Early Christian and Byzantine Art Judaism   Ethical monotheism  Belief in single, benevolent, all-knowing god requiring obedience to divine laws of right conduct  Became fundamental tenet of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Hebrews  Originated in Sumer  Knowledge of Hebrews comes from the Bible  Under Abraham of Ur, migrated and settled in Canaan Judaism THE HEBREW BIBLE The Torah Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy The Prophets Joshua Judges Samuel I and II Kings I and II Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel Twelve Minor Prophets The Writings Psalms Proverbs Job Song of Songs Ruth Lamentations Ecclesiastes Esther Daniel Ezra Nehemiah Chronicles I and II Judaism 4   Book of Genesis  Hebrews bound to God through covenant in return for God’s protection  Hebrews migrated to Egypt, become state slaves Moses  Led exodus out of Egypt and back toward Canaan, c. 1300 BCE   Settled near Dead Sea Encounters Yahweh at Mount Sinai  Ten Commandments  Defines relationship between God and faithful, and between members of Hebrew community Judaism History of Early Hebrew State • • • c.1040—1000 B.C.E. King Saul C. 1000—960 B.C.E. King David c. 960—920 B.C.E. King Solomon (Hebrew Kingdom: North = Israel, South = Judah) • • • • 722 B.C.E. Fall of Israel to Assyria 586 B.C.E. Fall of Judah to Chaldea 586-539 B.C.E. Babylonian Captivity 538-516 B.C.E. Restoration of Solomon's Temple Christianity   Roman religion: blend of native and borrowed traditions  Pagan, Augury, gods of non-Roman people  Roman tolerance created lack of religious uniformity in Empire  No promise of retribution in afterlife or eternal life Mystery Cults   Near East agricultural societies celebrated seasonal change  Isis: Egypt  Dionysus: Greece  Mithra: Persia Symbolic performances of birth, death, rebirth  Baptism  Communal meal Christianity  Judea Before Jesus   Troubled times for Jewish population  Spiritual values threatened by secular empire  Many awaited arrival of Messiah The Coming of Jesus  Jesus embraced ethical principles of Judaism    Emphasized pacifism and anti-materialism Jesus was condemned as threat to stability Put to death by Roman governor Pontius Pilate – crucifixion   Resurrection: anticipated a Second Coming Early representation: redeemer and protector    Good Shepherd, crucifixion rarely depicted Only small part of Judean population became Christian in first 100 years after Jesus’ death Jesus gained widespread appeal through Paul’s writings  Atonement, redemption, eternal salvation, everlasting life Christianity  The Spread of Christianity   Roman empire receptive to Christian message  Large gaps between rich and poor  Bureaucratic corruption  Assaults by Germanic tribes  Jesus’ message easy to understand, accessible to all, and free of regulations and costly rituals Diocletian suppression of Christianity (303 CE)    Refusal to pay homage to Roman emperor, serve in imperial armies Edict of Milan (313 C.E.) - Constantine  Legalized Christianity; proclaimed religious tolerance  By end of fourth century, Christianity official religion of Roman Empire Christian Tenets  The Council of Nicaea (325 C.E.)  Nicene Creed Christianity  Symbolism   Sign of the fish (acrostic of Greek words for Jesus Christ)  Alpha/omega (beginning and end of alphabet, time)  Roman Catholic Church: West  Greek Orthodox: East Numbers thought to bear allegorical meaning  3: trinity  4: evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)  5: wounds of Jesus  7: sorrows of Mary  12: apostles Christian Music  Early Christian Music  Music of the Mass  High Mass: Gregorian chant   Monophonic Parts of the Mass  “Kyrie Eleison”  “Gloria”  “Credo”  “Sanctus”  “Benedictus Dei”  “Agnus Dei” Christianity Early Christian Dates and Places  3rd and 4th centuries CE  Rome People  Monotheistic  Co-exist with polytheistic Roman religion  Christianity legalized by Constantine in 313CE Interior, Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, dedicated 504 Early Christian Themes  Christ as good shepherd, emperor  Old Testament prefiguration  Appropriated Roman symbols for new use Forms  Stylized forms, non-illusionistic  Conceptual, not optical Miracle of the loaves and fishes mosaic, Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, ca. 504 Early Christian  Christ as Good Shepherd  Old Testament prefiguration, Jonah  Orants  In catacomb of Christian burials  Adapt Roman iconography The Good Shepherd, Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, early fourth century