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(1)After reading the attached article, “Home Broadband 2013 (PIP_Broadband 2013_082613.pdf )", provide the following information:

Major themes

Major issues

Major stakeholders

  1. Social, legal and /or ethical issues
  2. Results
  3. Personal opinion of additional solutions
  4. (2)Read the pdf article - Harnessing Green IT
  5. Harnessing Green IT - Principles and Practice - San Murugesan.pdf 
  6. List the following points under this forum: (please write the answers clearly for each question)

Major themes

Major Issues

Major Stakeholders

Social, legal, and/or ethical issues

Results

Personal Opinion of additional Solution


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Green Computing Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices San Murugesan Adopting a holistic approach to greening IT is our responsibility toward creating a more sustaining environment. E nterprises, governments, and societies at large have a new important agenda: tackling environmental issues and adopting environmentally sound practices. Over the years, the use of IT has exploded in several areas, improving our lives and work and offering convenience along with several other benefits. We are passionate about advances in and widespread adoption of IT. However, IT has been contributing to enGreening Unwanted vironmental problems, which Computers: The Three Rs most people don’t realize. Computers and other IT inGreen IT Standards and frastructure consume signifiRegulations cant amounts of electricity, Green IT Resources placing a heavy burden on our electric grids and contribut- Inside 24 IT Pro January/February 2008 ing to greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, IT hardware poses severe environmental problems both during its production and its disposal. IT is a significant and growing part of the environmental problems we face today. We are obliged to minimize or eliminate where possible the environmental impact of IT to help create a more sustainable environment. To reduce IT’s environmental problems and to create a sustainable environment, we call upon the IT sector as well as every computer user to green their IT systems, as well as the way they use these systems. We are legally, ethically, and socially required to green our IT products, applications, services, and practices. Green IT benefits the environment by improving energy efficiency, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, using less harmful materials, and encouraging Published by the IEEE Computer Society 1520-9209/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE reuse and recycling. Factors such as environmental legislation, the rising cost of waste disposal, corporate images, and public perception give further impetus to the green IT initiative. Green IT is a hot topic today and will continue to be an important issue for several years to come. To foster green IT, we should understand: What are the key environmental impacts arising from IT? What are the major environmental IT issues that we must address? How can we make our IT infrastructure, products, services, operations, applications, and practices environmentally sound? What are the regulations or standards with which we need to comply? How can IT assist businesses and society at large in their efforts to improve our environmental sustainability? In this article, we address these questions and examine related issues. We then present a holistic approach to greening IT. Additionally, we propose a green IT strategy for enterprises and outline specific ways to minimize IT’s environmental impact. Environmental Issues and Problems The growing accumulation of greenhouse gases is changing the world’s climate and weather patterns, creating droughts in some countries and floods in others. It’s slowly pushing global temperatures higher, posing serious problems to the world (see http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/index. php/egj/article/view/3205/3175). For instance, 2005 was the warmest year on record, and the 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1980. Global data shows that storms, droughts, and other weather-related disasters are growing more severe and more frequent. To stop the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, global emissions would have to stop growing. Electricity is a major cause of climate change, because the coal or oil that helps generate electricity also releases carbon dioxide, pollutants, and sulfur into the atmosphere. These emissions can cause respiratory disease, smog, acid rain, and global climate change. Reducing electric power consumption is a key to reducing carbon dioxide emissions and their impact on our environment and global warming. With this in mind, let’s focus on what each of us—as IT professionals, members of the IT industry, and IT users—can do individually and collectively to create a sustainable environment. Let’s examine IT’s environmental impact and consider green IT measures that we can adopt. IT’s environmental impact IT affects our environment in several different ways. Each stage of a computer’s life, from its production, throughout its use, and into its disposal, presents environmental problems. Manufacturing computers and their various electronic and non-electronic components consumes electricity, raw materials, chemicals, and water, and generates hazardous waste. All these directly or indirectly increase carbon dioxide emissions and impact the environment. Each PC in use generates about a ton of carbon dioxide every year. The total electrical energy consumption by servers, computers, monitors, data communications equipment, and cooling systems for data centers is steadily increasing. This increase in energy consumption results in increased greenhouse gas emissions. Each PC in use generates about a ton of carbon dioxide every year. Computer components contain toxic materials. Increasingly, consumers discard a large number of old computers, monitors, and other electronic equipment two to three years after purchase, and most of this ends up in landfills, polluting the earth and contaminating water. The increased number of computers and their use, along with their frequent replacements, make the environmental impact of IT a major concern. Consequently, there is increasing pressure on us—the IT industry, businesses, and individuals—to make IT environmentally friendly throughout its lifecycle, from birth to death to rebirth. As many believe, it’s our social and corporate responsibility to safeguard our environment. Green IT Green IT refers to environmentally sound IT. It’s the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems—such as January/February 2008 IT Pro  25 Green Computing Reduce power consumption 75% Lower costs 73% Lower carbon emissions and environmental impact 56% vironmentally sustainable IT is the key to future success. Benefits of greening IT Environmental issues impact IT busi55% ness’ competitive landscape in new ways, and enterprises with the technology and 47% Space savings vision to provide products and services that address environmental issues will en0% 25% 50% 75% 100% joy a competitive edge. For example, when making purchasing, leasing, or outsourc1 Reasons and benefits for using green IT practices. ing decisions, many customers now consider the service providers’ environmental monitors, printers, storage devices, and netrecords and initiatives. Businesses face working and communications systems—effihigher energy costs, and they may also incur adciently and effectively with minimal or no impact ditional government levies if they don’t address on the environment. Green IT also strives to the environmental implications of their pracachieve economic viability and improved systices. Investors and consumers are beginning to tem performance and use, while abiding by our demand more disclosures from companies with social and ethical responsibilities. regard to their carbon footprint as well as their Thus, green IT includes the dimensions of environmental initiatives and achievements, and environmental sustainability, the economics of they have