∆m (g) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3,9 5,2 6,5 7,8 9,1 10,4 11,7 13 a (m/s^2) 0,06787 0,1022 0,1363 0,1577 0,1996 0,2294 0,2521 0,2848 Measuring the Gravitational C 0,35 0,3 0,25 a (m/s^2) Clip Number 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 0 2 4 ring the Gravitational Constant y = 0,0237x - 0,0216 6 8 ∆m (g) 10 12 14 How to Write the Lab Report Page 1 Your goal in writing a lab report is to communicate your goals, methods and results to a reader who is your peer. You need to report what you did and why to the reader, without including all of the detail of a personal journal or lab manual. The style of writing necessary to produce a report is fundamentally different than the style of writing needed to produce a lab manual. In writing this manual, the author has had to give you all of the detail needed to figure out how to use the equipment and perform the lab. What you need to do is include only enough detail for the reader (assumed to be another physics student) to understand what you wanted to do, how you did it and how your results lead to your conclusions. In general, you will organize your lab report into sections. These sections are the abstract, the procedure, the theory section, the data and calculations section, the analysis section and the conclusions section. In addition, you must include any necessary figures in your report. The details of these sections are given below. You should read the Lab Report section of the lab manual each week, before writing your report. This will help you to write your report in the correct format. 1. Here is a list of general requirements for your report: A. Your report must be generated on a computer and printed out. If there are complicated equations to be presented, and you do not know how to use the equation editor in MS Word, you may leave several blank lines and write in the equations by hand. B. Always write in the past tense. You are reporting what you did, and you always write your report after you performed the lab. C. Formatting: Always write the title of your report in the header of the document. Title each section. Leave one or two blank lines between sections. Print your name in the upper right corner of the report, and also list your lab partners’ names. Abstract Learning how to write an abstract will be put off until you take physics 121. Procedure Your job in the procedure section of the report is to explain what you wanted to do, what equipment you used, how you used it and how this accomplished your goal. You must include enough detail so that someone who is unfamiliar with this lab and the equipment used can understand what you did, but you should not give all the detail necessary for someone to repeat the lab. As a general rule, the outline below will work for most procedures: 2. Your first paragraph covers in general terms: A. What was your goal? B. Describe the fully assembled experimental apparatus and refer the reader to the figure. For instance, in the first paragraph of a statics lab you might write “a meter stick was held horizontally in static equilibrium with hanging masses by a support system of string, pulleys and rods, as shown in Figure 1, below.” C. How did the experimental apparatus work? D. How did you use it? E. How did this accomplish your goal? How to Write the Lab Report Page 2 3. A figure of the experimental apparatus comes immediately below the first paragraph. This figure must include: A. A title of the figure. Example: “Figure 1: The Experimental Apparatus.” B. A neat and clear schematic diagram. This may be hand drawn, computer generated or found in an existing publication (lab manual, on line, etc). C. If you include an existing published figure, you must cite the source or suffer a one letter grade penalty for plagiarism. 4. In general you are responsible for covering the details listed below. If they were glossed over or omitted from the first paragraph, you must include the detail in subsequent paragraphs: A. Be specific about what was measured. B. Be specific about what measuring device was used to make each measurement. C. Be specific about technique used to make each measurement, unless it is trivial and/or obvious. D. Make a statement explaining how the measurements were used to accomplish the goal of the experiment. This statement is most often the last sentence of the procedure. If the procedure had a number of different parts, or if the one part was so complex as to require more than one paragraph, try to break the procedure into a number of paragraphs. If all of the parts (clamps, rods, etc.) are clearly labeled in your figure, then you don’t have to go through the detail of describing how you assembled the system. Theory Learning how to write the theory section will be put off until you take physics 121. Data and Calculations In this section you must report all of your data and the results of any calculations you perform. All data and calculations must be presented in data tables. 5. Each table presentation should include the following elements in order: A. Write one or two sentences stating what data and calculations are presented in the next table. B. Present the equations used to calculate any values shown in the table. (May be omitted if no equations were used for this data table.) C. Write the title of your data table. Example: “Table 1: Preliminary Measurements.” D. Present the data table. E. Write sentences explaining your choices for any uncertainties presented in the table. (May be omitted if you did not make any uncertainty choices for this data table.) 