Columbia Southern University Anthropometric Design Essay

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Unit I Journal o Weight: 2% of course grade o Grading Rubric Instructions In our first unit lesson, we discuss the importance of considering human variability in the design process. When designing products such as airplanes, which are used by global populations, variations in overall body size and shape provide a challenge for designers. Please discuss an instance when you felt a product was not designed to fit your personal body type. Share this product and how it failed to meet your needs. What recommendations do you have for the designer? Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary. Unit I Case Study • Weight: 8% of course grade • Grading Rubric Instructions Anthropometric Design Exercise This assignment is designed to provide an opportunity to apply the concepts you have learned in the Unit I Lesson regarding the inclusion of ergonomics during the design process. Specifically, you will be using anthropometric data to develop design recommendations. As a recent graduate of Columbia Southern University’s Safety and Emergency Services program, you have just been hired as a member of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) staff for Aston Martin Lagonda Automotive Manufacturing located in Gaydon, England. Your first work assignment requires you to work with members of the facilities improvement team to develop design recommendations for new office workstations. Using the ergonomic design guidelines discussed in the unit lesson and the appropriate anthropometric data from Tables 3.2 and 3.4 in the course textbook, develop a proposal for the new workstations. Your proposal should be a minimum of two pages in length, not counting the title page and the references page, MUST include a copy of your computations/calculations, and may include graphics to illustrate your design. You are required to use a minimum of two outside sources; one may be the textbook. Your proposal should be written to your management and must include the following two parts: Part 1: ▪ a brief introduction that identifies the nature of the work assignment; ▪ an overview of the importance of including ergonomics in the design process; ▪ an overview of how anthropometry can be used to address human variability. Part 2: Complete the following using the calculation template: ▪ ▪ computations for the dimensions of the following: o desk (height only), o chair (must include a range of adjustability for the height, the dimensions for the seat pan, and the armrests), and o computations for any other office equipment that you would like to include in your design proposal (optional); justification for your design decisions by identifying the user population for which you are designing, why that population was selected, the body dimension(s) selected for each computation, and the percentage of the population for which you are designing and why that percentage was selected. Click here to access a supplemental document containing information necessary to complete the assignment. Your proposal should be a minimum of two pages in length, not counting the title page and the references page, MUST include a copy of your computations/calculations, and may include graphics to illustrate your design. You are required to use a minimum of two outside sources; one may be the textbook. Resources The following resource(s) may help you with this assignment. ▪ Citation Guide ▪ CSU Online Library Research Guide ▪ Submit Writing Center Request UNIT I STUDY GUIDE Fitting the Task to the Man Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 3. Explain the importance of considering human variability in workplace design decisions. 3.1 Discuss ergonomics and its importance in the design process. 3.2 Discuss anthropometry and its importance in the design process. 3.3 Illustrate a knowledge and understanding for using anthropometric data and ergonomics in product design. Course/Unit Learning Outcomes 3.1 3.2 3.3 Learning Activity Unit Lesson Chapter 1, pp. 1–13 Chapter 3, pp. 65–103 Video: Ergonomics and Human Activity Unit I Case Study Unit Lesson Chapter 1, pp. 1–13 Chapter 3, pp. 65–103 Video: Ergonomics and Human Activity Unit I Case Study Unit Lesson Chapter 1, pp. 1–13 Chapter 3, pp. 65–103 Video: Ergonomics and Human Activity Unit I Case Study Reading Assignment Chapter 1: Human Factors and Ergonomics from the Earliest Times to the Present, pp. 1–13 Chapter 3: Anthropometry, Workstation, and Facilities Design, pp. 65–103 In order to access the following resource, click on the link below. Video Education America (Producer). (2010). Ergonomics and human activity (Segment 2 of 6) [Video file]. Retrieved from https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=http://fod.infobase.com/PortalPla ylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=42207&loid=90785 To view a transcript of this video, click on the “Transcript” tab near the top right corner of the page. Unit Lesson The Design Project Imagine it is your first day in your new safety position, and you are assigned a project that requires you to redesign a job. The project is a top priority