Running head: THE INTERNET 1 The Internet Name Course Instructor The Internet 2 The Internet The internet is like a big interconnected world which connects people, communities and countries, with this in mind, it cannot have a specific definition. It is whatever we make it. According to the business dictionary, it is a means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers. (Business dictionary). The internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s that saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. It was designed to provide a communications network that would work even if some of the major sites were down. The early internet was used by computer experts, engineers, scientists and librarians. (Howe, 2016) With the internet being a global communication network in a multi-linguistic world, it has made it even easier to communicate without language barriers. One can change the language settings to be able to understand information in the internet and to communicate with others easily. Mass media and education may overcome barriers to communication that would otherwise lead to lack of intelligibility on account of structural linguistic differences (Paolillo, et.al, p.5) Are children smarter because of the internet? Psychologists are only beginning to answer that question, but a study led by Michigan State University psychologist Linda Jackson, PhD, showed that home internet use improved standardized reading test scores. Other researchers have found that having the internet at home encourages children to be more self-directed learners. The positive effects of internet use appear especially pronounced among poor children, say researchers. Unfortunately, these children are The Internet 3 also not likely to have home computers, which some experts say may put them at a disadvantage (Packard, 2007). The internet has made children smarter because they always have new sources of information on just about anything. The internet provides information on anything under the sun. the use of wireless internet has facilitated this further. Children of all ages in this century have been found to possess phones and laptops. The internet is fed with millions pieces of information every passing second. This increases their knowledge to a large scale; however, it can affect their problem solving skills since the internet provides ready answers. However, it can also affect their focus since there is so much information thus they cannot limit to a particular source to give them all the relevant information on a particular topic. It is all about weighing the pros and cons since the internet cannot be completely discredited or credited. More Engaged Senior Citizens When the internet is easily accessible to citizens in a particular country it means they are able to access information regarding their society and government easily and faster and are therefore able to respond accordingly. Issues that they face are usually discussed, argued and consulted upon mostly on social media platforms which are online. It promotes transparency and efficiency in the government with its citizens especially in poor countries which are in dire need. Networking is now crucial to scientific research and development efforts, many of which may yield tangible economic benefit. The link between free flow of information and democracy cannot be downplayed. (Sadowsky, 2016). Youth who pursue their interests on the internet are more likely to be engaged in civic and political issues, according to a new study of student internet usage by a group of civic The Internet 4 learning scholars. Youth who use the internet are also more likely to be exposed to diverse political viewpoints, the study shows; this is according to the MacArthur foundation (2011). The internet has information on these fronts and even has online courses. E-learning is the future and it is therefore a good sign when the youth take it upon themselves to pursue civic and political interests. However, it can bring about security breaches especially if it is highly sensitive data which can expose a country’s security. There are naturally talented computer wizards who can hack into high security websites, like the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s website and find information that is highly classified. This is a felony but people are continuously coming up with ways to hide traces of evidence thus becomes tricky to find the captives. They should therefore come up with ways to stop children that are younger than 18 from accessing these websites. Know More about the Government Yes, the internet can help me know a lot about my government. The internet has current information and even newspapers have applications that are usable via phones or computers, basically any gadget with the capability. Social media is also big on current issues and for example, you can follow a politician on twitter and follow his every move. It has therefore facilitated getting information on the government. The internet also helps one to know more about the government through e-governance. According to an article published by UNESCO, there are many definitions for e-governance one being the performance of governance via the electronic medium. This is in order to facilitate an efficient, speedy and transparent process of disseminating information to the public, and other agencies, and for performing government administration activities (2005). The Internet 5 Main target groups that can be distinguished in e-governance concepts are government, citizens and businesses. It entails four types which are: (a) Government- to-citizen (G2C): It is the online non-commercial interaction between local and central government with private individuals. The public can get services such as licenses, death/birth/marriage certificates