6. Here is a list of rules you should follow while writing your data and calculations section: A. Always include units and an uncertainty with every single numerical piece of data, even if you think you won’t be using the uncertainty. B. Always report your raw data. The only exception to this rule results when a computer system is used to gather extremely large data sets and produce graphs of the data. How to Write the Lab Report Page 3 C. Always present your data first. For example, if you have a data table of position and time measurements you used to calculate velocity, the position and time columns must come to the left of the velocity column, so that the data comes first. D. Always organize your data clearly using data structures and data tables that make sense. Data tables should be titled, and columns and rows should be clearly labeled by a word or a symbol, and should include the appropriate units for that measurement. E. Never show lists of calculations and arithmetic – just report the equation used and the results of the calculations. F. Present your graph of the data in the data section instead of appending it to the end of the report. 7. When the data you have collected forms a set that is expected to follow some mathematic trend, present the data in the form of a graph. Here is a list of some essential features of a graph: A. The graph should be as large as possible while fitting on the page so that the reader can more easily notice trends. B. Title your graph. C. Give each axis a title. Also, specify the units of each axis. D. Mark your data points large enough so that they are clearly visible. E. You may fit an appropriate curve to the data. If theory says that your data should form a straight line, then have the computer fit a linear equation to the data. Sample Graph: Velocity vs Time y = 2.9729x - 0.3651 25 Velocity(m/s) 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 Time(s) Analysis and Conclusions Again, you will put off learning how to write an analysis and conclusions until you take physics 121. How to Write the Lab Report Page 4 A Sample Lab Report Measuring the Gravitational Constant Using Projectile Motion Procedure: Our goal was to measure the value of the gravitational constant by measuring the time of flight and distance traveled for metal ball shot from a spring loaded gun at an angle of 45 degrees, as shown in Figure 1, below. A photogate and electronic timer were used to measure the time of flight of the ball. We also measured the distance of flight of the ball. Using these two measurements, we were able to calculate an experimental value for the gravitational constant. Figure 1: The Experimental Apparatus Photo gate starts timer here Path of ball Ball marks paper when it lands Student stops timer here 45o Spring loaded gun In order to record the distance travelled by the shot ball, we needed to verify that the travel distance would be horizontal, and to devise a method to record the distance traveled. We attached the spring gun at exactly a 45 degree angle such that the ball would leave the gun at the edge of the table top to which it was attached, as shown in Figure 1, above. We fired the gun once, and wheeled another table so that the ball would land in the middle of its table top. We then taped a sheet of paper where the ball would land, and placed a sheet of carbon paper upside down on top of this paper. With this arrangement, the ball would be fired at table top level and again return to table top level, leaving a mark on the paper where the ball struck. In order to record the time of flight of the ball an electronic timer was used. A photogate was placed such that the beam of light would be blocked when the ball left the spring loaded gun, starting the electronic timer. When a student saw the ball land on the table top, the stop button was pressed manually, recording the total time of flight of the ball. To experimentally determine the value of the gravitational constant, we performed the experiment a total of 6 times. For each trial the time of flight was recorded and the landing location of the ball was recorded as a mark on the paper at the landing site. We simply used a tape measurer to record the distance of flight for each of the marks on the paper. We used the average time of our six trials and the average distance for our six trials. These two measurements, average time and average distance of flight, were used to find the speed with which the ball was fired. Finally, the initial velocity vector as well as the time of flight were used to calculate our experimental determination of the gravitational constant. How to Write the Lab Report Page 5 Theory: In this section, any proofs, justifications or explanations of the equations used would be presented as necessary. We are not learning to write a theory section in this class, so this section is omitted. Data and Calculations: Below you will find our data table of distances and times for 6 trials. The uncertainties for the average values were calculated using the half range method: T = THigh − TLow X = and X High − X Low 2 Table 1: The Experimental Measurements Trial T (s) T (s) 1 0.78 0.10 2 0.68 0.10 3 0.82 0.10 4 0.84 0.10 5 0.75 0.10 6 0.76 0.10 Average 0.772 0.08 2 X (m) 3.022 3.017 2.998 3.102 3.026 3.006 3.0285 X(m) 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.052 Note that the uncertainties for each individual time measurement were assumed to be 0.1s to account for the reaction time to press the stop button on the timer. Note that the uncertainties for each value of distance were assumed to be 0.003m to account for the width of the marks made on the paper as the ball landed. Based on these average values we were able to calculate g using the following equations: Vo = X T cos( 45) 2Vo sin( 45) T Table 2: Calculating g: Value Vo(m/s) 5.55 g(m/s2) 10.2 g= Vo = g = X + X − Vo (T − T ) cos(45) 2(Vo + Vo ) sin( 45) −g (T − T ) Uncertainty 0.75 2.7 Analysis and Conclusions: In this section an explanation of the meaning and value of the data and experiment performed is presented. Since we are not learning to write this section this semester, this section is omitted. How to Write the Lab Report Page 6 Lab Report Grading Rubric Formatting – 1.5 Points 0.25- The lab report title is in the header of the document, center justified and underlined. 