used in conventional treatment of pain by the usage of their saliva. The saliva of a leech consists of about 100 bioactive substances that are helpful for patients. However, how does a physician know where to treat the patient? Hippocrates’s methods enabled others to be able to identify where they would have to place these leeches based off of the humoral theory. Each humor is related to a specific organ and if you were ill, it meant that your body has an imbalance. Hippocratic physicians believed these balances could be restored by removing or adding humors. This gave physicians a huge advantage to help treat patients more efficiently. Although bloodletting is proven to be beneficial, it can be very dangerous when done incorrectly. There were many cases where one was bled to death because the area continues to ooze blood or there is a small risk of infection. By examining all the positive and negative aspects in the bloodletting technique, physicians can determine if it is essential for their patience’s health. How did the methods of bloodletting change overtime? The practice of bloodletting began around 3,000 years ago with the Egyptians, but it reached its peak in Europe in the 19th century. This ideology became very popular amongst many physicians; however, there were several methods of bloodletting that were practiced in the past. Based on the illness, one is able to indicate where the bleeding should be done from for preeminent results. Methods of Name 3! bloodletting were constantly changing to improve the procedure and make it easier. Amongst several techniques of bloodletting, one form of bloodletting was done through a procedure of the surgical opening or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood or introduce a fluid. Usually blood would be drawn from large veins by using a needle ,phlebotomy. Veins are what the phlegm passes through. If these veins are obstructed, then the illness occurs. The belief that veins are hollow and contained the humors, air, and foodstuff were a critical concept in the humoral theory (Bockler 106). Another case would include blood being drawn exclusively from the arteries, arrteriotomy. In the 15th century, the main tools they used for this procedure were called lancets and fleams. Lancets and fleams were sharp-pointed two-edged instruments that physicians would carry in their pocket. Fleams were tools with several sized blades that folded like a pocketknife and consisted a double-edged blade of iron or steel screwed together between two decorative covers, usually of horn or shell. Because of the sharpen blade, this was preferred for making a small opening in the vein because it has an ability to be used at numerous angles. An additional method was cupping, which is still used today worldwide in traditional Chinese medicine. This method was used when a patient seemed to be too old, young, or weak to undergo the surgical puncture of the vein. It was very much dependent on the bodies constitution because this method isn't as universal as the other methods. By heating the glass and placing a dry or wet glass cup on the area that is needed treatment, air will be extracted giving off a suction sensation. This allows your skin to rise as your blood vessels expands in your body. Sometimes, the physician will remove the cup and use a sharp weapon to make a tiny cut, and begin draw out a small quantity of the ‘bad’ blood. However, the most popular method for bloodletting was the usage of leeches, Hirudo Medicinalis. Leeches have been said to evolve from once being used as an effortless Name 4! bloodsucking method, used for their ability to secrete saliva containing about 60 different proteins, into a medicinal process with an analytical clinical operation. This method became very popular when a Parisian physician, Dr. François Broussais, claimed that all fevers were due to specific organ inflammation and believed that when placing leeches over the organ of the body that was deemed to be inflamed, it would help because leeches can ingest about 5 to 10 ml of blood; a total of 40-60mL of blood in one appointment. The luckiest patients were treated by leeches. Although it was a slower process, it was more controlled on the patients affected area. In 1830, France imported almost over 40 million leeches to be used for medicinal needs because of how popular this method was and quickly it was growing. The next decade, England imported six million leeches and this went on and on; leading hundreds of millions of leeches to be used by physicians throughout Europe. Why leeches? Leeches are commonly used as an effective way to increase blood circulation and destroy blood clouts. By placing a leech on the problematic area, they use their saliva that contains numerous proteins with several health effects; including Hirudin (that acts as a blood thinner), Calin (that also helps prevent your blood from turning into a solid), and also has hyaluronidase (that helps increase the consistency of the fluids in one’s body). Not only are all of these ideal elements used in leech therapy but it can increase blood flow. How did bloodletting first come to be? In ancient Greece, bloodletting