Early Christian Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, ca. 359  Conventionalized, stylized forms like Arch of Constantine  Christian disinterest in the body  Christ as emperor  Old Testament prefiguration  New Testament redemption Early Christian Cutaway, Old Saint Peter’s, begun ca. 319 Early Christian  Old St. Peter’s Basilica  Dedicated by Constantine  Built over the tomb of the Apostle Peter  Held 3,000-4,000 people  Combined Roman domestic, civic, and temple architecture  Cruciform, resembled Latin cross  835 feet long, 295-foot wide transept Early Christian  Central-plan adopted from Roman art  Used for mausoleums, baptisteries, chapels  Ambulatory surrounds central domed cylinder  Mosaics inside Santa Costanza, ca. 337-351 Early Christian Christ as the Good Shepherd mosaic, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, ca. 425 Byzantine Art Dates and Places  Constantine moved seat of power to Byzantium (Constantinople) 330 CE – “new Rome”  Emperor Honorius court in Rome to Ravenna 402 CE  Eastern Christian Roman Empire People  Emperor head of church  Period of iconoclasm San Vitale, 526–547 Christianity Byzantine Art Themes  Icons of Christ, Virgin Mary, and Saints Forms  Static, timeless  Gold backgrounds  Conventionalized figures  Centrally planned churches, domes  Mosaics (tesserae) Theodora and attendants, mosaic, San Vitale, ca. 547 Byzantine Art  Emperor Justinian the Great  Attempt to restore Roman empire  Theocratic Rule (527-565)  Codified Roman law  Unity between church and state  The Digest of Laws Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and attendants mosaic, San Vitale, ca. 547 Byzantine Art ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES and ISIDORUS OF MILETUS, Hagia Sophia, 532–537 Byzantine Art ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES and ISIDORUS OF MILETUS, interior, Hagia Sophia, 532–537 Byzantine Art Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom)  Central plan with nave  Dome over crossing, influence of Pantheon  Pendentives and semidomes support  Mystical light  Plain exterior, lavish interior  Separation of sexes ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES and ISIDORUS OF MILETUS, Hagia Sophia, 532–537 Byzantine Art  Byzantine Icon  Encaustic and gold on wood  Active art: transmit prayers, work miracles  Conventionalized figures, timeless, static  Iconoclasts destroy icons in 8th century Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, icon, sixth or early seventh century Byzantine Art Christ as Pantokrator, mosaic, Church of the Dormition, ca. 1090–1100 Byzantine Art  Classical revival  Illusionistic style  Classical-looking figures  David looks like Orpheus David composing the Psalms, ca. 950–970 Byzantine Art Interior, Saint Mark’s, begun 1063 Byzantine Art Roman vs. Byzantine 3-dimensional 2-dimensional Natural settings Stylized backgrounds Directness, simplicity Impersonal, symbolic Jesus’ worldly life Jesus’ divinity and remoteness from worldly matters Christian Music    Develop from various sources: Hebrew, Greek, Roman   Music of the Universe  Human Music  Instrumental Music and Song    Music = “Queen of the senses” Curative powers of music Gregorian chant Hymns Arian Hymns:  Loud and raucous  Derived from pagan drinking and theatrical songs (allied with popular music)  Helped Arians make converts Cassiodorus  Plainsong, plainchant  6c: plainsong Boethius  Western Liturgy Christian Music  Byzantine Liturgy   Professional choirs explored and developed art  Syllabic: each syllable given a note  Melismatic: syllables prolonged over several notes Contemplative attitude   “One may sing without voice, the mind resounding inwardly, for we sing not to men, but to God, who can hear our hearts and enter into the silences of the mind.” – St. John Chrysostom Active attitude  Ambrosian Liturgy  “If you praise the Lord and do not sing, you do not utter a hymn … A hymn therefore has these three things: song and praise and the Lord.” - St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan  Hymn and psalm singing in church, simplicity, regularity  Antiphonal: Two choruses sing alternate verses  Responsorial: leader chants, chorus responds Medieval Styles Warrior Lords    Migratory people  Germanic language family     Driven west by Huns; threatened Roman Empire   Dialects differed by tribe “Barbarians” Alliance formed: tribes could settle on Empire’s border in exchange for protection from other invaders Antagonism between Rome and West Goths  Visigoths defeated