University of California Climate Change Impact on Marine Biodiversity Discussion

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University of California Irvine

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Research Process: How did you implement and expand your skills in information literacy as you transitioned from the CP to the AP? To what extent did your research process for the AP change from the CP? (For example, did you use new databases,  or did you search for new genres of sources? Did you alter your keywords in the same databases? Did you use your CP sources to uncover other sources?)

Writing Process: To what extent has your writing process changed as we've moved from an expository essay (the CP) to an argument-driven Advocacy Project? Consider all stages, from brainstorming and outlining to drafting and revising -- have you approached any of these stages differently for the AP? Further, to what extent did conducting research all throughout the drafting process help you to make decisions about the organizational logic of your paper

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Writing 39C Sarah Hanson-Kegerreis General Feedback for AP Draft 2 Use my comments on the CP Final Draft to guide your revisions for the AP, paying attention both to global and local aspects. That detailed feedback should give you a good basis for what to look out for as you revise, even if you’re not directly repurposing those sections in the AP. Refine your thesis Statement, and present your thesis early in the paper (first or second paragraph) – Your thesis statement does a lot in the paper: it lays out the central aspects of your argument, it provides a direct response to the prompt, and it clues your reader into the specific solutions and efforts you’ll be addressing in the body of the paper. It’s important that you provide your thesis statement to your reader early so that they have a clear idea of your argument and what to expect in the rest of the paper. Your thesis statement will likely need to be 3-4 (or even more) sentences long for the AP. Further, bring in specifics and detail into your thesis. For instance, if you’re advocating that a certain bill or policy should be passed, use the specific name of the bill or policy in your thesis. Remember that your thesis should be one of the last things you revise before submitting your paper – it’s a continuous process of tweaking and refining from the “working” thesis to the final version. On a related note, avoid using the passive voice in the thesis statement. – Use the active voice to avoid obscuring the people or organizations that implement or propose the efforts you’re addressing. Who or what organizations carry out these efforts, exactly? If you feel like your paper is more a list of efforts than an argument about those efforts, consider how you might categorize the efforts further. – Do you have some short-term and long-term efforts, for instance? Or are some of your solutions dealing with on-the-ground responses to the problem, while other efforts address the larger cause of the problem? Or, are you comparing efforts that are in practice now with efforts that are in development? Framing the efforts, you’re addressing in these ways might help you to put everything together into an argument. You can also think about the efforts in terms of the argumentative strategies from the AGWR (causation, cost/benefit, feasibility, and so on). If you’re arguing for a combination of efforts, make sure you explain why this particular combination is effective. – How do these particular solutions or efforts address the pitfalls, limits, or drawbacks of the other effort(s) you’re proposing? Continue to think about how you present your analytical reasons behind the solutions and efforts you’re discussing. – Why are you focusing on these particular solutions and not others? Make sure you clue your reader into your reasoning. You could do this by framing your discussion through the argumentative strategies from the AGWR, by emphasizing the effects of the efforts, or by thinking about how various stakeholders are affected. Pay special attention to your paragraph structure—especially your topic sentences and wrap-up sentences – Use these to frame each paragraph and to tell the reader how the information in each paragraph relates to your overall argument. I’ll make another plug here for reverse outlining. The guides for this are on Canvas under the Writing & Style Guides section. Watch out for vague statements about how people have thought about the topic – I’m often seeing statements like “people continued to question the…” or “people have continued to wonder…” or “Some have taken a different approach…” The problem with these statements is there’s usually a more precise way to say what you mean. Who are these people, exactly? (governmental agencies, politicians, marine ecologists, economists, psychologists, etc.). Give time stamps as you present your sources/solutions – Don’t forget to be specific when you’re talking about dates. What years are these efforts from, and/or when did the authors publish their study or report? When was this bill or policy proposed, and what is the projected timeline? What does the date tell us about the source and how it fits in to your argument? Avoid unnecessary hedging – All academic writers hedge, but I’m seeing some hedging that you could cut out from the paper in order to provide a more confident argument. Statements such as “seems to be” or “appears to be” often come up naturally as you’re figuring out what exactly you want to advocate/argue for. I recommend cutting down on hedging when you’re presetting your argument (in the thesis statement), in particular. A good place for hedging, though, could be in the conclusion, where you point to larger possibilities or implications. Multimodality Provide detailed captions for all visual modes (images, infographics, maps, charts, tables, etc.). – Since you’re taking these visual modes from a different source (and from a different rhetorical situation) it’s important for you to use the caption to tell your reader how you want them to interpret the information in that map or chart for the purposes of your specific argument. You should also attribute the visual mode to its source in the same caption. Link your visual modes to your discussion in the main text. – When referring to tables and graphs from within the text, you can use numbered figures: • Clauses beginning with “as”: “As shown in Table 1, …” “As Figure 2 displays,” • In parentheses at the end of the sentence: “Each sample tested positive for three nutrients (Figure 1).” Writing Style Improve the flow and concision of your draft by reading it out loud – More concise writing would strengthen your paper and would help you communicate your points more clearly to the reader. Tighten wordy sentences; eliminate repetition and needlessly complex structures. Read your writing out loud to spot these issues. See Williams on “Concision” for more strategies for concise writing.
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Explanation & Answer