was a common practice to remove a pathological humor from a patient's body to restore the balance of their humors and alleviate the illness afflicting the patient (Bockler 107). Bloodletting in Ancient Rome was notably influenced by Galen, who also became the personal physician to Marcus Aurelius. Galen’s writings became the foundation of the Western medical tradition for over 1,300 Name 5! years. He summarized the knowledge of his predecessors while adding his own experiences from treating the wounds of gladiators as well as from dissections of pigs and monkeys. Among his other contributions to medicine, Galen was the first to show that blood, flowed through veins. In addition, he was the one to classify leech therapy as a way of treatment and prevention of health. "He believed that blood was the dominant humor and the one in most need of control. To maintain balance of the humours, a physician would either remove excess blood from the body or advise them any other treatment for evacuation of morbid humours”, declaring blood as the most dominant humor. 2 His works and writings were used by several physicians at that time and finally became a standard treatment for many illnesses. Hippocrates, the father of medicine, later continued this existence was represented by the four basic elements—earth, air, fire, and water— which correlated to the four basic human humours: blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile. Each humor is related to a specific organ and is also linked to a particular personality type: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and choleric. Each humor is associated with a different organ and season. Black bile is associated with the spleen and autumn, yellow bile with the liver and summer, phlegm with the brain and winter, and blood with the heart and spring. In addition, every human possesses two primary opposite qualities: hot, dry, moist, or cold. An individual’s temperament can be distinguished by which humor he possesses. Based on the four humours, if you were ill, it meant that your body has an imbalance of one or more. It was believed that illness occurred because these fluids, also known as humors, became unbalanced within the patient’s body, a condition known as plethora. Based on this belief, the physician needed to rebalance the humors to cure the illness. In order for a physician to rebalance a body, they need 2 Gerry Greenstone, MD,. The History of Bloodletting. Name 6! to come up with an approach on how to treat the patient. Bockler describes the physician's method of diagnosis in his piece “Let’s Play Doctor: Medical Rounds in Ancient Greece”: “The physician used his five senses to study all of the patient’s secretions and excretions to determine the balance of the humors. The prognosis of a disease from the signs and symptoms aided the proper treatment to restore the humoral balance... Prognosis of disease was made using information about the environment and individual symptoms of the patient.” (Bockler 107) Hippocratic physicians believed these balances could be restored by removing or adding humors in a number of different ways (Cartledge 314; Bockler 106). The evacuation of the offending humor could be carried out through purging, starvation, or bloodletting. Although there were numerous methods of removing an amount of the excessive humor, leech therapy was the most efficient and most effective method. Traditional Chinese Medicine, which is also called TCM or Oriental Medicine, is not really based on the four humors but structured by the concept of Yin and Yang. However, the humoral theory does play a huge factor prominently in Chinese Medicine in many of its subsidiary concepts and doctrines. In Chinese Medicine, the dynamic interchange between Yin and Yang was recognized in the great cycles of nature. So too, the human body being part of the great cycle of nature, needs to maintain a dynamic stability and balance. Yang corresponds to fire, whereas Yin corresponds to water. Yin and Yang are the two primal forces of Nature, which drive all physiology and metabolism in our bodies. According to David K. Osborn’s article on Greek Medicine, “In Greek Medicine, Fire and Water are the two Cardinal elements, which drive all the forces of Nature, as well as the physiology and metabolic processes of the body. Greek Medicine is also based on the idea of polarity and homeostasis, which is given primary Name 7! expression in the doctrine of the Four Basic Qualities: Hot, Cold, Dry and Wet. The Hot and Dry qualities would be recognized as being Yang in nature by the Chinese, whereas the Cold and Wet qualities would be recognized as being Yin by the Chinese. By assigning an active or dominant role to the Yang and Yin qualities of Hot and Cold, and a passive or secondary role to the Yang and Yin qualities of Dry and Wet, seeing them as the effects of the two active qualities, Greek Medicine is able to construct a medicine wheel that acknowledges the dynamic interplay of Yin and Yang in the great cycles of Nature and the seasons. Fire, having the qualities of Hot and Dry, is most active or dominant in the Summer, and is the most Yang