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Kay Kay Johnsonure.com
17 21
Theory that is Portrayed in Film-Video
Assignment - Proposal Due on Discussion
Board by Wednesday Night at Midnight -
Week 8 - Feb. 26th.
Given that I want to make theory as
relevant as we can to everyday life, I have
decided to swap out a more traditional
assignment with something a bit more out
of the box.
You will post to Discussion Board a short
proposal (150-250 words) of a regular
fiction (creative) film or documentary film,
or some type of video material (think Ted
Talk, etc.) that captures one or more of the
readings we have already covered in class
or will cover by Week 8 when the proposal
will be due. In this proposal, you should
post why you think the video material you
have selected relates to certain readings
and why you think it would be good for the
class to watch collectively. This means that
you will need to peruse at least a couple of
films/videos in order to put forth your final
suggestion to the class.
Then the class will vote Friday by midnight
(anonymous voting on Survey Monkey) on
which one we will watch together for the
final week. Students will be asked to not
More
Edit
A
Fouc
Power as
Michel Foucault (1976)
Hence the objective is to analyze a certain form of
TI
red
The
group
trav
(Des
The
power,
or law, but in terms of power. But the word power is
and its unity. By power, I do not mean "Power"
understandings with respect to its nature, its form,
of institutions and mechanisms that ensure
the subservience of the citizens of a given state. By tion, and not aries icture; neither is it a certain
which, in contrast to violence, has the form of the
rule. Finally, I do not have in mind a general system
of domination exerted by one group over another, a
system whose effects, through successive derivations,
pervade the entire social body. The analysis, made in
terms of power, must not assume that the sover-
tcs
to
sate
au-
put
eignty
pe,
Knowledge
( Power as Knowledge | 361
it is produced frorics
moment to the next, at every
point, or rather i
ry relation from one point to
another. Power ¡.ningrywhere; not because it em-
braces everything over because it comes from every-
where. And “Poexis- insofar as it is permanent,
a misunderstandings
repetitious, inert, un-self-reproducing, is simply the
over-all effect tha any erges from all these mobilities,
the concatenatic/ to-at rests on each of them and
seeks in turn to audi- their movement. One needs to
be nominalistic, non loubt: power is not an institu-
I do not mean, either, a mode of subjugation strength we are
ense 'wed with; it is the name that
one attributes
implex strategical situation in a
particular societ
Should we tu
le expression around, then, and
say that politics the r pursued by other means? If we
still wish to ma
1 a separation between war and
politics, perhap
should postulate rather that this
of the state, the form of the law, or the over- multiplicity of relations can be coded in
part
all unity of a domination are given at the outset; but never totall ither in the form of "war," or in
power takes.
the form of “po
'; this would imply two different
one always liable to switch into
first instance as the multiplicity of force relations im-
the other) for i
rating these unbalanced, hetero-
manent in the sphere in which they operate and
geneous, unsta ind tense force relations.
which constitute their own organization; as the
pro-
Continuing of
line of discussion, we can ad-
cess which, through ceaseless struggles and confron-
vance a certain, fiber of propositions:
tations, transforms, strengthens, or reverses them; as
Power is nc
nething that is acquired, seized,
the support which these force relations find in one
or shared, som
jg that one holds on to or allows
another, thus forming a chain or a system, or on the
r is exercised from innumerable
to slip away;
the disjunctions and contradictions which points, in the play of nonegalitarian and mobile
isolate them from one another; and lastly, as the relations.
F
strategies in which they take effect, whose general Relations a iner are not in a position of exteri-
design or institutional crystallization is embodied in
types
of relationships
the state apparatus, in the formulation of the law, in
(economic pr ies, knowledge relationships, sex-
the various social hegemonies. Power's condition of ual relations) sqare immanent in the latter; they
is effects of the divisions, inequali-
possibility, or in any case the viewpoint which
typriums which occur in the latter,
mits one to understand its exercise, even in its more
“peripheral” effects, and which also makes it possi- and converse
rather, these are only the terminal forms
It seems to me that power must be understood in the
m-
to
le.