0.25 - The authors’ full names are written in the top right corner of the first page of the report. 0.25 - Each section of the report has a section title which is capitalized and bold faced. There is one blank line after each section title. 0.25 - There are at least two lines of writing below each section title before the bottom of the page. 0.5 - Your tables have lines around the cells and do not start at the bottom of one page and end at the top of the next page. Procedure – 2.5 Points 0.25 - The first sentence of your procedure states the overall experimental goal. 0.25 - The first paragraph includes a general descriptive statement about the experimental apparatus and refers the reader to look at Figure 1, below. 0.25 - The first paragraph includes a general statement about how the apparatus works and how it accomplished the goal. The statement about accomplishing the goal is the last sentence of the first paragraph. 0.25 - Below the first paragraph you have the figure of the experimental apparatus. This figure is informative and highlights how the apparatus works. You may draw this figure by hand, draw it electronically or include an image of a figure you found from some other source. 0.25 - If your figure is copied from another source, you cite the source of this figure. 0.25 - There is a title to your figure, either above it or below it. 0.25 - Somewhere in your procedure is a clear statement that you measured each thing that was measured, and what tool was used to measure that thing. 0.25 - If the procedure used to measure a thing is not obvious, you describe the procedure used. 0.25 - Your thoughts are organized into paragraphs in a manner that makes sense. You avoid run on paragraphs, and you do not have any one sentence paragraphs. 0.25 - The last sentence of your procedure states how your measurements accomplished the goal for this experiment. Data and Calculations – 6 Points 1 - Your measurements are of quality and errors are typical for this experiment. 1 - There are critical thinking sentences below each table that clearly justify your uncertainty choices and these explanations are cogent, relevant and insightful. 1 - All equations used are presented above the table where that equation is used, and the equations are of quality. 1 - Your data structures are well organized and highlight an easy understanding of your data. 1 - Your data is only reported inside of tables, not in sentences or by itself. 1 - There is one sentence above each data structure stating what is in the table or graph below Project Measuring the Gravitation Constant Caliper Page 1 This week we will accelerate a cart on a flat track with a hanging mass, recording the acceleration, allowing you to measure the value of the gravitational constant. This is very similar to the Atwood Machine, so we also call it the “Flatwood” lab for short. As a pre-lab exercise draw free-body diagrams for the cart and the hanging mass to prove equation 1, below. Do this with your table mates at the chalk board. Do not get any equipment until after you have done this, and your instructor confirms your proof. a= a= mg M (1) g Dm M M -m (2) The experiment begins with 10 large paper clips on the cart, creating a total mass, M. Then we transfer one of the paper clips over to the string, causing the system to accelerate. The amount of mass removed from the cart and placed on the end of the string is m. You will measure the acceleration of the cart for 10 different values of the hanging mass (m) by successively transferring paperclips to the end of the string and repeating the measurement. You will then produce a graph of the measured acceleration versus the hanging mass value, forming a straight line on your graph. An analysis of equation 2 shows that the slope of this line will allow you to find g: æ gö a = ç ÷ Dm èMø Graphed on vertical axis m Graphed on horizontal axis Slope Slope = g/M g = M*slope (3) Procedure: 1. Place the motion encoder cart and 10 binder clips on the digital balance and weigh them together. This total mass is M. Now remove the cart and weigh just the 10 binder clips. Assume that each binder clip has a mass of one tenth of this second measurement. Also assume that the uncertainty for the mass of just one binder clip is just one tenth of the uncertainty for all ten of them together (this is consistent with the maximum variation method that we are using this semester). Project Caliper Measuring the Gravitation Constant Page 2 2. Place the flat track on your lab bench and connect the Motion Encoder Receiver (MER) to the end of the track so that the dashed lines on the MER line up with the dashed lines on the track (this only works on one of the ends). Place the motion encoder cart on the track so that the dashed lines on the cart line up with the dashed lines on the track and point to the MER. Give the cart a slight push to the left and then to the right. Does the cart respond the same way in both directions, or is it slightly off level? Adjust the foot pegs of the track to make the track as level as possible. If your track does not have foot pegs, you may place some papers under the end that is too low. 3. Connect an end stop to the opposite end of the track as the MER, a couple of inches from the end. Connect a pulley to the same end as the end stop, but off center so that the pulley lines up with one of the poles on the top of your cart. Also tilt the pulley so that its top is level with the top of the cart (a few millimeters above the top of the end stop). 