element, whereas Water, having the qualities of Cold and Wet, is most active or dominant in the Winter, and is the most Yin element. The other two elements and their qualities represent transitional states between the extremes of Fire and Water.” The Four Essences, Qi, Blood, Yin and Yang and the Four Humors ,blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile, have a lot of similarities between each other. Qi and Blood, are most closely corresponded to a humor in Greek Medicine is, of course, Blood, which is basically identical to the Sanguine Humor. Similarly, the Chinese see Blood as being warming, moistening and nourishing, and also vital and exuberant, as well as regenerating. Qi corresponds most closely to Pneuma or the Vital Force in Greek Medicine. Chinese doctors say that the relationship of Qi and Blood is so close that they are almost like an object and its shadow. Greek Medicine expresses this incredibly close kinship between Blood and Pneuma by saying that Blood, or the Sanguine Humor, has a vital function as the humoral vehicle or medium for the transmission of Pneuma and the other vital principles. Chinese Medicine is quite elaborate and sophisticated when it comes to the differentiation of different types of Qi, but the form of Qi that is closest to the Blood, and which gives Blood the ability to nourish, is the Ying Qi. Yin, besides being one of the two great primal forces of Nature, is also, in relation to the Four Essences, a kind of catch-all term for the clear, watery fluids that cool, moisten, nourish and lubricate the organism; and so, the Yin Name 8! of the body, in terms of the Four Essences, is commonly referred to as Body Fluids. Furthermore, these Body Fluids are further differentiated into two broad categories: Jin, which refers to the lighter, finer and more “misty” fluids of the body, versus Ye, which refers to the thicker, heavier fluids of the body, like the synovial fluid that lubricates the joints. From the above description, it is not hard to recognize the close parallel or equivalency between the Chinese concept of Yin, Body Fluids or Jin / Ye and the Phlegmatic Humor in Greek Medicine, which refers to the clear, watery fluids of the body that have the collective function of cooling, moistening, nourishing and lubricating the organs, cells and tissues of the body. Furthermore, Chinese Medicine recognizes that the Yin or Body Fluids derive their essential ability to moisten and nourish from the underlying Jing, or Vital Essence, which Greek Medicine calls the Radical Moisture. The remaining Essence of Chinese tonic herbal medicine is, like Qi, more energetic or functional in nature, and not, strictly speaking, a fluid, essence or substance. It is Yang, which corresponds most closely with what Greek Medicine calls the Metabolic Heat; Yang also encompasses the more active, dynamic and catabolic manifestations of certain endocrine glands and their hormonal activity, particularly the thyroid and adrenal glands. Whereas Qi pertains to the kinetic energy of the organism, Yang pertains to the thermal energy of the body, to the Metabolic Heat and the energy burning catabolic metabolism. So – of the Four Essences of Chinese tonic herbal medicine, two of them are actually essences, fluids or substances, and correspond quite closely with the two moist, flourishing humors of the body – the Sanguine and Phlegmatic humors. The other two pertain to energy and function. The fact that two of the Four Essences of Chinese tonic herbal medicine aren’t really essences at all, but energies, points to the more functional, kinetic and energetic emphasis of Chinese Medicine, which is rooted in the underlying Chinese worldview. Overall, we can see how the humoral theory supplied a platform for understanding the human body between both regions. Name 9! Risks of leech therapy: Infection There is a small risk of infection from the leech. Although they are specially farmed for medical use, they contain bacteria in their gut which helps them digest blood. To help prevent the risk of an infection (which could affect the success of your surgery), your doctor will give you an antibiotic whilst you are having leech therapy. Please tell your medical team if you are allergic to any antibiotics or other medicines. • Bleeding The area where the leech was attached may continue to ooze blood for several hours after the leech has dropped off. This will be monitored and your blood levels checked to make sure you do not become anaemic (when your blood lacks red bloods cells). (https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/patient-guide/leaflets/files/32855Pleech.pdf ) Cons: Doctors, or barbers, typically nicked veins in the forearm or neck • Sometimes using a special tool known as a fleam • The other options was the use of leeches • Medieval Europe Bloodletting • • • most people bled out the wounds from the bloodletting would get infected people are already weak from being sick and they would be even weaker after losing half their blood Name 1! 