started discounting share prices of energy efficiency, and the total cost of ownercompanies that poorly address the environmenship, which includes the cost of disposal and tal problems they create. As a result, many busirecycling. nesses have begun showing their environmental Green IT spans a number of focus areas and credentials. For instance, the Carbon Disclosure activities, including Project (www.cdproject.net) is a recent initiative to petition global companies to disclose their • design for environmental sustainability; carbon emissions. • energy-efficient computing; Adopting green IT practices offers business• power management; es and individuals financial and other benefits. • data center design, layout, and location; IT operations achieve better energy efficiency • server virtualization; through green initiatives, which financially • responsible disposal and recycling; benefit them, especially when electrical en• regulatory compliance; ergy is at a premium and energy prices are • green metrics, assessment tools, and rising. In a survey by Sun Microsystems Ausmethodology; tralia (see http://au.sun.com/edge/2007-07/eco. • environment-related risk mitigation; jsp?cid=920710) involving 1,500 responses from • use of renewable energy sources; and 758 large and small organizations in Australia • eco-labeling of IT products. and New Zealand, respondents said reducing power consumption and lowering costs are the A growing number of IT vendors and users major reasons for using eco-responsible pracare moving toward green IT and thereby assisttices, followed by a lower environmental impact ing in building a green society and economy. and improved system use (see Figure 1). When consumers are faced with more green Most companies are bound to prioritize taxes and regulations, they will favor green IT environmental issues for environmental, solutions. However, to build a greener environenergy-efficiency, and cost-control imperament, we must modify or abolish many old and tives. As concerns, regulations, and marketfamiliar ways of doing things and discover new based mechanisms to address climate change methods. Fortunately, the IT industry is interrise, businesses will focus on environmental ested in handling IT’s environmental issues and sustainability. Corporate and institutionpursuing new opportunities. Innovations in enal buyers are asking their suppliers to take Improved systems performance and use 26 IT Pro January/February 2008 Green use of IT systems measures to “green up” their products and their manufacturing processes. For instance, companies such as Dell and Wal-Mart are adopting initiatives that force their suppliers to adhere to environmentally sound practices. People have begun to value the environmentally friendly attributes of IT, and in the next five years, green IT will become a common feature. Companies will offer a range of new green products and services, and new business opportunities will emerge. Green manufacturing of IT systems Green IT Green design of IT systems Green disposal of IT systems 2 Holistic approach to green IT. A Holistic Approach to Green IT To comprehensively and effectively address the environmental impacts of IT, we must adopt a holistic approach that addresses the problems along the following four complementary paths (see Figure 2): Green design Green manufacturing of computers Use reprocessed material Reuse parts • Green use. Reduce the energy consumpRecycle, reprocess Refurbish, Redeploy, materials upgrade reuse tion of computers and other information systems and use them in an environmentally sound manner. Use computers Dispose • Green disposal. Refurbish and reuse old judiciously computers and properly recycle unwanted computers and other electronic Donate equipment. • Green design. Design energy efficient and environmentally sound components, computers, servers, and cooling 3 Green a computer’s entire lifecycle. equipment. • Green manufacturing. Manufacture electronic tion by making small changes to the ways we use components, computers, and other associcomputers. Most personal desktop computers ated subsystems with minimal or no impact run even when they aren’t being used, because on the environment. users needlessly leave them on, wasting electricity. Furthermore, computers generate heat and By focusing our efforts on these four fronts, require additional cooling, which adds to the we can achieve total environmental sustaintotal power consumption and cost for the enability from the IT side and make IT greener terprise. While the savings in energy costs per throughout its entire lifecycle (see Figure 3).1 PC may not seem like much, the combined savNext, let’s explore these measures. ings for hundreds of computers in an enterprise is considerable. We can reduce PC energy conUsing IT: sumption by adopting several measures. Environmentally Sound Practices A key green objective in using computer systems and operating data centers is to reduce their energy consumption, thereby minimizing the greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing energy consumption by PCs We can significantly reduce energy consump- Enabling power management features. Without sacrificing performance, we can program computers to automatically power down to an energy-saving state when we aren’t using them. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that providing computers with a sleep mode reduces their energy use by January/February 2008 IT Pro  27 Green Computing 60–70 percent (see http://ecenter.colorado.edu/ energy/projects/green_computing.html). Because PC use is widespread across any given organization, it’s difficult for the IT staff to manage their enterprise’s PC power consumption. In this case, a pragmatic approach is to use software such as Surveyor from Verdiem (www.verdiem.com) that offers network-level control over PCs and monitors. The software places the PC into a lower-power consumption mode, such as shutdown, hibernation, or standby, and monitors into a sleep mode when they aren’t being used. It also measures and reports how much power each PC and monitor consumes. Network managers can remotely awake the PCs for software upgrades, maintenance, or backup. Turning off the system when not in use. This is the most basic energy conservation strategy for most systems. Many people believe the misconception that a computer’s life is shortened by turning it on and off, so they leave their computers on all the time. The electronic equipment’s life span depends on its cumulative operational time and its temperature. Turning it off reduces both of these factors, increasing the life of the equipment. Manufacturers protect personal computers’ internal circuitry from power damage from on/off switching, and they design modern hard drives to operate reliably for thousands of on/off cycles. Therefore, users actually benefit from turning off their systems when they aren’t using them. Some people are reluctant to switch their computers on and off a couple of times during their workday, because they don’t want to wait a minute or two until the system is ready for use. However, the energy savings are well worth the inconvenience of waiting a short time for a computer to reboot or a peripheral to come online. Using screensavers. A blank screensaver conserves more power than a screensaver that displays moving images, which continually interacts with the CPU. But even that reduces the monitor’s energy consumption by only a small percentage. Using thin-client computers. Users can choose to employ thin-client computers, 28 IT Pro January/February 2008 which draw about a fifth of the power of a desktop PC. These measures, though easily adoptable, wouldn’t become a practical reality without users’ wholehearted willingness and active participation. To make these efforts a success, enterprises must educate their employees to save energy by changing their computer habits. Enterprises must seek their employees’ feedback, address their concerns, and encourage them to join in green computing efforts. Greening data centers The continued rise of Internet and Web applications is driving the rapid growth of data centers. Enterprises are installing