je-
contrary,
ority with re
to other
e
n
kr
per-
are the imme
ties, and dise
(tey are the internal conditions of
ble to use its mechanisms as a grid of intelligibility these differer thens; relations of power are not in
of the social order, must not be sought in the pri- superstructu casitions, with merely a role of pro-
mary existence of a central power, in a unique source
hibition or a ppaniment; they have a directly pro-
of sovereignty from which secondary and descendent ductive role, ever they come into play.
forms would emanate; it is the moving substrate of Power co
ua from below; that is, there is no bi-
and all
force relations which, by virtue of their inequality, nary
mpassing opposition between rul-
constantly engender states of power, but the latter
the root of power relations, and
are always local and unstable. The omnipresence
of
al matrix-no such duality extend-
serving as a his
down and reacting on more and
more limite whups to the very depths of the social
body. One the suppose rather that the manifold
relationship ide force that take shape and come into
SO
ha
ers and rule
fie
power: not because it has the privilege of consolidat- ing from th im
ing everything under its invincible unity, but because
inally published in French as La Volonté du Savoir. Copyright ©
* THE HISTORY OF SEXUALITY by Michel Foucault. Orig-
1976 by Editions Gallimard. Reprinted by permission of play in the tior hinery of production, in families,
fled and institutions, are the basis for
Georges Borchardt, Inc., for Editions Gallimard.
limited grc
368 | The Idea of the Postmodern and Its Critics
cryogenized;
even down
second, it is an evil appearance: of the order of male-
fice. In the third, it plays at being an appearance: it is realized by a man who is himself now
of the order of sorcery. In the fourth, it is no longer in
the order of appearance at all, but of simulation. 180 degrees centigrade.
The transition from signs which dissimulate
something to signs which dissimulate that there is
may
be traced throughout Disneyland,
nothing, marks the decisive turning point. The first
implies a theology of truth and secrecy (to which the
rates an age of simulacra and simulation, in which
there is no longer any God to recognize his own, nor
land:
any last judgement to separate truth from false, the
real from its artificial resurrection, since everything is
already dead and risen in advance.
eration of myths of origin and signs of reality; of sec-
infantile world happens to have been conceived and
Walt Disney, who awaits his resurrection at minus
The objective profile of the United States, then,
All its values are exalted here, in miniature and
to the morphology of individuals and the crowd.
notion of ideology still belongs). The second inaugu- comic-strip form. Embalmed and pacified. Whence
the possibility of an ideological analysis of Disney-
. digest of the American way of life, pane-
gyric to American values, idealized transposition of
a contradictory reality. To be sure. But this conceals
something else, and that “ideological” blanket ex-
actly serves to cover over a third-order simulation:
"real" country, all of “real” America, which is Disn-
nostalgia assumes its full meaning. There is a prolif- Disneyland is there to conceal the fact that it is the
ond-hand truth, objectivity and authenticity. There eyland (just as prisons are there to conceal the fact
that it is the social in its entirety, in its banal
resurrection of the figurative where the object and nipotence, which is carceral). Disneyland is pre-
sented as imaginary in order to make us believe that
the rest is real, when in fact all of Los Angeles and
is an escalation of the true, of the lived experience; a
substance have disappeared. And there is a pan-
ic-stricken production of the real and the referential,
above and parallel to the panic of material produc- the America surrounding it are no
longer real, but
that concerns us: a strategy of the real, neo-real and
tion. This is how simulation appears in the phase of the order of the hyperreal and of simulation. It is
real is no longer real, and thus of saving the reality
rejuvenate in reverse the fiction of the real. Whence
no longer a question of a false representation of te
deterrence.
principle.
The Disneyland imaginary is neither true nor
Hyperreal and Imaginary
false: it is a deterrence machine set up in order to
orders of simulation. To begin with it is a play of il- the debility
, the infantile degeneration of this imagi-
lusions and phantasms: pirates, the frontier, future nary. It is meant to be an infantile world, in order to
world, etc. This imaginary world is supposed to be make us believe that the adults are elsewhere, in the
what makes the operation successful. But, what “real” world, and to conceal the fact that real child-
draws the crowds is undoubtedly much more the so- ishness is everywhere, particularly among those
cial microcosm, the miniaturized and religious revel- adults who
go
there to act the child in order to foster
ling in real America, in its delights and drawbacks. illusions of their real childishness.