for management due to the recent increase in injuries associated with the task. You have been given primary responsibility for the project because no one else at the facility MOS 6701, Advanced Ergonomics 1 has any knowledge of occupational ergonomics. Along with the assignment, you have been informed UNIT x STUDY GUIDE your design must meet the following criteria: Title 1. reduce the risk of overexertion injuries and illnesses (safety), 2. minimize the potential for errors (quality), and 3. improve the efficiency of the workers (production). Eager to impress your new management, you happily accept the challenge and begin pondering your approach to addressing this issue. This might very well be an easy task if your design is only going to be used by one individual. Likewise, it might not be that difficult to design for multiple users who are all built the same. However, that is not likely to be the case as there are over 500 employees in your facility who will be using your design. How will you proceed? For whom will you design? Most importantly, how will you ensure your product is designed for the largest group of users possible? After much thought, you might conclude it is far is too challenging to design a product that fits every possible user, since almost none of the employees are the exact same shape and size. You decide to simply design to accommodate the average person. That sounds like it might be an ideal approach to address the issue, but there is only one problem—how exactly does the average person look? Designing for the Average Person The average person is a mythical creature, since there are no people whose body dimensions are all at the 50th percentile. Yes, there may be a moderate correlation among some body dimensions, but that does not necessarily mean that all body dimensions are linearly correlated. For example, a person who has a short torso may have long legs. Therefore, designing for the average person, or the 50th percentile, divides people into two groups—those who are above, and those who are below the average. If a doorway was designed for the average person, only half of the population would be able to fit through the door. Imagine designing a shoe for the average size foot. In this instance, people who wear sizes 5 and 15 would be forced to fit into a size 10 shoe. Ouch! Different sized people on pie chart Ergonomics in Design (Masterofall686, n.d.) Think about a few of the latest and greatest products on the market today. From office furniture to safety equipment, you will often see the phrase “ergonomically designed.” What exactly does that mean? Many people have heard of ergonomics and think it has something to do with office furniture or seating, and it does, but it is so much more. Ergonomic design extends far beyond the office cubicle. Ergonomics applies to the design of anything that involves people. Ergonomics is a science focused around the study of human fit. It comes from the Greek words ergon, meaning work, and nomos, meaning law (i.e., the laws of work). In a simplified way, ergonomics can be understood as the adaptation of work to man, as it relates human performance capabilities and limitations to the design of products, systems, and work environments. Ergonomics can be an integral part of the design process as it uses data and techniques from several disciplines, including anthropometry, biomechanics, psychology, and environmental physics to achieve best design practices. The video linked below explains the design of a simple vegetable peeler and a house: https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=http://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.as px?wID=273866&xtid=42207&loid=90785 Click here to access the transcript for the above video. MOS 6701, Advanced Ergonomics 2 Ergonomics can be categorized in three broad areas: physical, psychological,UNIT and organizational. x STUDY GUIDE Title Ergonomics aims to create safe, productive, and comfortable work environments by incorporating information regarding human performance capabilities and limitations into the design process. When applied early, ergonomic methods can often identify mismatches between performance capabilities and job task requirements, which could ultimately lead to injuries and illnesses. Ergonomics is an integral part of the design process to ensure the end users' needs are accommodated. All People Are Not Alike Designers are often tasked with developing products that fit the human body. A classic example is the clothing industry. Have you ever gone shopping and left frustrated because nothing you liked seemed to fit quite right? There are wide variations among people, including differences in size and body segment proportions due to age, gender, and ethnicity. Some differences, such as gender, size, and build, can generally easily be determined by simple observation. However, other differences may require measurement of various physical, physiological, or behavioral factors. Each measurement can vary significantly between populations; for instance, males are generally larger than females for most body dimensions, yet the extent of the difference varies based on the actual body dimension. Because