more servers or expanding their capacity. The number of server computers in data centers has increased sixfold to 30 million in the last decade, and each server draws far more electricity than earlier models. Aggregate electricity use for servers doubled between 2000 and 2005, most of which came from businesses installing large numbers of new servers.2 With energy prices increasing worldwide, the operational cost of data centers continues to increase steadily. Besides the cost, availability of electrical power is becoming a critical issue for many companies whose data centers have expanded steadily. The social, financial, and practical constraints involved will force businesses and IT departments to reduce energy consumption by data centers. We can improve data center efficiency by using new energy-efficient equipment, improving airflow management to reduce cooling requirements, investing in energy management software, and adopting environmentally friendly designs for data centers and new measures to curb data centers’ energy consumption. According to a recent purchasing survey (see http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/ originalContent/0,289142,sid80_gci1264212,00. html): • more than 50 percent of data center professionals who responded to the survey said they have saved energy through server virtualization; • 32 percent have made efforts to improve underfloor air-conditioning efficiency; • 17.5 percent have implemented power-down features on servers not in use; • 11 percent have tried DC power in the data center; and • only 7.7 percent have tried liquid cooling for increased data center cooling efficiency. Though liquid is several hundred times more efficient than air for cooling hot servers, customers are nonetheless unwilling to use liquid cooling, perhaps because of the complexities involved with it. However, if the high-density computing infrastructure requires liquid cooling, data center managers may have to adapt to it and deal with the complexities involved. In a survey by Sun Microsystems Australia, 80 percent of respondents said they would use energy-efficient technologies, 63 percent said they would use power and cooling solutions, and 60 percent said they would use system virtualization (see http://au.sun.com/edge/200707/eco.jsp?cid=920710). In the following paragraphs, we outline three broad measures to greening data centers: energy conservation, eco-friendly design, and server virtualization. Energy conservation. Energy costs now account for nearly 30 percent of a data center’s operating expenses (see http:/news.zdnet.co.uk/ itmanagement/0,1000000308,39284324,00. htm), a significant amount of which is spent on cooling. The IT industry is inventing new ways to help address this issue. For example, companies like IBM, Hewlett Packard, SprayCool, and Cooligy are working on technologies such as liquid cooling, nano fluid-cooling systems, and in-server, inrack, and in-row cooling. Other innovative ways of making a data center more environmentally friendly include using new high-density servers, using hydrogen fuel cells as alternative green power sources, and applying virtualization technologies that reduce the total power consumption of servers and lower the heat generated. Old mainframe computers are bulky power hogs that demand a lot of cooling. Hence, major IT vendors are addressing these problems by assisting their customers in migrating applications from mainframes to servers. Eco-friendly design. Eco-friendly data center designs use a synthetic white rubber roof, paint, and carpet that contain a low volatile organic compound (VOC), countertops made of recycled products, and energy-efficient mechanical and electrical systems at optimal efficiency. Eco-designs make use of natural light as well as green power—electricity generated from solar or wind energy—to run the data center. Enterprises that adopt eco-friendly designs can get tax incentives and gain a competitive advantage, as more and more customers want to work with eco-friendly firms. While building a new data center provides complete design control, IT professionals can take measures to reduce heat, add light, and discard materials that contain toxic chemicals in existing data centers. For instance, they can use energy-efficient windows, skylights, and skytubes, and change the paint and carpet to a low-VOC variety. Many American enterprises are adopting the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards maintained by the US Green Building Council (www.usgbc.org) for building new data centers. LEED promotes a “whole-building approach” to sustainability, focusing on five key areas: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Virtualization. Virtualization is a key strategy to reduce data center power consumption (see www. infoworld.com/archives/t.jsp?N=s&V=85855). With virtualization, one physical server hosts multiple virtual servers. Virtualization enables data centers to consolidate their physical server infrastructure by hosting multiple virtual servers on a smaller number of more powerful servers, using less electricity and simplifying the data center. Besides getting better hardware usage, virtualization reduces data center floor space, makes better use of computing power, and reduces the data center’s energy demands. Many enterprises are using virtualization to curb the runaway energy consumption of data centers. To tackle the issue of data centers’ huge power consumption, leading IT enterprises joined forces in February 2007, to form a nonprofit group called the Green Grid (www.thegreengrid.org). This group seeks to define and propagate the best energy-efficient practices in data center operation, construction, and design, and drive new user-centric metrics and technology January/February 2008 IT Pro  29 Green Computing Greening Unwanted Computers: The Three Rs Unwanted computers and monitors shouldn’t be thrown away in rubbish bins, as they will then end up in landfills causing serious environmental problems. Instead, we should refurbish and reuse or recycle them in environmentally sound ways. Here we outline how you can do that. Reuse Why do we need to buy new computers for each and every project or once every two or three years? We should make use of an older computer if it meets our requirements. Otherwise, we should give it to someone who needs it or use functional components from a retired product. By using the hardware for a longer period of time, we can reduce the total environmental footprint caused by computer manufacturing and disposal. Refurbish We can refurbish and upgrade old computers and servers to meet new requirements. We can make an old computer and other IT hardware almost new again by reconditioning and replacing their parts. Rather than buying a new computer to our specifications, we can buy refurbished IT hardware in the market. More enterprises are open to purchasing refurbished goods, and the market for refurbished IT equipment is growing. From the green angle, reusing what we have is a better long-term way of managing resources. Fiscally speaking, we can potentially save our cash flow, and capital expenditures. If these options are unsuitable, we can donate the equipment to charities or schools or trade in our computers. Charities refurbish old computers and give them to those in need. Recycle When we can’t reuse computers, even after considering the prospects of refurbishing, we must dispose of them properly in environmentally friendly ways. Most unwanted computers and electronic goods end up in landfills. Electronic waste or e-waste—discarded computers and electronic goods—is one of the fastest-growing waste types, and the problem of e-waste is global. Analysts predict that two-thirds of the estimated 870 million PCs made worldwide in the next five years will end up in landfills. The United Nations Environment Program (www.unep.org) estimates that 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste are generated worldwide each year, and this is increasing (see www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default. asp?DocumentID=485& ArticleID=5431&l=en). Computer components contain toxic materials like lead, chromium, cadmium, and mercury. If we bury computers in landfills, toxic materials can leach harmful chemicals into waterways and the environment. If burned, they release toxic gases into the air we breathe, so if e-waste is not discarded properly, it can harm the environment and people. In addition, e-waste can be a valuable source for secondary raw materials. We should recycle old electronic systems by taking component material and reprocessing it into the same material or breaking it down into constituent materials for reuse. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment regulations (WEEE; see www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/ legislation/380525/473094/?lang=e) aim to reduce the amount of e-waste going to landfills and to increase recovery and recycling rates. The WEEE regulations deal with the following major areas: ➤ separate collection, disposal, and recycling; ➤ standards for e-waste treatment at authorized facilities; and ➤ collection, recycling, and recovery targets. Electrical and electronic manufacturers can also apply WEEE regulations. standards (for details, see the white papers at www.thegreengrid.org/gg_content). No More “Out with the Old” We shouldn’t throw away old computers, monitors, and other IT hardware anymore, as they can cause serious environmental problems. We should try to give life to them in environmentally sound ways by reusing, refurbishing, or recycling them. For details see the sidebar, “Greening Unwanted Computers: The Three Rs.” 30 IT Pro January/February 2008 Designing Green Computers Green computer design aims to reduce the environmental impact of computers by adopting new technologies and using new techniques and materials while balancing environmental compatibility with economic viability and performance. Green design is quickly becoming a necessary business practice. Many computer manufacturers are in the process of making green PCs using nontoxic materials that consume less electrical power and are easily reassembled. These new computers are highly upgradable, thereby extending their useful lifetime. The move from single-core to dual- and quadcore processors saves power while increasing processing performance. This contrasts the old method of improving performance of micro­processors by increasing the frequency of the chip’s operation, which hugely increases power consumption and heat generation. A 15percent reduction in frequency could save up to 50-percent power consumption. Other initiatives, such as dividing the cache into segments that are only powered when required and moving to a 45-nanometer architecture, also reduces power consumption. Manufacturers now apply power-reduction techniques commonly used for laptops, such as screens that darken the backlight and lighten the display palette as well as flash memory caches for hard disks, desktops, and servers. On the data storage front, a smaller number of higher-capacity drives is up to 50 percent more energy efficient than the equivalent large number of small-capacity drives. IT vendors are now investing significant resources in green initiatives such as developing energy-efficient servers, data center cooling solutions, and new materials and design options. Recently, Dell, Apple, and other computer vendors announced their environmental strategy designed to make their computers green for the long term. Dell aims its new Zero Carbon Initiative at maximizing the energy efficiency of Dell products, and over time plans to offset its carbon impact. As a key aspect of this initiative, it requires that its suppliers publicly report their greenhouse gas emissions. Apple has said it will reduce or eliminate toxic chemicals present in its new products and more aggressively recycle its old products. Companies have launched new tools, standards, and product registration to assist customers in assessing the environmental attributes of PCs, notebooks, servers, and other hardware. They include Epeat, the Energy Star 4.0 Standard, and the RoHS Directive. For details, see the sidebar “Green IT Standards and Regulations” on the next page. Enterprise Green IT Strategy Each enterprise must develop a holistic, comprehensive green IT strategy, which should be a component of, and aligned with, an overall enterprise-wide green strategy. It should then develop a green IT policy outlining aims, objectives, goals, plans of action, and schedules. Large enterprises should also appoint an environmental sustainability officer to implement their green policy and to monitor their progress and achievements. To green their IT, enterprises can take any one or a combination of the following three approaches:1 • Tactical incremental approach. In this approach, an enterprise preserves the existing IT infrastructure and policies and incorporates simple measures to achieve their moderate green goals such as reducing energy consumption. These measures include adopting policies and practices such as power management, switching off computers when not in use, using compact energy-efficient light bulbs, and maintaining an optimal room temperature. These measures are generally easy to implement without much cost. However, enterprises should work toward these measures only as short-term, ad hoc solutions. • Strategic approach. In this approach, an enterprise conducts an audit of its IT infrastructure and its use from an environmental perspective, develops a comprehensive plan addressing broader aspects of greening its IT, and implements distinctive new initiatives. For example, an enterprise may deploy new energy-efficient, environmentally friendly computing systems, or it may develop and implement new policies on procurement, operation, and/or disposal of computing resources. While the primary rationale is still cost efficiency and a reduced carbon footprint, it also considers other factors such as branding, image creation, and marketing. • Deep green approach. This approach expands upon the measures highlighted in the strategic approach, wherein an enterprise adopts additional measures such as implementing a carbon offset policy to neutralize greenhouse gas emissions—including planting trees, buying carbon credits from one of many carbon exchanges, or using green power generated from solar or wind energy. January/February 2008 IT Pro  31 Green Computing Green IT Standards and Regulations Green IT standards and regulations, Epeat (www. epeat.net), the Energy Star 4.0 standard, and the RoHS Directive (www.rhos.gov.uk) can help you design green computers and other IT hardware and classify them based on their environmental attributes. Epeat Prompted by the need for an evaluation tool that allows the selection of electronic products based on environmental performance, the Green Electronics Council (www.greenelectronicscouncil.org) has launched the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (Epeat; see www.epeat.net). Epeat assists buyers to evaluate, compare, and select desktop computers, notebooks, and monitors based on their environmental attributes. It also helps manufacturers promote their products as environmentally sound. Epeat evaluates electronic products on 23 required criteria and 28 optional criteria, which are grouped into eight performance categories (see www. greenelectronicscouncil.org/epeat/criteria.htm): reducing and eliminating environmentally sensitive materials, selecting materials, designing for the product’s end of life (such as recycling), product longevity, energy conservation, end-of-life management, corporate performance, and packaging. Epeat identifies its registered products as bronze, silver, or gold. Bronze products meet all 23 required criteria. Silver products meet all 23 required criteria plus at least 14 optional criteria, and gold products meet all 23 required criteria plus at least 21 optional criteria. Manufacturers can pick and choose among the optional criteria to boost their Epeat score to achieve a higher level of registration. All Epeat-registered computers have reduced levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury to better protect human health. These are more energy-efficient and easier to