etc. by the government. (b) Government-to-business (G2B): It includes dissemination of policies, memos, rules and regulations. (c) Government-to-employee (G2E): It is the online non-commercial interaction between government organizations and government employees. It includes provision of human resource training and development (d) Government-to-government (G2G): It is the online non-commercial interaction between government organizations, departments and authorities. These services can be used as instruments of international relations and diplomacy. The benefits involve expanded information flows between governments and citizens. In addition, many citizens say the internet helps in conducting their business with government (Horrigan, 2004). E-governance makes it possible accessibility to the governments, policies, laws and regulations, development plans, for consumption by citizens. In return it helps the government to be aware of what is going on with its citizens in terms of challenges they are The Internet 6 facing and if they are benefitting from the state’s efforts. To expound on e-governance, the following are the advantages and disadvantages: Advantages of the Internet 1. It makes information on policies, laws and projects being carried out by government more accessible to people. This is because there are websites that have information touching on the government. 2. It is more convenient when one is required to pay taxes and for other services provided by government instead of physically going to pay. Gone are the days when people used to file returns in hard copy and line up in banks to pay taxes and rates. The internet has made lives easier fortunately. 3. It enables better communication between the government and the citizens on platforms such as forums and blogs. Citizens even contribute to development and social agenda which they would not have been privy of a long time ago. 4. It enables different governments to be able to brainstorm on ideas that will benefit the countries especially on trade matters. They are able to lobby for beneficial trade tariffs even with other leaders from other countries thus improving the economy. This also helps foster better integration with their various countries. The Internet 7 Disadvantages of the Internet 1. There is inequality in public access to the internet especially in the third world countries. This is mostly because their governments are unable to fund the telecommunications. Their priorities usually lie with meeting basic needs. 2. There is the risk of misinformation which can incite propaganda that can adversely affect both the government and the citizens. This usually happens when many people are making speculations sound like the gospel truth. This can cause unnecessary anxiety. 3. It can expose government data to unauthorized audience which could compromise its security due to cybercrime. This also makes the citizens vulnerable especially if it exposes their personal and financial data. 4. It could lead to lack of privacy of citizens as the government obtains more and more information on them. Conclusion The internet in my opinion is an efficient tool, and if used efficiently can bring so much good. I therefore urge the youth to find ways of improving on its strengths and working on its weaknesses. With the rate the digital age is moving, I foresee much better advancements being made on the internet and all related matters. But we should tread carefully because with more information accessible, we are prone to more risks. Risks that could possibly affect an economy include security risks and even on the social front such as cyberbullying, terrorism, and moral erosion. Therefore, measures should be taken to prevent such. The Internet 8 References Dunne, Keiran J. and Elena S. Dunne, eds. “Managing International Teams.” Translation and Localization Project Management. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011. ATA Scholarly Monograph Series XVI. 198-199. Print. Horrigan J. (May, 2004). Pew research center. How Americans get in touch with government. Retrieved from www.pewinternet.org/2004/05/24/how-americans-get-in-touch-withgovernment/ MacArthur Foundation (February, 2011). Does the internet make for more engaged citizens? Retrieved from https://www.macfound.org/press/press-releases/does-the-internet-makefor-more-engaged-citizens/ Packard E. (November, 2007). It’s fun but does it make you smarter? Researchers find a relationship between children’s internet use and academic performance. Retrieved from www.apa.org/monitor/nov07/itsfun.aspx Paolillo, John C. and Anupam Das. Evaluating Language Statistics: The Ethnologue and Beyond. Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2006. Print. Sadowsky G. (2016). On the internet. The internet society and Developing Countries. Retrieved from www.isoc.org/oti/articles/1196/sadowsky.html UNESCO (August, 2005). Defining E-governance. Retrieved from Portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL-ID=4404&URL-DO=DO-TOPIC&URLSECTION=201.html The Internet Walt H. (March, 2016). A brief history of the internet. An anecdotal history of the people and communities that brought about the internet and the web. Retrieved from www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html 9 Translation & Interpreting Spring 2016 201 Course Reading List Week 1 Baker, Mona and Gabriela Saldanha. “Globalization.” Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, 2nd ed. Oxford: Routledge, 2011. 126-129. Print. Dunne, Keiran J. and Elena S. Dunne, eds. “Managing International Teams.” Translation and Localization Project Management. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011. ATA Scholarly Monograph Series XVI. 198-199. Print. Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2012. Print. Paolillo, John C. and Anupam Das. Evaluating Language Statistics: The Ethnologue and Beyond. Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2006. Print. Steger, Manfred. “Global Culture: Sameness or Difference?” Globalization: The Transformation of Social Worlds, 3rd ed. D. Stanley Eitzen & Maxine Baca Zinn, eds. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage, 2012. 147-150. Print. Week 2 Chan, Sewell. “How a Record Number of Migrants Made Their Way to Europe.” New York Times 22 Dec 2015. Print. Lee, James and Katie Foreman. “U.S. Naturalizations: 2013.” Annual Flow Report. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, May 2014. Print. Li, Shan. “More U.S. Companies Opening High-Tech Factories in Mexico.” Los Angeles Times 29 Nov 2013. Print. McAlinden, Sean, Yuzing Xing, and Dan Bobkoff. “What Is American?” Just Business. Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. 31 Oct 2012. Online. “Planet Money Makes a T-Shirt.” Narr. Alex Blumberg. Planet Money. National Public Radio. 2 Dec. 2013. Online. | [Video accessible from D2L class module for Feb 16.] Ryan, Camille. “Language Use in the United States: 2011.” American Community Survey Results. U.S. Department of Commerce; Economics and Statistics Administration, Aug 2013. Print. Sparke, Matthew. Introducing Globalization: Ties, Tensions, and Uneven Integration. Oxford: Blackwell, 2013. 3-15. Print. Steger, Manfred. Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: OUP, 2013. 103-120. Print. “Trends in International Migration, 2015.” Population Facts. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; Population Division. Vol. 2015/4. Dec 2015. Print. Week 3 Flier Hudson, Vicki. “Five Keys to Successful Intercultural Communication.” ATA Chronicle Nov/Dec 2008: 18-22. Print. Sadri, Houman A. and Madelyn Flammia. Intercultural Communication: A New Approach to International Relations and Global Challenges. London: Continuum, 2011. 128-157. Print. Tsvetkov, Natalia and Veronica Tsvetkov. “”Effective Communication in Translation and Localization Project Management.” Translation and Localization Project Management. Dunne, Keiran J. and Elena S. Dunne, eds. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011. ATA Scholarly Monograph Series XVI. Print Week 4 Delaney, Laurel J. “Web Design with the World in Mind.” Exporting: The Definitive Guide to Selling Abroad. New York: Springer Science and Business Media, 2013. Print. Gannon, Martin J. and Rajnandini Pillai. Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 31 Nations, Clusters of Nations, Continents, and Diversity. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2013. Print. The Globalization Industry Primer. Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA). Romainmôtier, Switzerland: LISA Publications, 2007. Print. [sample citation for Hofstede Centre website; change country name and date of access] Hofstede, Geert. “Argentina/United States Country Comparison.” The Hofstede Centre, 2015. Online. 5 Mar. 2016. Next Generation Localisation Careers. Centre for Next Generation Localisation. Dublin: CNGL Publications, 2013. Print. World Trade Report 2015. World Trade Organization. Geneva: WTO Publications, 2015. Print. Week 5 Aparicio, A. and Chris Durban. “Translation: Getting It Right.” Alexandria, VA: American Translators Association, 2003. Print. House, Juliane. “What is Translation?” Translation. Oxford Introduction to Language Study Series, H.G. Widdowson, ed. Oxford: OUP, 2009. Print. Munday, Jeremy. “Newmark: Semantic and Communicative Translation.” Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2012. Print. Week 6 House, Juliane. “Focus on the Purpose of a Translation.” Translation. Oxford Introduction to Language Study Series, H.G. Widdowson, ed. Oxford: OUP, 2009. Print. Palumbo, Guiseppe. “Domestication” & “Foreignization.” Key Terms in Translation Studies. London: Continuum, 2009. 34-38. Print. Week 7 Du, Xiaoyan. “A Brief Introduction of Skopos Theory.” Theory and Practices in Language Studies, 2:10 (2012): 2189-93. Print. “Translation: Buying a Non-Commodity” Alexandria, VA: American Translators Association, 2008. Print. Standard Guide for Quality Assurance in Translation. ASTM International, F2575-06. 4-5. June 2006. Print. Week 8 Iida, Marie. “Interpretation & Translation.” Uki Uki Chat! Japan Society NYC. 10 Feb. 2016. Online. McKay, Corinne. How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Translatewrite, Inc., 2011. “Serious.” Narr. Jad Abumrad. Radiolab. National Public Radio. WNYC, New York, 24 Oct. 2014. Radio. Week 9 Carroll, Mary and Jan Ivarsson. “Code of Good Subtitling Practice.” Berlin: European Association for Studies in Screen Translation, 1998. Print. Díaz Cintas, Jorge. “Subtitling: Theory, Practice and Research.” Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis, 2013. 274-75. Print. Kelly, Nataly and Jost Zetzsche. Found in Translation: How Language Shapes Our Lives and Transforms the World. New York: Penguin, 2012. 176-81. Print. Kretschmer, Christine. “Beyond Subtitling: Audiovisual Translation in the 21st Century.” ATA Chronicle June 2011. 24-32. Print. Week 10 NCIHC. National Code of Ethics for Interpreters in Health Care. Washington DC: National Council on Interpreting in Health Care, 2004. Print. NCIHC. National Standards of Practice for Interpreters in Health Care. Washington DC: National Council on Interpreting in Health Care, 2005. Print. The Joint Commission. Advancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care: A Roadmap for Hospitals. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: The Joint Commission, 2010. Print. Standard Guide for language Interpretation Services. Designation F2089-01. Philadelphia: ASTM International, 2007. Print. UNHCR. Interpreting in a Refugee Context: Self-Study Module 3. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2009. Print. Translation & Interpreting Spring 2016 201 720 Assignment Guidelines Final Research Paper These guidelines are posted in the Syllabus & Course Basics module (D2L). The final paper accounts for 25% of the final grade in Translation 201. Deadline  Upload your paper to Dropbox no later than May 17 (T) at 5:30 PM. Format  Microsoft Word Length  1,500-2,000 words (roughly 6-8 pages) Sources  At least eight: six not included in course readings; two selected from course readings MLA  See MLA-formatted document template in Course Basics module (D2L) 12-point Times New Roman font one-inch margins parenthetical source citations double-spaced paragraphs header: last name & page # correctly formatted Works Cited page Evaluation Criteria Your final paper will be evaluated using the rubric on pages 3-4. The six primary evaluation criteria are:  Scope and quality of research Include evidence from at least six credible sources that were not assigned readings in 201. Is your argument grounded in evidence from a diverse collection of credible sources, which can include journal articles, books, personal interviews, multimedia, and credible* online sources? *If you are unsure whether information found online is credible, please ask.  Relevance of research to course topics Include reference to at least two sources that were assigned readings in this class. Does your paper relate your research to one or more of our course topics? (e.g., globalization, immigration, intercultural communication, translation/interpreting).  Structure & quality of the argument Does your paper have a clear and compelling argument structure, including:  a well-supported thesis statement that identifies the core focus of your research and gives the reader a map of the primary points/sections of your paper?  a progression of focused, balanced, and well-developed paragraphs with clear topic sentences that advance the argument presented in the thesis statement?  Ethics of authorship Does your paper integrate well-chosen evidence from credible sources? Evidence from credible sources should supplement your writing, but the paper should be written primarily in your own words. A paper of this length should not include long quotations. A direct quotation should not exceed two lines of your paper. If you have a compelling case for including a quote that exceeds two lines, please discuss it with the instructor before submitting your paper. You must be the author of your research paper; it is your intellectual property. Any words written by someone else that are copied or closely paraphrased must be placed in quotation marks & cited according to MLA guidelines. UWM statement on academic misconduct: “UWM expects each student to be honest in academic performance.” Plagiarism includes: 1. directly quoting the words of others without using quotation marks or indented format to identify them; or 2. using sources of information (published or unpublished) without identifying them; or 3. paraphrasing materials or ideas of others without identifying them. If you have any questions about how to integrate sources into your paper or how plagiarism is defined & addressed at UWM, please ask for clarification as soon as possible.  Quality of writing  Is your paper written in clear & compelling academic style?  Is your paper free of typos, misspelling, and other errors in grammar or usage?  MLA format  Does your paper follow MLA page format (font, spacing, margins, headings, etc.)?  Does your paper use MLA parenthetical citations to correctly cite sources?  Does your Works Cited page follow MLA citation format? 2 Final Research Paper  Rubric Deadline  Your completed case study will be due in class on: Tuesday, Feb 25 Details about assessment criteria are provided in the Guidelines for the Final Research Paper (Course Basics module). Assessment Criteria (100 points total) Length of paper ____ / 5 points  Does the paper meet the minimum length requirement (1,500-2,000 words)? 1. Scope & quality of research | External sources: 6 ____ / 20 points  Does the paper incorporate evidence gathered from a diverse collection of sources (at least six) that were not assigned course readings?  Does the paper incorporate evidence gathered from a credible collection of sources that were not assigned readings in the course? 2. Relevance of research to course topics | Assigned sources: 2 ____ / 15 points  Does the paper incorporate evidence gathered from at least two sources that were assigned in this course? 3. Structure & quality of argument ____ / 25 points  Does the introductory paragraph include a thesis statement that gives readers a concise summary of the primary points/sections of the paper?  Do all paragraphs begin with topic sentences that capture the main point(s) of the paragraph and relate to the thesis statement?  Are all paragraphs logically arranged to advance the thesis, relevant, focused, balanced, and welldeveloped? 4. Ethics of authorship ____ / 15 points  Does the paper integrate well-chosen evidence to support the argument?  Do any direct quotations or paraphrases exceed two lines of the paper?  Are phrases or sentences written by someone else (either copied word-for-word or closely paraphrased from a source) placed in quotation marks and cited according to MLA guidelines? Please see reverse  3 5. Quality of writing ____ / 15 points  Is the paper written in clear & compelling academic style?  Is the paper free of typos and deviations from academic grammar, usage, spelling, punctuation? 6. MLA format: Citations & Works Cited ____ / 5 points  Does the paper use MLA parenthetical references to correctly cite sources?  Does the Works Cited page follow correct MLA citation format? Total: _____ / 100 points Letter grade: _______ 4-point scale: _______ 4 
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