all people are not alike, designers must consider differences in body shape and size of users. Designers must also understand fields that study the characteristics of humans, such as physiology, kinesiology, and biomechanics, when creating workplaces, products, and equipment for human use. Implementing ergonomic guidelines helps to identify the user characteristics, which should be taken into account during the design process. Ergonomics is essential when designing to accommodate a variety of people because all people are not alike! MOS 6701, Advanced Ergonomics 3 Design the Job to Fit the Person UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title People also vary with regard to performance capabilities, such as reaction time, strength, vision, coordination, and physiological responses to environmental conditions. Furthermore, many of these attributes vary significantly with age. Failure to recognize a person’s performance capabilities and limitations may lead to unwanted errors or create hazardous working conditions. What happens when people are required to perform work that exceeds their physical capabilities? Either the work does not get done, does not get done properly, or the work is attempted and an injury occurs. To make work acceptable for most people in the workforce, it is important to design jobs (including work equipment, work tasks, and work environments), which allow most people to perform them comfortably. It is also important to design jobs within people’s physical and mental capacities to minimize the risk of overexertion injuries and illnesses and to reduce the potential for unwanted errors. The inclusion of ergonomics in the design process is essential when designing to fit the workplace to the worker. Anthropometry in Design We have all experienced problems with equipment, workspaces, or even our homes not being designed with our body dimensions in mind, for example, the shelf in the kitchen that is too high to reach, or the office chair that looks nice but has no height adjustability. Ergonomics uses anthropometrics to ensure that a design meets the requirements of its intended user’s physical capabilities. Working on a computer (Kiosea39, 2014) Anthropometry is the branch of the human science that studies the physical measurement of the human body, particularly size and shape. Because of the emergence of complex work systems that require knowledge of human body dimensions with accuracy, anthropometrics has a special importance (Stack, Ostrom, & Wilhelmsen, 2016). It involves collecting statistics or measurements relevant to the human body, called anthropometric data, which can be used to understand physical variations among humans. Anthropometric data has application across a variety of industries. For example, in the furniture industry anthropometry is used to accommodate the variations of a wide range of end users as an item of furniture is seldom used by a single individual. Automotive manufacturers use anthropometric data such as how long person’s legs are and how most people sit while driving a vehicle to design a car that allows most drivers to reach interior features such as the brakes, the radio controls and the rearview mirror. In manufacturing facilities, anthropometrics is used to design workstations so that they can be used by multiple employees. When using anthropometric data, we must first identify the user population (e.g., for whom are we designing?). We must also know what percentage of the population we wish to accommodate, commonly the 5th percentile female to the 95th percentile male. However, the anthropometric range will vary based on the user population and the application. For example, if we are designing overhead storage compartments on a city bus, it is likely sufficient to accommodate 90% of the rider population. However, if we are determining the location of the emergency stops on the bus, we would want to accommodate 99% of the rider population and would also have to ensure they are located within the reach of wheelchair users. Anthropometric measurements serve as a guide for designers to accommodate various percentiles of the population so the majority of people can use and interact with the product or service. In ergonomic design, anthropometry is generally used in three different ways: Design for adjustability: 5th–95th percentile (the smallest to the largest): Contrary to what we are often led to believe, one size does not fit all. Designers must consider the differences in body shape and size of users during the design phase: for example, a table height that is suitable for a tall person but unsuitable for a short person. A solution might be to make the height of the table adjustable to allow for a wider range of sizes of MOS 6701, Advanced Ergonomics 4 users. The design ideal is to provide for adjustability by using anthropometric data the upper and UNITtox determine STUDY GUIDE lower limits for the range of adjustments. Title Design for extremes: 1st–5th or 95th–100th percentile (the smallest or the largest): There are some instances when designs should be catered to the extremes of the population. For example, doorways should be designed to accommodate