upgrade and recycle. In fact, manufacturers of Epeat products must offer safe recycling options for the products when they’re no longer usable. Epeat recognizes several desktop computers, laptops, and monitors from leading manufacturers as green products (www.epeat.net/Search.aspx). Some computer contracts issued by major government agencies in the US as well as some private enterprises already reference Epeat. Energy Star 4.0 Standard The new Energy Star 4.0 standard regulates energy performance of external and internal power supplies and gives power consumption specifications for idle, sleep, and standby modes for a number of different devices including PCs, desktops, and gaming consoles. Computers meeting the new requirements will save energy in all modes of operation. Regulations for computers in idle mode are new, as previous standards addressed only sleep and standby modes. The new specifications require OEMs to educate users about power management. RoHS Directive The Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (RoHS; see www.rohs.gov.uk and www.netregs.gov.uk/ netregs/275207/1628456/?lang=_e) aims to restrict the use of certain hazardous substances. It also bans placing new electrical and electronic equipment on the European Union market if it contains more than the agreed-upon levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, or flame retardants. An enterprise may also encourage its employees to go green with their home computers by offering incentives such as planting a tree, buying carbon credits, supplying them with free power management software, and offering computer recycling/trade-in provisions. Hopefully, in the beginning enterprises will adopt an incremental approach and then move progressively by implementing other initiatives to reach a full green IT status. Using IT for Environmental Sustainability Besides IT itself being green, it can sup- 32 IT Pro January/February 2008 port, assist, and leverage other environmental initiatives by offering innovative modeling, simulation, and decision support tools, such as • software tools for analyzing, modeling, and simulating environmental impact, and environmental risk management; • platforms for eco-management, emission trading, or ethical investing; • tools for auditing and reporting energy consumption and savings and for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions; • environmental knowledge management systems, including geographic informa- tion systems and environmental metadata standards; • urban environment planning tools and systems; • technologies and standards for interoperable environmental monitoring networks and smart in situ sensors networks; and • integrating and optimizing existing environmental monitoring networks and new easy plug-in sensors. Green IT Resources The following are some helpful electronic resources: ➤ CIO’s “Green IT” page (http://advice.cio.com/ taxonomy/term/27/0) discusses how to stay out of the red with an environmental approach. It covers news, comments on new developments and initiatives, and offers opinions and advice. ➤ InfoWorld’s “Sustainable IT” page (http://weblog. infoworld.com/sustainableit) tracks trends toward a greener, more energy-efficient IT. ➤ Greener Computing (www.greenercomputing.com) is a resource for environmentally friendly computers. ➤ The Green Wombat blog (http://blogs.business2. com/greenwombat) focuses on the environment and technology and covers energy efficiency, green computing, carbon credits, and other areas. ➤ The Data Center Knowledge newsletter (www. datacenterknowledge.com) presents news and analysis about data centers, managed hosting, and disaster recovery. ➤ InfoWorld’s Green Tech newsletter (subscribe at http://subscribe.infoworld.com/cgi-win/ifwd. cgi?m=newsletter) presents how businesses are examining how they use their resources and exploring ways to save energy, materials, and money with green IT. ➤ GreenBiz (www.greenbiz.com) is the leading information resource on how to align environmental responsibility with business success. Using IT to Create Green Awareness In addition to moving itself in a greener direction and leveraging other environmental initiatives, IT could help create green awareness among IT professionals, businesses, and the general public by assisting in building communities, engaging groups in participatory decisions, and supporting education and green advocacy campaigns. Along these lines, tools such as environmental Web portals, blogs, wikis, and interactive simulations of the environmental impact of an activity could offer assistance. I T is part of the environmental problem, and it can be part of the solution. Green IT is an economic, as well as an environmental, imperative. Greening IT is and will continue to be a necessity, not an option. Green IT represents a dramatic change in priority in the IT industry. So far, the industry has been focusing on IT equipment processing power and associated equipment spending. It’s not been concerned with other requirements such as power, cooling, and data center space. However, going forward, the IT industry will need to deal with all of the infrastructure requirements and the environmental impact of IT and its use. The challenges of green IT are immense; however, recent developments indicate that the IT industry has the will and conviction to tackle our environmental issues head-on (see the “Green IT Resources” sidebar). Companies can benefit by taking these challenges as strategic opportunities. The IT sector and users must develop a positive attitude toward addressing environmental concerns and adopt forward-looking, green-friendly policies and practices. References 1. 2. S. Murugesan, “Going Green with IT: Your Responsibility toward Environmental Sustainability,” Cutter Business—IT Strategies Executive Report, vol. 10, no. 8, 2007. S. Pritchard, “IT Going Green: Forces Pulling in Different Directions,” Financial Times, 30 May 2007. San Murugesan is a professor at Multimedia University in Malaysia and an adjunct professor at the University of Western Sydney in Australia. Contact him at san1@ internode.on.net. For further information on this or any other computing topic, please visit our Digital Library at http://www.computer.org/csdl. January/February 2008 IT Pro  33 www.pewresearch.org AUGUST 26, 2013 Home Broadband 2013 Some 70% of American adults have a high-speed broadband connection at home; an additional 10% of Americans lack home broadband but do own a smartphone. And 20% of Americans have neither a home broadband connection nor a smartphone. Kathryn Zickuhr Research Associate, Pew Internet Project Aaron Smith Senior Researcher, Pew Internet Project http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/Broadband.aspx FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, CONTACT: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project 1615 L St., N.W., Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20036 Media Inquiries: 202.419.4500 Trends and demographic differences in home broadband adoption As of May 2013, 70% of American adults ages 18 and older have a high-speed broadband connection at home, according to a nationally representative survey by the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. This is a small but statistically significant rise from the 66% of adults who said they had home broadband in April 2012. Home broadband vs. dial-up, 2000-2013 Among all American adults ages 18 and older, the % who access the internet at home via dial-up or high-speed broadband connection, over time. As of May 2013, 70% of adults have home broadband. Dial-up Broadband 80% 66% 70% 63% 50% 41% 34% 42% 38% 37% 30% 16% 20% 3% 6% 11% 28% 24% 47% 33% 30% 10% 70% 55% 60% 40% 62% 66% 23% 15% 10% 7% 5% 3% 3% 3% 0% June April March March April March March March April April May Aug April May 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: Pew Internet & American Life Project Surveys, March 2000-May 2013. Question wording has changed slightly over time. Our method for measuring home internet use changed in 2011, which would contribute to the seeming decline in adoption. See Methods section for more information. See