4. Take about 5 feet of the 6-pound fishing line (the thin stuff). Tie a loop in one end of the fishing line and tie the other end to the metal post sticking out of the top of the cart on the same side of the track as your pulley. Now make sure the end of your track with the pulley sticks a bit over the edge of your lab bench. Finally, adjust the cart and fishing line so that the line goes from the top of the cart over the pulley with a loop at the dangling end. Press the power button on the cart to make it light up blue. It is now set to transmit to the MER. 5. Set up the computer, LabPro interface and MER: • Connect the MER to the Dig/Sonic2 port of the LabPro interface. • Now connect the power supply to the LabPro interface and plug it in. You should hear some distinct chirping a few seconds after plugging it in. If you don’t, try a different outlet or ask your classmates or professor for help. • Use a LabPro USB cable to connect the LabPro to your computer. • Turn on your computer. • Click on the Logger Pro icon on the desk top. • Go to Experiment drop down menu, click on Setup Sensors, click Show All Interfaces, if the interface is connected at the Dig/Sonic2 channel of the interface, then click on the Dig/Sonic2 drop down menu and select Motion Encoder Cart. • • • On the toolbar select Data Collection . Adjust the length to 10 seconds and the sampling rate to 30 samples/second. When you are done click on done. When you are ready to start graphing the motion, click once on the Collect “button” at the top of the screen. Once data has been collected, you can select any of the graphs and hit the Auto-scale button on the toolbar . You can also manually set the axis scale by clicking on the end of the scale and entering the maximum or minimum value. 6. Place 9 of your paper clips on the back of your cart and 1 paper clip on the loop at the end of the string. Pull the cart back until the paper clip hangs about 1” below the pulley. Be sure that the clip and the string have a clear path while the cart is in motion. Project Caliper Measuring the Gravitation Constant Page 3 7. Press the collect button within Logger Pro, and as soon as you see data being collected on the computer screen release the cart (do not release the cart at the same time you press collect, there is a time delay). This should record the motion as the one paper clip accelerates the cart along with the 9 paper clips on top of it. 8. Fit a linear equation to your velocity data and use it to determine the acceleration. Do this by selecting the velocity graph and clicking the linear fit icon on the toolbar . You will need to adjust the ends of the fit by clicking and dragging the [ and ] brackets until just the section that forms an upward sloped straight line is highlighted. Omit any slight curved parts on either end of your straight section (only include the truly straight parts). The box displays the mathematical equation of a straight line that most closely matches the data you have highlighted. The slope of the velocity vs time graph is also known as the acceleration! Note for font size: If you’re having trouble reading the equation, double click the linear fit display box to open the display options and increase the font to 16 point or larger. You can click and drag the box to another location on the graph if it is in the way. If you leave the linear fit active for future data runs, you can adjust the end brackets and you won’t need to resize the font each time. 9. Write down the number of hanging clips and the acceleration values in the first two cells of the data table below. Recall that each paper clip has a mass of one tenth of the mass of all 10 paper clips. We will use Excel to convert clip number to Dm when we finish collecting data. Clip number a (m/s2) Clip number a (m/s2) 10. Similarly, measure and record the acceleration with two clips hanging from the end of the string and 8 clips on the back of the cart. Record your data above. 11. Repeat this process until you have 10 measured accelerations for 10 different hanging clip values. Note that you must keep the total mass constant by ensuring that all 10 paper clips are either hanging from the end of the string or on the back of the cart. 12. Once you have recorded all of this data, turn off the smart cart, close the Vernier software package, and open Excel. (Thank you.) Project Caliper Measuring the Gravitation Constant Page 4 13. We will set up three columns in Excel. Title the leftmost column “Clip number” and use cell A1 to do this. In the first cell below the title (A2), type 1 and hit return. In the next cell below, type 2 and hit return. Now select/highlight the two cells containing the numbers. Selecting the cells sets up the pattern for Excel to follow. You will notice a small square at the bottom right of the selection. When you move the mouse over top of the square it will turn into a black + sign. Click on the square and drag down to use the auto-fill feature. You want to fill until you reach 10 for the maximum number of clips. If you go past you can delete the extra values. 