0 Pros: • • • • • considered one of the oldest medical practices originated in ancient Egypt belief that most ailments were because of overabundance of blood Hippocrates agreed with the method and wrote and taught about it frequently because of Hippocrates bloodletting spread quickly through Roman culture 12-15 Pages Title: Introduction Scope: time span and the location Of the different cultures State research question Thesis statement: answer the research question Evidence Example: social aspect or political aspect of the topic Main text / Body Paragraphs Also can be used to help show evidence Evidence 1 2-3 pages for each topic for the evidence Make a claim for the evidence and use quotes to support that. When going to next paragraph add a good transition Evidence 2 Evidence 3 Evidence and so on Make sure not to add irrelevant aspects Conclusion Restate thesis statements Summarize what had been said Name 1! 1 At least use one of the 3 trends of scholarships in the conclusion: What is the nature of knowledge? What are the modes of knowledge production? What is the way knowledge is transmitted? Choose at least one maybe even two Evaluation: further research of relevant times Works Cited / Bibliography Must be author and date style Chicago style Moran, Bruce T. "Bloodletting in Ancient Greek and Chinese Traditions." Pharmacy in History 37, no. 4 (1995): 190-91. www.jstor.org/stable/ 41111713. https://allthatsinteresting.com/bloodletting Bockler, Donald. “Let's Play Doctor: Medical Rounds in Ancient Greece.” T he American B i o l o g y T e a c h e r . 6 0 . 2 . 1 9 9 8 . 1 0 6 – 1 1 1 . JS T O R . W e b . 15Nov.2015. Cartledge, Paul. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1998. 312314. Print. http://www.greekmedicine.net/b_p/ The_Four_Humors_in_Chinese_Medicine.html Name 1! On December 14, 1799, President George Washington was suffering from a sore throat, making him critically ill. After proving his incapability of breathing, three doctors who were well educated on the removal of blood were immediately called up to Mount Vernon to extract the infection from Washington’s body. George Rawlins, the practitioner that aided him, made a small incision to draw blood, with hopes of drawing out the infection as well during the extraction. Over the course of ten hours, Washington had a total of 3.75 liters of blood drawn from his body to cure him from his infection. This amounted to approximately more than half of the blood in his whole body. The method used by Washington’s physicians is widely known as bloodletting, with its prevalence taking Western Europe by storm. Before the 19th century, if one were to see a physician for any medicinal needs ranging from small concerns such as migraines to larger, more threatening ones such as the plague, chances are that the physician would try one of their most common techniques before anything else; bloodletting. Bloodletting is the procedure of the removal of blood from a patient for therapeutic reasons. This ideology spread throughout medieval Europe and became the standard technique amongst all practitioners. It was derived and initiated in prehistoric times for the purpose of being utilized as a way to eliminate the evil and impure fluids within ones body. One medieval author wrote, “It makes the mind sincere, it aids the memory, it purges the brain, it reforms the bladder, it warms the marrow, it opens the hearing, it checks tears, it removes nausea, it benefits the stomach, it invites digestion, it evokes the voice, it builds up the sense, it moves the bowels, it enriches sleep, it removes anxiety.”1 . 1 Kuriyama S. “Interpreting The history of Bloodletting” Name 2! The utilization of leeches in the medical field is one of the oldest procedures and has been used to treat patients experiencing a vast range of conditions. It originated from the Greeks and spread across several regions such as China, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. This research paper will focus on the numerous methods of bloodletting, different views on leech therapy and how it plays in the practice of bloodletting in China (using the five elements) and Ancient Greece (using the four humors), and the positive versus negative notions on Hirudotherapy. Although methods of bloodletting have changed over the years from once the tactic of cupping to the procedure of bleeding by sharp weapons, Hirudotherapy is specifically important because it is therapeutically used in conventional treatment of pain by the usage of their saliva. The saliva of a leech consists of about 100 bioactive substances that are useful for patients. However, how does a physician know where to treat the patient? Hippocrates’s methods enabled others to be able to identify where they would have to place these leeches based off of the humoral theory. Each humor is related to a specific organ and if you were ill, it meant that your body has an imbalance. Hippocratic physicians believed these balances could be restored by removing or adding humors. This gave physicians a huge advantage to help treat patients more efficiently. Although bloodletting is proven to be beneficial, it can be very dangerous when done incorrectly. There were many cases where one was bled to death because the area continues to ooze blood or there is a small risk of infection. By