also: http://pewinternet.org/Trend-Data/Home-Broadband-Adoption.aspx The demographic factors most correlated with home broadband adoption continue to be educational attainment, age, and household income. Almost nine in ten college graduates have high-speed internet at home, compared with just 37% of adults who have not completed high school. Similarly, adults under age 50 are more likely than older adults to have broadband at home, and those living in households earning at least $50,000 per year are more likely to have home broadband than those at lower income levels. pewinternet.org 2 Home broadband demographics 2013 Among all American adults ages 18 and older, the % in each group who have a high-speed broadband connection at home % with home broadband All Americans ages 18+ (n=2,252) 70% a Men (n=1,029) 71 b Women (n=1,223) 69 Race/ethnicity bc a White, Non-Hispanic (n=1,571) 74 b Black, Non-Hispanic (n=252) 64 c Hispanic (English- and Spanish-speaking) (n=249) 53 c Age cd a 18-29 (n=404) 80 b 30-49 (n=577) 78 c 50-64 (n=641) 69 d 65+ (n=570) 43 cd d Education attainment a No high school diploma (n=580) 37 b High school grad (n=374) 57 c Some College (n=298) 78 d College + (n=582) 89 a ab abc Household income a Less than $30,000/yr (n=417) 54 b $30,000-$49,999 (n=320) 70 c $50,000-$74,999 (n=279) 84 d $75,000+ (n=559) 88 a ab ab Urbanity c a Urban (n=763) 70 b Suburban (n=1,037) 73 c Rural (n=450) 62 c Source: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project Spring Tracking Survey, April 17 – May 19, 2013. N=2,252 adults ages 18+. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish and on landline and cell phones. The margin of error for results based on all adults is +/- 2.3 percentage points. a Note: Percentages marked with a superscript letter (e.g., ) indicate a statistically significant difference between that row and the row designated by that superscript letter, among categories of each demographic characteristic (e.g. age). pewinternet.org 3 Smartphones and broadband In recent years internet-connected mobile devices such as smartphones have exploded in popularity, offering an alternate form of “home” internet access. Today 56% of American adults own a smartphone of some kind, compared with 70% who have broadband at home. 1 There is no widespread consensus as to whether 3G or 4G smartphones qualify as “broadband” speed, and many would question whether they offer the same utility to users as a dedicated home internet connection (activities such as updating a resume, filing taxes, or viewing educational content are certainly more challenging on a smartphone operating over a cell phone network, than on a broadbandconnected home computer). For these reasons, smartphones are qualitatively distinct enough that we do not include them in our standard definition of what constitutes a “broadband user.” At the same time, smartphones do offer a potential source of online access to individuals who might otherwise lack the ability to go online at all from within the home, even if that access is somewhat limited in comparison. And indeed, 10% of Americans indicate that they do not have a broadband connection at home but that they do own a smartphone (another way to say this is that 32% of nonbroadband users own a smartphone). If we include that 10% of Americans with the 70% who have traditional broadband, that means that 80% of Americans have either a broadband connection, a smartphone, or both. Here is how the 80% breaks down:    46% of Americans have both a home broadband connection and a smartphone 24% have a home broadband connection, but not a smartphone 10% have a smartphone, but not a home broadband connection The remaining 20% of Americans have neither a home broadband connection nor a smartphone. Including smartphones in the definition of home broadband access helps narrow the differences between some demographic groups, but widens the gap between others. Differences between racial and ethnic groups are an example of smartphones narrowing the “broadband gap”: While blacks and Latinos are less likely to have access to home broadband than whites, their use of smartphones nearly eliminates that difference.2 On the other hand, including smartphones in our broadband definition actually exacerbates differences in broadband adoption rates between young and old. Looking just at our standard definition of home broadband adoption, we find that 80% of young adults ages 18-29 have a high-speed broadband at home, compared with 43% of seniors ages 65 and older—a gap of 37 percentage points. If we include smartphone ownership in our definition of home broadband, this gap actually increases to 49 percentage points, because young adults are more likely than seniors to own smartphones as well. Adding smartphone ownership to home broadband use, we see that the proportion of young adults who have ”home broadband” under this definition increases from 80% to 95%, while including smartphones has no discernible impact on access rates for seniors—the 46% of seniors who have broadband or a smartphone is little different from the 43% who have broadband at all. 1 Aaron Smith, “Smartphone Ownership 2013.” http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/Smartphone-Ownership2013.aspx 2 The US Census Bureau has found similar trends in its own research. See Thom File, U.S. Census Bureau, “Computer and Internet Use in the United States.” Issued May 2013, based on the July 2011 Current Population Survey. http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-569.pdf pp 11-13. pewinternet.org 4 Broadband and smartphone adoption Among all American adults ages 18 and older, the % in each group who… All adults a Men (n=1029) Women (n=1223) b Race/ethnicity a b White, Non-Hispanic (n=1571) Black, Non-Hispanic (n=252) Hispanic (n=249) c Age a 18-29 (n=404) Have broadband at home Have home broadband or smartphone Difference 70% 80% +10 71 81 +10 69 78 +9 bc 80 +6 c 64 79 +15 53 75 +22 74 cd 80 cd bcd +15 cd +11 95 b 30-49 (n=577) 78 c 50-64 (n=641) 69 77 d +8 43 46 +3 37 52 +15 a a +13 ab +9 abc +4 65+ (n=570) d Education attainment a No high school diploma (n=168) d b High school grad (n=630) 57 c Some College (n=588) 78 d College + (n=834) ab abc 89 89 70 87 93 Household income a b c d Less than $30,000/yr (n=580) $30,000-$49,999 (n=374) $50,000-$74,999 (n=298) $75,000+ (n=582) 54 67 a b +9 ab +7 ab +7 c +10 c 70 ab 84 ab 88 79 91 95 +13 Urbanity a Urban (n=763) c 70 c 80 b Suburban (n=1037) 73 83 +10 c Rural (n=450) 62 70 +8 Source: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project Spring Tracking Survey, April 17 – May 19, 2013. N=2,252 adults ages 18+. Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish and on landline and cell phones. The margin of error for results based on all adults is +/- 2.3 percentage points. a Note: Percentages marked with a superscript letter (e.g., ) indicate a statistically significant difference between that row and the row designated by that superscript letter, among categories of each demographic characteristic (e.g. age). pewinternet.org 5 Further reading on broadband access and adoption The Census Bureau’s July 2011 Current Population Survey found that about 98% of U.S. households live in areas where they have access to broadband Internet connections as of July 2011, although only 69% of households used broadband at home. 3 (According to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration and the Economics and Statistics Administration, the proportion of Americans households with home broadband rose to 72% as of October 2012.) In April 2009, Pew Internet asked adults who had dial-up internet at home what it would take for them to switch to a broadband connection. A plurality (35%) said the price would have to fall, 17% said it would have to become available where they live, and one in five (20%) said nothing would get them to change.4 In May 2010, Pew Internet found that Americans generally feel that individuals who do not have broadband at home are at a major disadvantage when it comes to finding out about job opportunities or learning career skills, or when getting health information, learning new things for personal enrichment, and using government services. However, nearly half of adults felt that those without broadband access are not at a disadvantage when it comes to keeping up with news and information or keeping up with what is happening in one’s local community. Minority Americans were more likely to see a lack of broadband access as a major hindrance to accomplishing numerous tasks, while older adults (specifically those ages 65 and older) were less likely to see the drawbacks of a lack of high-speed access. 