Reflection

Surname 1

Name of student
Name of Professor
Subject
Date
Reflection Essay
Argumentative writing presents an opportunity to write persuasive essays and research
papers. The combative research process enables me to align the search keywords to provide
precise results during the database search. In the argumentative style, I can explore different
sources that provide information about a particular stand of the topic. According to Afrin et al.,
articles in newspapers provide information that takes a certain inclination of the research topic,
making them favorable for argumentative research (64).
The argumentative approach enables me to take broader thinking during the
brainstorming stage to enhance the understanding of the topic from different facets. During the
outlining stage, I analyze the topic from the different angles, culminating in the selection of the
stand that has more substantial argument points. In the exploratory approach, I would assess the
topic for any available points for presentation in the essay. The logical presentation of the points
in argumentative design involves connecting the related points to make a more compelling
argument. The flow of content ensures good link-up of ideas to enhance the coherence of the
information. In the argumentative approach, I can notice a fault in the logic more quickly
through the application of critical thinking. The revision process is easier owing to the wellstructured paragraphs.

Surname 2

Work cited
Afrin, Tazin, and Diane Litman. "Identifying Editor Roles in Argumentative Writing from
Student Revision Histories." International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in
Education. Springer, Cham, 2019.


OUTLINE – Mid-AP Reflection

Title Page

Main Text Body
1. Reflection on the improvements from CP writing through AP writing.
References
All original work except where referenced. MLA format by default.

And the final draft :-)

OUTLINE – AP Final Draft
Title Page
Main Text Body
Implementation of lecturer’s comments in the draft.
References
All original work except where referenced. MLA format by default.


Tang 1

Yusheng Tang
Sarah Hanson-Kegerreis
Writing 39C
February 23, 2020
Climate Change Impact on Marine Biodiversity
Many factors contribute to the climate change problem. Most notably, it is impossible to
underestimate the effect of carbon dioxide build-up in the atmosphere. Scientists link the build-up
of carbon dioxide to deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels (Hillebrand et al. 360). The effect
of the gas is depletion of the ozone layer, culminating in adverse impacts on marine life through
ecosystem imbalance. There exists a variety of solutions to climate change. Currently, overreliance
on scientific methods to control climate change presents a problem in the attempt to address the
challenge adequately. The application of ecosystem-based adaptation is a viable option in the effort
to curb the adverse effects of climate change. An in-depth assessment of the approach shows the
feasibility of the method in comparison with other existing approaches.
Marine habitats, ecological health, and fisheries currently face pressure from overfishing,
pollution, and other anthropogenic impacts. According to Young et al., climate change poses
additional challenges in the development of environmental management and conservation
planning to preserve ecosystem services, since changes in ocean conditions, primarily water
temperature and various oceans biogeochemical aspects have begun (340). Marine biodiversity
reacts to changes in organismic physiology and phenology. The changes, including population
dynamics and distribution, emanate from rising temperatures and other ocean conditions. Such
responses to changes in the environment and the atmosphere lead to changes in species diversity,
changes in community structure and ecosystem functions, and changes in marine goods and

Tang 2

services. This paper will discuss the effects and possible approaches to rising climate change
impacts on marine biodiversity.
Causation
Different factors contribute towards adverse climatic changes, culminating in a negative impact
on the marine organisms. Millions of species live in the ocean. The sustainability of the oceans
depends heavily on marine biodiversity. The effects of climate change on marine species due to
human activities are immediate, changing their abundance, variety, and distribution. Nutrition,
growth, and breeding, as well as the relationship between species, is greatly affected. Emissions
and pollution present a fundamental cause of climatic change. The burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation increases the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to climate change
(Hillebrand et al. 360). Seawater acidity is rising as a direct result of increasing levels of carbon
dioxide in the air from human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide levels
are higher than in the last eight hundred thousand years. Carbon dioxide dissolves in salt, changes
the chemical composition of seawater, and increases the PH of the water (Young et al. 340). The
increased acidity of the ocean makes it smaller, and it makes it easier for predators to consume...


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