examining all the positive and negative aspects in the bloodletting technique, physicians can determine if it is essential for their patience’s health. The Evolution of Bloodletting that Led to Hirudotherapy How did the methods of bloodletting change overtime? The practice of bloodletting began around 3,000 years ago with the Egyptians, but it reached its peak in Europe in the 19th Name 3! century. This ideology became very popular amongst many physicians; however, there were several methods of bloodletting that were practiced in the past. Based on the illness, one is able to indicate where the bleeding should be done from for preeminent results. Methods of bloodletting were constantly changing to improve the procedure and make it easier. Amongst several techniques of bloodletting, one form of bloodletting was done through a procedure of the surgical opening or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood or introduce a fluid. Usually blood would be drawn from large veins by using a needle ,phlebotomy. Veins are what the phlegm passes through. If these veins are obstructed, then the illness occurs. The belief that veins are hollow and contained the humors, air, and foodstuff were a critical concept in the humoral theory (Bockler 106). Another case would include blood being drawn exclusively from the arteries, arrteriotomy. In the 15th century, the main tools they used for this procedure were called lancets and fleams. Lancets and fleams were sharp-pointed two-edged instruments that physicians would carry in their pocket. Fleams were tools with several sized blades that folded like a pocketknife and consisted a double-edged blade of iron or steel screwed together between two decorative covers, usually of horn or shell. Because of the sharpen blade, this was preferred for making a small opening in the vein because it has an ability to be used at numerous angles. An additional method was cupping, which is still used today worldwide in traditional Chinese medicine. This method was used when a patient seemed to be too old, young, or weak to undergo the surgical puncture of the vein. It was very much dependent on the bodies constitution because this method isn't as universal as the other methods. By heating the glass and placing a dry or wet glass cup on the area that is needed treatment, air will be extracted giving off a suction sensation. This allows your skin to rise as your blood vessels expands in your body. Sometimes, the physician will Name 4! remove the cup and use a sharp weapon to make a tiny cut, and begin draw out a small quantity of the ‘bad’ blood. However, the most popular method for bloodletting was the usage of leeches, Hirudo Medicinalis. Leeches have been said to evolve from once being used as an effortless bloodsucking method, used for their ability to secrete saliva containing about 60 different proteins, into a medicinal process with an analytical clinical operation. This method became very popular when a Parisian physician, Dr. François Broussais, claimed that all fevers were due to specific organ inflammation and believed that when placing leeches over the organ of the body that was deemed to be inflamed, it would help because leeches can ingest about 5 to 10 ml of blood; a total of 40-60mL of blood in one appointment. The luckiest patients were treated by leeches. Although it was a slower process, it was more controlled on the patients affected area. In 1830, France imported almost over 40 million leeches to be used for medicinal needs because of how popular this method was and quickly it was growing. The next decade, England imported six million leeches and this went on and on; leading hundreds of millions of leeches to be used by physicians throughout Europe. Why leeches? Leeches are commonly used as an effective way to increase blood circulation and destroy blood clouts. By placing a leech on the problematic area, they use their saliva that contains numerous proteins with several health effects; including Hirudin (that acts as a blood thinner), Calin (that also helps prevent your blood from turning into a solid), and also has hyaluronidase (that helps increase the consistency of the fluids in one’s body). Not only are all of these ideal elements used in leech therapy but it can increase blood flow. Method Used by Chinese Tradition Name 5! -what was the most popular method the Chinese used for bloodletting -still talk about leech therapy in china Method Used by Ancient Greece -most popular method used in greek for bloodletting --still talk about leech therapy in greece The Four Humors of Ancient Greek How did bloodletting first come to be? In ancient Greece, bloodletting was a common practice to remove a pathological humor from a patient's body to restore the balance of their humors and alleviate the illness afflicting the patient (Bockler 107). Bloodletting in Ancient Rome was notably influenced by Galen, who also became the personal physician to Marcus Aurelius. Galen’s writings became the foundation of the Western medical tradition for over 1,300 years. He summarized the knowledge of his predecessors while adding his own experiences from treating the wounds of gladiators as well as from dissections of pigs and monkeys. Among his other contributions to medicine, Galen was the first to show that blood, flowed through veins. In addition, he was the one to classify leech therapy as a way of treatment and prevention of health. "He believed that blood was the dominant humor and the one in most need of control. To maintain balance of the humours, a physician would either remove excess blood from the body or advise them any other treatment for evacuation of morbid humours”, declaring blood as the most dominant humor. 