5 3 “Exploring the Digital Nation: America’s Emerging Online Experience.” National Telecommunications and Information Administration and Economics and Statistics Administration, June 2013. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/report/2013/exploring-digital-nation-americas-emerging-online-experience pp 1-2. See also: http://www.broadbandmap.gov/ 4 John Horrigan, “Home Broadband Adoption 2009.” http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/10-Home-BroadbandAdoption-2009.aspx 5 Aaron Smith, “Home Broadband 2010.” http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Home-Broadband-2010.aspx One in ten Americans (11%) said that expanding high speed access to everyone in the country should be a “top priority,” while three in ten (30%) felt that it is “important, but a lower priority.” One quarter each said that federal promotion of broadband expansion is “not too important” (27%) or “should not be done” (26%). pewinternet.org 6 Survey Questions Spring 2013 Tracking Survey Final Topline 5/21/2013 Data for April 17-May 19, 2013 Princeton Survey Research Associates International for the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project Sample: n=2,252 national adults, age 18 and older, including 1,127 cell phone interviews Interviewing dates: 04.17.2013 – 05.19.2013 Margin of error is plus or minus 2.3 percentage points for results based on Total [n=2,252] Margin of error is plus or minus 2.5 percentage points for results based on all internet users [n=1,895] Margin of error is plus or minus 2.4 percentage points for results based on all cell phone owners [n=2,076] Do you use the internet, at least occasionally? EMLOCC Do you send or receive email, at least occasionally? EMINUSE Do you use the internet or email, at least occasionally? INTMOBDo you access the internet on a cell phone, tablet or other mobile handheld device, at least occasionally?6 INTUSE USES INTERNET Current December 2012 September 2012 August 2012 April 2012 February 2012 85 81 81 85 82 80 DOES NOT USE INTERNET 15 19 19 15 18 20 INTUSE/EMLOCC/EMINUSE/INTMOB continued... 6 The definition of an internet user varies from survey to survey. In the current survey, half the sample was asked INTUSE/EMLOCC/INTMOB and half was asked EMINUSE/INTMOB. Current results are for both forms combined. Throughout the current topline, total internet users are defined as those who answered yes to any question INTUSE, EMLOCC, EMINUSE or INTMOB. From April 2012 thru December 2012, an internet user is someone who uses the internet at least occasionally, sends/receives email at least occasionally or accesses the internet a mobile device (three-part definition with question wording “Do you use the internet, at least occasionally?” OR “Do you send or receive email, at least occasionally?” OR “Do you access the internet on a cell phone, tablet or other mobile handheld device, at least occasionally?”). From January 2005 thru February 2012, an internet user is someone who uses the internet at least occasionally or sends/receives email at least occasionally (two-part definition with question wording “Do you use the internet, at least occasionally?” OR “Do you send or receive email, at least occasionally?”). Prior to January 2005, an internet user is someone who goes online to access the internet or to send and receive email (question wording “Do you ever go online to access the Internet or World Wide Web or to send and receive email?”). pewinternet.org 7 INTUSE/EMLOCC/ EMINUSE/INTMOB continued... December 2011 August 2011 May 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 September 2010 May 2010 January 2010 December 2009 September 2009 April 2009 December 2008 November 2008 August 2008 July 2008 May 2008 April 2008 January 2008 December 2007 September 2007 February 2007 December 2006 November 2006 August 2006 April 2006 February 2006 December 2005 September 2005 June 2005 February 2005 January 2005 Nov 23-30, 2004 November 2004 July 2004 June 2004 March 2004 February 2004 November 2003 August 2003 June 2003 May 2003 March 3-11, 2003 February 2003 pewinternet.org USES INTERNET DOES NOT USE INTERNET 82 78 78 79 77 74 74 79 75 74 77 79 74 74 75 77 73 73 70 75 73 71 70 68 70 73 73 66 72 68 67 66 59 61 67 63 69 63 64 63 62 63 62 64 18 22 22 21 23 26 26 21 25 26 23 21 26 26 25 23 27 27 30 25 27 29 30 32 30 27 27 34 28 32 33 34 41 39 33 37 31 37 36 37 38 37 38 36 8 HOME3NW Do you ever use the internet or email at HOME?7 Based on all internet users [N=1,895] Current December 2012 April 2012 February 2012 August 2011 May 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 September 2010 May 2010 January 2010 December 2009 September 2009 April 2009 December 2008 November 2008 August 2008 July 2008 May 2008 December 2007 September 2007 February 2007 November 2006 February 2006 June 2005 July 2004 March 2004 YES NO DON’T KNOW REFUSED 90 90 89 90 90 88 89 95 95 95 94 94 93 92 91 92 93 93 93 95 94 93 95 93 94 90 94 92 10 10 11 10 10 12 11 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 8 6 7 7 7 6 7 6 5 7 6 10 7 8 0 0 0 * 0 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 0 * 0 * 0 * * * * * * * * * * ------------ 7 In December 2012, question wording was: “Do you ever use the internet AT HOME?” In January 2011 and May 2011, question wording was: “Do you ever use the internet or email from home?” December 2010 and earlier trend wording was as follows: “About how often do you use the internet or email from... HOME – several times a day, about once a day, 3-5 days a week, 1-2 days a week, every few weeks, less often or never?” Results shown here for “YES” reflect combined “Several times a day,” “About once a day,” “3-5 days a week,” “1-2 days a week,” “Every few weeks,” and “Less often” responses. Results shown here for “NO” reflect “Never” responses. pewinternet.org 9 MODEM4B At home, do you connect to the internet through a dial-up telephone line, or do you have some other type of connection, such as a DSL-enabled phone line, a cable TV modem, a wireless connection, or a fiber optic connection such as FIOS?8 Based on those who use the internet at home Current [N=1,727] Dec 2012 [N=1,645] Nov 2012 [N=1,770] April 2012 [N=1,631] Feb 2012 [N=1,572] Aug 2011 [N=1,565] May 2011 [N=1,518] Jan 2011 [N=1,610] Dec 2010 [N=1,731] Nov 2010 [N=1,560] Sept 2010 [N=1,947] May 2010 [N=1,659] Jan 2010 [N=1,573] Dec 2009 [N=1,582] Sept 2009 [N=1,584] April 2009 [N=1,567] DIAL-UP TOTAL HIGH SPEED 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 4 6 6 7 7 7 9 7 9 92 90 88 90 90 89 88 88 85 86 86 86 88 86 87 86 --------DSL --------CABLE MODEM --------WIRELESS 18 18 18 20 21 22 25 28 27 28 29 27 29 28 30 29 31 33 34 33 35 34 31 33 33 33 31 33 38 37 37 36 33 30 28 30 28 26 29 22 19 20 20 20 18 17 15 15 --------FIBER OPTIC 8 5 6 6 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 4 3 4 4 9 --------T-1 --------(VOL.) OTHER BROADBAND --------(VOL.) BROADBAND COMBO (VOL.) NO HOME NET ACCESS (VOL.) ACCESS NET ON CELL ONLY n/a 1 1 * 1 * * 1 * 1 1 1 * 1 * 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 * 0 * * * n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 * * * * 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 2 2 1 2 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a (VOL.) NONE OF THE ABOVE 10 DK 8 December 2012 and earlier trend question wording included “T-1” as a read category. From September 2009 thru January 2010, the question asking about type of home internet connection (MODEM) was form split. MODEMA was asked of Form A respondents who use the internet from home. MODEMB was asked of Form B respondents who use the internet from home. Trend results shown here reflect combined MODEMA and MODEMB percentages. Form B respondents who answered “satellite,” fixed wireless provider,” or “other wireless such as an Aircard or cell phone” have been combined in the “Wireless” column in the table. 