the 99th percentile male, while a control panel that has to be accessed should be reachable by a user with the shortest arms. Another example might be that seating in a plane should accommodate the leg space of the tallest passengers. As a general rule of thumb, designs should be comfortable for those who are tall but still reachable for those who are small (Stack, Ostrom, & Wilhelmsen, 2016). Design for the average: 50th percentile only: Ergonomist usually avoid this method as it does not accommodate a large segment of the user population. This method is only acceptable when one is using the workplace for a short duration and the primary concern is a specific body dimension. One example of this principle is using the 50th percentile data for elbow height when designing the counter heights in a business. The Impact of Ergonomics and Anthropometry on Design Now that we are reaching the conclusion of this lesson, let’s revisit your redesign project using the information presented in this unit lesson. When we began this lesson, you may have considered addressing your redesign project in terms of designing to fit the average user. As we conclude the lesson, we hope that your design perspective has changed. Here are a few points to remember: 1. Ergonomics should be incorporated into the design of every product, system, or environment to ensure a good fit between people and the objects with which they interact. 2. Ergonomics should be given priority early in the design process as ignoring it can lead to designs that do not fit the needs of the user. 3. Human beings vary in many complex ways, and consideration must be given to ensure user characteristics are incorporated into the design phase. 4. People have physical and mental limitations that should be considered in the design process. There is no one job solution that works for everyone. Adjustability is the key. 5. Anthropometric measurements should be a guide for design as it allows designers to accommodate various percentiles of the population so the majority of people can use and interact with the product or service being designed. As a designer, use ergonomics and anthropometry to your advantage by showing consideration of the people for whom you are designing and increasing safety, quality, and performance that is sure to satisfy your management. Happy redesigning! References Kiosea39. (2014). ID 50196879 [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photoyoung-business-woman-working-typing-computer-office-her-lightbulb-above-head-image50196879 Masterofall686. (n.d.). ID 23982270 [Graphic]. Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photodifferent-sized-people-pie-chart-image23982270 Stack, T., Ostrom, L. T., & Wilhelmsen, C. A. (2016). Occupational ergonomics: A practical approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. MOS 6701, Advanced Ergonomics 5 Suggested Reading UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title In order to access the following resource, click on the link below. This article is intended to provide further insight into the concept of human variability and ergonomics in the design process. Fubini, E., Cremasco Micheletti, M., & Occelli, C. (2012). Human variability and ergonomic design. Journal of Biological Research, 85(1), 263–265. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271716554_Human_variability_and_ergonomic_design Learning Activities (Nongraded) Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information. This exercise is recommended to further your understanding of the inclusion of ergonomics in the design process. Take a look at your cell phone and its design. Can you identify three aspects that show that the designer has considered ergonomics? What are they, and how are they useful? MOS 6701, Advanced Ergonomics 6
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Anthropometric Design Exercise
Journal Entry
It is a common desire to purchase products that satisfy the intended needs and interests. It
is somewhat disappointing to purchase a product that does not fully answer a reason for its
purchase, or altogether causes harm to the end-user. I worked as a delivery guy for a bakery that
made wedding cakes in Singapore. The means for transporting smaller customer orders was a
motorcycle. I felt disappointed since there was no comfort in riding the motorcycle, especially
when delivering customer orders, citing the fragility with cakes.
What made riding harder was the arrangement of brakes. The braking system is split into
two, the rear brake pedal beneath the left foot, and the front brake system by the right handle,
near the accelerator. The complexity of this design perplexed me that every time doing an action,
I was not supposed to do. In such a case, the motorcycle is designed to go off and needs
restarting. Such a scenario turned into a menace when the motorcycle could go off while in the
middle of a track, thus heightening the risks of a road accident.
From the discomforts experienced, I believe that for better ergonomics, the motorcycle
ought to have both brakes at the foot paddles, and the gear system should get designed to
funct...


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