2 His works and writings were used by several physicians at that time and 2 Gerry Greenstone, MD,. The History of Bloodletting. Name 6! finally became a standard treatment for many illnesses. Hippocrates, the father of medicine, later continued this existence was represented by the four basic elements—earth, air, fire, and water— which correlated to the four basic human humours: blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile. Each humor is related to a specific organ and is also linked to a particular personality type: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and choleric. Each humor is associated with a different organ and season. Black bile is associated with the spleen and autumn, yellow bile with the liver and summer, phlegm with the brain and winter, and blood with the heart and spring. In addition, every human possesses two primary opposite qualities: hot, dry, moist, or cold. An individual’s temperament can be distinguished by which humor he possesses. Based on the four humours, if you were ill, it meant that your body has an imbalance of one or more. It was believed that illness occurred because these fluids, also known as humors, became unbalanced within the patient’s body, a condition known as plethora. Based on this belief, the physician needed to rebalance the humors to cure the illness. In order for a physician to rebalance a body, they need to come up with an approach on how to treat the patient. Bockler describes the physician's method of diagnosis in his piece “Let’s Play Doctor: Medical Rounds in Ancient Greece”: “The physician used his five senses to study all of the patient’s secretions and excretions to determine the balance of the humors. The prognosis of a disease from the signs and symptoms aided the proper treatment to restore the humoral balance... Prognosis of disease was made using information about the environment and individual symptoms of the patient.” (Bockler 107) Hippocratic physicians believed these balances could be restored by removing or adding humors in a number of different ways (Cartledge 314; Bockler 106). The evacuation of the offending humor could be carried out through purging, starvation, or bloodletting. Although there were Name 7! numerous methods of removing an amount of the excessive humor, leech therapy was the most efficient and most effective method. Overall, we can see how the humoral theory supplied a platform for understanding the human body between both regions. The Five Elements of China Traditional Chinese Medicine, which is also called TCM or Oriental Medicine, is not really based on the four humors but structured by the concept of Yin and Yang. However, the humoral theory does play a huge factor prominently in Chinese Medicine in many of its subsidiary concepts and doctrines. In Chinese Medicine, the dynamic interchange between Yin and Yang was recognized in the great cycles of nature. So too, the human body being part of the great cycle of nature, needs to maintain a dynamic stability and balance. In TCM, the five elements, wood, fire, earth, metal, was a foundational platform through which medicine can be viewed ,shaping a relation between the life force and different elements in nature. Practitioners use this wisdom to treat patients safely, without invasive surgery or the harmful side effects of pharmaceuticals. -Continue talking about the 5 elements and how they relate to the humoral theory Next paragraph: The Positive and negative notions of bloodletting in both greek and china Then go in specific of leech therapy Give a really good conclusion Name 8! THIS CAN HELP WITH FORMAT: 12-15 Pages Title: Introduction Scope: time span and the location Of the different cultures State research question Thesis statement: answer the research question Evidence Example: social aspect or political aspect of the topic Main text / Body Paragraphs Also can be used to help show evidence Evidence 1 2-3 pages for each topic for the evidence Make a claim for the evidence and use quotes to support that. When going to next paragraph add a good transition Evidence 2 Evidence 3 Evidence and so on Make sure not to add irrelevant aspects Conclusion Restate thesis statements Summarize what had been said At least use one of the 3 trends of scholarships in the conclusion: What is the nature of knowledge? What are the modes of knowledge production? What is the way knowledge is transmitted? Choose at least one maybe even two Evaluation: further research of relevant times Works Cited / Bibliography Must be author and date style Chicago style
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