14. Now we will set up the second column. Title this “m (g)” for the mass of the hanging clips in grams using cell B1. We will use the first column to have Excel calculate the total mass of the clips for us. In the first cell below the title we will enter a formula for the computation. All computations begin with = so that Excel knows it is supposed to compute something. Let’s say the total mass of my 10 clips is 24 grams. That makes the mass of each clip 24/10 grams. To compute the mass of one clip in cell B2, I will type “=A2*(24/10)” and hit return. You should see the value 2.4 displayed in the cell now. Double click the cell to edit the formula and change the 24 to your measurement for the total clip mass and hit return. Note on typing Greek letters: There are several uses of Greek letters for physics variables. Ones that occur commonly in this course are , , and . The first two are the lower- and upper-case delta, the Greek equivalent to the letter d. To type them you can type the letter d (or D if you want uppercase), highlight the letter, and change the font to Symbol font. For math, if you need to typeset  it’s the lowercase p,  is q. 15. I could go to cell B3 and type “=A3*(24/10)”, but that’s a lot of work. Instead, select cell B2 by clicking once. Grab the auto-fill square in the bottom right of the cell and drag down to the bottom of the table. When you do this Excel automatically updates the A2 in the formula to an A3, A4, and so on. The last cell (10 clips total) should display your measured value for 10 clips. If it doesn’t, ask your instructor or neighbors for help. 16. Title the third column “a (m/s2)”. Enter your previously recorded data into this column. 17. Highlight the two columns of data (do not include the column titles, just the data). 18. Make a graph of your data: • Insert a scatter plot graph of your data with markers only (no lines). You’ll find the scatter plot in the middle of the Insert tab. • Now we will add a trend line to the graph. When the graph is selected, a new Chart Tools tab will appear – select it. Under Design, click the Add Chart Element option (far left). Select Trendline. Under more options (looks like a bar chart) you can ensure your trend line is linear and you can check the box to display equation on chart. • Finally, format your graph for your final report. Give it vertical and horizontal axis titles, and remove the legend if you have one. Project Caliper Measuring the Gravitation Constant Page 5 19. Check everything out. Are the axes labeled correctly? Is acceleration on the vertical axis? Is hanging mass on the horizontal axis? If not, go edit the properties of your graph and fix it. Ask your instructor to confirm your final formatting. 20. Now that the graph is created, let’s go back and add in an uncertainty column for the m values. Position your mouse over column C at the very top and right click. Insert a column. You should now see that the acceleration values are in column D and your graph is unaffected. Column C should be empty. (If this did not occur, you can type control-z to undo the action and ask for help.) Title this new column with “ m (g)”. Enter a formula to compute the uncertainty of each m value. Check with your table mates and instructor to see that you have the correct formula. 21. Add borders to columns B-D in your data table. Highlight all of your data in these columns. Click on the “Home” tab then go to the “borders” button (not labeled borders, has a picture of a border, probably near the Bold, Underline Italicize buttons). Click on this and add borders around all of the cells in your data section. 22. Save your graph and data table. Either save the file to a USB drive or email it to yourselves. 23. Use the slope of the trend line in your graph to determine an experimental measurement of g, as explained above. 24. Compare your data to the expected value. Specifically, find the percent difference between your measured value of the gravitational constant and the expected value of 9.81 m/s2. 25. Concerning uncertainties: we are always responsible for estimating an uncertainty and justifying the value of that uncertainty for every measurement whenever possible. Unfortunately, we do not have a way to determine the uncertainty from a best fit line. For this reason, we do not have a method of determining the uncertainty for the measured accelerations (slopes of v vs. t graphs) or for the slope of the a vs. m graph. You still need to record estimated uncertainties for all other measurements and justify your choices with critical thinking sentences. Discuss this topic at length with your table mates. After discussion, justify your uncertainty choices for: M (what you measured): ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 10 m: (what you measured): _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Project Caliper Measuring the Gravitation Constant Page 6 m: (what you calculated): _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ As this is the first full data section you will include in a report, we’ll be very explicit about what it should contain. In the future, you will need to determine how to organize and report your measured and calculated values. Use this lab and the sample lab as a guide. There will be 3 tables and one chart in this data section. Table 1 will include the preliminary measured values and their corresponding uncertainties. In this case that will be the total mass M and the 10-clip mass. There are no computations associated with these values, so no equations need to appear above the table. Table 2 will contain columns B-D that we set up to create the graph. This will technically be a repeat of the data presented in the graph, and there are times when we will choose to omit the table form and simply present the graph. In this case, we choose to include both because the data table is not very large and we wish to check the understanding of the