Roman army  Fighting way of life; highly respected skill  Superb horsemen  Spurs, foot stirrups Warriors shared spoils of victory with chieftain  Fealty  Development of feudalism Epic poetry  Landmark literature  Beowulf  Personal valor and heroism Burial boats  Sutton Hoo Warrior Lords Merovingian looped fibula, from Jouy-le-Comte, France, mid sixth century. Warrior Lords Cloisonne Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial in Suffolk, England, ca. 625. Lyre, Heraldic composition, Sumerian 5 Book cover, Empress Irene, Byzantine Empire Hiberno-Saxon Dates and Places  7th-9th century  British Isles People  Christians  In monasteries  Working in scriptoria  Living in isolation Crucifixion, Lindau Gospels, ca. 870 HibernoSaxon Themes  Gospel books  Symbolic images Forms  Interlace inherited from warrior lords, seen on artifacts from graves  Stylized human and animal forms  Illuminated Chi-rho-iota page, Book of Kells, late eighth or early ninth century HibernoSaxon Carpet page, Lindisfarne Gospels, ca. 698–721 Carolingian   Charles the Great (Charlemagne)  Restore Roman Empire under Christian leadership  Crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” by Pope Leo III, 800 CE  Initiated holy wars, control conquered lands  Revived trade with the East  Aachen – palace and school The Carolingian Renaissance  Promoted education and the arts  Monastery heart of educational revival  Numerous Benedictine monasteries constructed  Classical principles of symmetry and order  Abbey church of Saint-Gall Carolingian Dates and Places  800-900  France & Germany  Aachen – palace and school People  Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor  Revival of Roman Empire  Importance of learning Themes  Gospel books  Benedictine Monastery  Manuscripts, legibility Saint Matthew, Coronation Gospels, ca. 800–810 Carolingian Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald, from Metz, France, ninth century. 11 Carolingian  The Medieval Book  Books prepared by monks and clerics, not lay people  Handwritten on parchment (animal skin) and illuminated (illustrated)  Bibles and liturgical books ornamented Saint Matthew, Ebbo Gospels, ca. 816–835 Carolingian Plan of the Palatine Chapel, 792–805 Palatine Chapel, 792–805 Rise of Feudalism   Carolingian Empire  Disintegrated after Charlemagne’s death  Viking invasions  Empire split among Charlemagne’s three grandsons  Administration and protection fell to local ruling aristocracy  Enhanced growth of feudalism  Feudalism  Rudimentary form of government  Exchange of land for military service  Feudal nobility responsible for military defense and political leadership The Lives of Medieval Serfs  Majority unfree serfs  Rural labor  40 days of military service  Ransom, food Ottonian Dates and Places  900-1000  France People  Heirs of Charlemagne  Inspired by Rome Themes  Biblical themes  Church: Basilica form Gero Crucifix, ca. 970 Ottonian  Basilica, towers at both ends  Alternate-support system based on modular support system, two transepts  Door: Bishop Bernward, patron  Old and New Testament in bronze  Prefiguration Saint Michael’s,1001–1031 Doors, Saint Michael’s, 1015 Otto III enthroned, folio 24 recto of the Gospel Book of Otto III, from Reichenau, Germany, 997–1000. Early Medieval Literature  The Song of Roland  French epic poem, 778 CE  Ideals of the fighting nobility, song of heroic deeds   Story of ambush at Pyrenees, led by Roland, Charlemagne’s nephew  Transmitted orally by jongleurs (professional entertainers)  Sung by chant, melody (music not survive) The Poetry of the Troubadours  Increased literacy among the upper class: Vernacular literature, lyrical poetry, romance  Carmina burana  Troubadours  Professional musicians (nobility) who recited poems  Poetry monophonic and syllabic, often accompanied by lyre or lute  Influenced by Arabic traditions  Medieval Romance  Illicit relationship between a man and woman of upper class   Shaped Western concepts of gender and courtship   Lancelot Romantic perception of women as objects Significant influence on Western literary tradition Early Medieval Music & Drama  Major musical developments came out of monasteries  Addition of antiphons   Trope   Verses sung as response to religious text Embellishment to liturgical chant Liturgical Drama  Broke away from liturgy  Performed in intervals between parts of mass Play of Herod  Three Magi, massacre of innocents by King Herod   Eventually moved from church to town square
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