9 In Sept. 2007 and before, “Fiber optic connection” and “T-1 connection” were collapsed into one category. Percentage for “Fiber optic connection” reflects the combined “Fiber-optic/T-1” group. 10 May 2011 and earlier trend percentages for “None of the above” reflect “Other (SPECIFY)” responses. REF. * 2 * * 3 1 * 4 * * 4 * 1 3 * 1 3 * 1 3 1 2 4 1 2 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 1 2 4 1 1 3 1 2 4 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 MODEM4B continued... MODEM4B continued... DIAL-UP TOTAL HIGH SPEED 13 12 13 14 15 18 20 23 28 35 44 47 48 55 62 80 82 81 81 79 77 73 70 68 61 53 50 50 42 35 Dec 2008 [N=1,538] Nov 2008 [N=1,481] Aug 2008 [N=1,543] July 2008 [N=1,797] May 2008 [N=1,463] Dec 2007 [N=1,483] Sept 2007 [N=1,575] Feb 2007 [N=1,406] Aug 2006 [N=1,787] Dec 2005 [N=1,715] June 2005 [N=1,204] Feb 2005 [N=1,287] Jan 2005 [N=1,261] Feb 2004 [N=1,241] Nov 2003 [N=1,199] pewinternet.org --------DSL --------CABLE MODEM 30 33 37 35 36 34 34 35 34 29 24 22 21 18 13 32 34 30 30 31 31 30 28 30 27 25 25 26 23 21 --------WIRELESS --------FIBER OPTIC --------T-1 --------(VOL.) OTHER BROADBAND 15 13 10 13 9 10 8 6 3 4 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 * * * 1 1 * 1 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a --------(VOL.) BROADBAND COMBO (VOL.) NO HOME NET ACCESS (VOL.) ACCESS NET ON CELL ONLY (VOL.) NONE OF THE ABOVE DK REF. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 4 5 3 6 6 3 3 1 3 1 2 2 ---------------- 11 Methods This report is based on the findings of a survey on Americans' use of the Internet. The results in this report are based on data from telephone interviews conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International from April 17 to May 19, 2013, among a sample of 2,252 adults, age 18 and older. Telephone interviews were conducted in English and Spanish by landline (1,125) and cell phone (1,127, including 571 without a landline phone). For results based on the total sample, one can say with 95% confidence that the error attributable to sampling is plus or minus 2.3 percentage points. For results based on Internet users11 (n=1,895), the margin of sampling error is plus or minus 2.5 percentage points. In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting telephone surveys may introduce some error or bias into the findings of opinion polls. A combination of landline and cellular random digit dial (RDD) samples was used to represent all adults in the United States who have access to either a landline or cellular telephone. Both samples were provided by Survey Sampling International, LLC (SSI) according to PSRAI specifications. Numbers for the landline sample were drawn with equal probabilities from active blocks (area code + exchange + twodigit block number) that contained three or more residential directory listings. The cellular sample was not list-assisted, but was drawn through a systematic sampling from dedicated wireless 100-blocks and shared service 100-blocks with no directory-listed landline numbers. New sample was released daily and was kept in the field for at least five days. The sample was released in replicates, which are representative subsamples of the larger population. This ensures that complete call procedures were followed for the entire sample. At least 7 attempts were made to complete an interview at a sampled telephone number. The calls were staggered over times of day and days of the week to maximize the chances of making contact with a potential respondent. Each number received at least one daytime call in an attempt to find someone available. For the landline sample, interviewers asked to speak with the youngest adult male or female currently at home based on a random rotation. If no male/female was available, interviewers asked to speak with the youngest adult of the other gender. For the cellular sample, interviews were conducted with the person who answered the phone. Interviewers verified that the person was an adult and in a safe place before administering the survey. Cellular sample respondents were offered a post-paid cash incentive for their participation. All interviews completed on any given day were considered to be the final sample for that day. Weighting is generally used in survey analysis to compensate for sample designs and patterns of nonresponse that might bias results. A two-stage weighting procedure was used to weight this dual-frame sample. The first-stage corrected for different probabilities of selection associated with the number of 11 Internet user definition includes those who use the internet or email at least occasionally or access the internet on a mobile handheld device at least occasionally. pewinternet.org 12 adults in each household and each respondent’s telephone usage patterns.12 This weighting also adjusts for the overlapping landline and cell sample frames and the relative sizes of each frame and each sample. The second stage of weighting balances sample demographics to population parameters. The sample is balanced to match national population parameters for sex, age, education, race, Hispanic origin, region (U.S. Census definitions), population density, and telephone usage. The Hispanic origin was split out based on nativity; U.S born and non-U.S. born. The basic weighting parameters came from the US Census Bureau’s 2011 American Community Survey data. The population density parameter was derived from Census 2010 data. The telephone usage parameter came from an analysis of the January-June 2012 National Health Interview Survey. Following is the full disposition of all sampled telephone numbers: 12 i.e., whether respondents have only a landline telephone, only a cell phone, or both kinds of telephone. pewinternet.org 13 Sample Disposition Landline Cell 41,291 24,698 Total Numbers Dialed 1,755 1,516 12 24,344 2,038 11,626 28.2% 411 88 ---9,674 226 14,299 57.9% Non-residential Computer/Fax Cell phone Other not working Additional projected not working Working numbers Working Rate 679 3,442 41 7,464 64.2% 75 3,668 16 10,540 73.7% No Answer / Busy Voice Mail Other Non-Contact Contacted numbers Contact Rate 450 5,786 1,228 16.5% 1,537 7,097 1,906 18.1% Callback Refusal Cooperating numbers Cooperation Rate 45 ---1,183 96.3% 68 684 1,154 60.5% Language Barrier Child's cell phone Eligible numbers Eligibility Rate 58 1,125 95.1% 27 1,127 97.7% Break-off Completes Completion Rate 10.0% 13.0% Response Rate The disposition reports all of the sampled telephone numbers ever dialed from the original telephone number samples. The response rate estimates the fraction of all eligible respondents in the sample that were ultimately interviewed. At PSRAI it is calculated by taking the product of three component rates:    Contact rate – the proportion of working numbers where a request for interview was made Cooperation rate – the proportion of contacted numbers where a consent for interview was at least initially obtained, versus those refused Completion rate – the proportion of initially cooperating and eligible interviews that were completed Thus the response rate for the landline sample was 10 percent. The response rate for the cellular sample was 13 percent. pewinternet.org 14
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ARTICLE ANALYSIS

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Murugesan, S. (2008). Harnessing green IT: Principles and practices. IT professional, 10(1), 2433.

1. Major Themes
The objective of enterprises, governments, and society is to tackle environmental issues using
environmentally sound practices. To reduce the impact of IT on the environment, it is imperative
to create a green IT systems aimed at making IT products, infrastructure, products, and services
sustainable.
2. Major Issues
Green IT stems from the need for controlling the environmental impact of IT using IT
infras...


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