uncertainty in each m value. Ask your instructor if you are unsure about including the graph data table in the future. Remember to include the general equations used to determine the values that appear for m above table 2. (If we weren’t including the table these equations would appear above the chart.) Chart 1 will be the a vs. m graph with the trend line. The final table will contain the remaining values used to compute the final result. In this case, it will be the slope observed from chart 1, the experimentally computed value of g, and the % difference in the computed value of g. Did you make computations to obtain any values in this table? If so, you need to show the general formula for that computation above the table. Follow the formatting details outlined in the data section of the sample lab report, including equations and statements of uncertainty with each table. Note that different labs may call for a different number of tables and/or charts. Use your judgment to find the most suitable way to present the data for each lab. Project Caliper Measuring the Gravitation Constant Page 7 What to Turn in for Lab 3: One week from today you and your lab partner will be turning in your lab report with a completed lab report check list stapled to the back. This report will include a procedure with a figure of the experimental apparatus and a data and calculations section. You should: 1. Read the section of the lab manual titled How to Write a Lab Report again. 2. Meet outside of class time in person to write your procedure together using a computer. 3. After the first paragraph of the procedure you will include a figure of the experimental apparatus. 4. After the figure, be sure that your second paragraph explicitly states that you measured the things you measured, and with which tools. 5. You will need to write a data section. To do this, begin in Excel by creating data tables to house your data. Be sure that the units are shown in the column headers, but not in the individual cells of the tables. Be sure that your tables have lines. Be sure that each piece of data has an uncertainty estimate accompanying it. 6. Write your data and calculations section in Word, and paste in the data tables you made in Excel into your Word document. 7. Follow the format for presenting data explained on pages 2 and 3 of the lab manual. This includes showing equations used above the table and then justifying your uncertainty choices below the tables. Note that when you choose to not report an uncertainty, you must also state why you did this. For instance, this week you were not able to estimate an uncertainty for the accelerations because the software used could not do so. 8. When you have finished your procedure and Data and Calculations sections print out a draft copy. 9. Read your draft report, and fill out the check list on the next page of this manual. 10. Modify your draft until it satisfies the check list. 11. Read the Sample Lab Report in the lab manual. After reading the sample lab report, ask yourself if your draft has too much detail or if it is missing anything. Modify your draft as needed. 12. Print out a final copy of your report and staple the checklist to the back of it. 13. Write both partners’ first and last names on the top right corner of the packet and turn it in. Project Caliper Measuring the Gravitation Constant Page 8 Lab Report Check list Verify that your lab report satisfies each of the items on the check list below. Check off the items as they are complete, and attach this check list to the back of your lab report when you turn it in. Having this check list correctly filled out will be worth one point of your lab grade. The Procedure: ___ 1. The first sentence of my procedure states the goal of the experiment. ___ 2. The first paragraph of my procedure describes the fully assembled experimental apparatus, what it does and how it works in general terms. ___ 3. The first paragraph of my procedure refers the reader to figure 1, and below the first paragraph I have figure 1, a diagram of the experimental apparatus. ___ 4. After thoroughly explaining how the apparatus works in general terms, I am very specific about how I used it and what I measured, beginning in the second paragraph. ___ 5. The last sentence of my procedure states how the measured data was used to accomplish my experimental goal. ___ 6. I have read through my procedure and edited out any sentences that aren’t needed. Specifically, my writing is to the point, and I do not have personal observations that are not relevant to the reader understanding the lab included. Also, when a smaller word is just as accurate as a bigger word, I have chosen to use the smaller word. The Data Section: ___ 1. I have reported every piece of data that I measured. ___ 2. I created data structures that made sense, and all data and calculation results are presented in tables. My data tables are so well organized, that the reader can understand what I measured and the results just from glancing at my data tables. ___ 3. Each data table has a title. ___ 4. Each data table has a sentence or two above the table stating what is presented in that table. ___ 5. If the data table shows any quantity that was determined with an equation, the equation(s) used are presented above the data table but below the sentence described in 4, above. ___ 6. If the data table shows any uncertainties, just below the table I have written sentences justifying the choices I made while estimating those uncertainties. ___ 7. Every piece of data had the appropriate units attached to it, either directly or in the header of a column or row.
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