You park outside, queue up inside, and are totally Moreover, Disneyland is not the only one. En-
abandoned at the exit. In this imaginary world the chanted Village, Magic Mountain, Marine World:
only phantasmagoria is in the inherent warmth and Los Angeles is encircled by these “imaginary sta-
affection of the crowd, and in that sufficiently exces- tions” which feed reality, reality-energy, to a town
sive number of gadgets used there to specifically whose mystery is precisely that it is nothing more
maintain the multitudinous affect. The contrast with than a network of endless, unreal circulation: a town
the absolute solitude of the parking lot—a veritable of fabulous proportions, but without space or die
concentration camp-is total. Or rather: inside,
whole
mensions. As much as electrical and nuclear power
of gadgets magnetize the crowd into di- stations, as much as film studios, this town, which is
rect flows; outside, solitude is directed onto a single nothing more than an immense script and a perpet
gadget: the automobile. By an extraordinary coinci- ual motion picture, needs this old imaginary mat
range
a
dence (one that undoubtedly belongs to the peculiar up of childhood signals and faked phantasms for its
enchantment of this universe), this deep-frozen sympathetic nervous system.
offen
Tress
sroval
increi
fied by
gue 1
effend
hel
End
ice to
st
int.
an absence. pl
simulatr
feigns an
e is ill. Someo
himself som
y ofiº
illhof in
iing or dissiqli Bpple
8
t: the differenlndeil-
n
t?
as
3
366 | The Idea of the Postmodern and Its Cm
isneyland | 367
disappeared: the sovereign difference between it is dangerous to
that was the abstraction's charm. For it is the Julate the fact that
ence which forms the poetry of the map an
charm of the territory, the magic of the concep Jesuits, who based
the charm of the real. This representational inppearance of God
nary, which both culminates in and is engulfelar manipulation of
the cartographer's mad project of an ideal coexf God in the epiph-
sivity between the map and the territory, disappcendence, which no
with simulation, whose operation is nuclear andgy completely free of
netic, and no longer specular and discursive. Wine baroque of images
goes all of metaphysics. No more mirror of betics.
and appearances, of the real and its concept; no malways been the mur-
imaginary coextensivity: rather, genetic miniaturnurderers of the real;
tion is the dimension of simulation. The real is p as the Byzantine icons
duced from miniaturized units, from matriccity. To this murderous
memory banks and command models—and witical
repre-
these it can be reproduced an indefinite number telligible mediation of
times. It no longer has to be rational, since it is rand good faith was en-
longer measured against some ideal or negative ir:esentation: that a sign
stance. It is nothing more than operational. In facfe meaning, that a sign
since it is no longer enveloped by an imaginary, it ing and that something
no longer real at all. It is a hyperreal: the product o e-God, of
an irradiating synthesis of combinatory models in a simulated, that is to say,
hyperspace without atmosphere.
ttest his existence? Then
In this passage to a space whose curvature is no veightless; it is no longer
longer that of the real, nor of truth, the age of simu- ulacrum: not unreal
, but
lation thus begins with a liquidation of all referen- exchanging for what is
tials—worse: by their artificial resurrection in self, in an uninterrupted
systems of signs, which are a more ductile material r circumference.
capacity of
1
1
2
t
course. But
S
r
S
LS
whereas sim.g'e frin
“true” and tion)
Since the sider
Dr
he or she ill
I objectively
medicine
stoja
overable trut
be “produce,
fact of natu
as simulata
ts meaning
llnesses by ta
volves in a
rinciple. As
ptom from
nce again, the
he former; 1
y
ortals of the
of the unccc
as any othe,
already ar;
that “for ea
particular
hich the siI
which the ait
(which dati
the truth
pi
ed by sim
d objective
medicine
side of ill!
eduplicatic!
nger true
I the redup
pis in a disa
asked, sind
than meaning, in that they lend themselves to all sys- 1, insofar as it is opposed
tems of equivalence, all binary oppositions and all sentation starts from the
combinatory algebra. It is no longer a question of nd the real are equivalent
n
n
SKK
f
S
n
is Utopian, it is a funda-
ely, simulation starts from
ple of equivalence, from the
gn as value, from the sign as
ntence of
every
reference.
tries to absorb simulation
se representation, simulation
i fice of representation as itself
1:
S
h
n
imitation, nor of reduplication, nor even of parody.
It is rather a question of substituting signs of the real
for the real itself; that is, an operation to deter every
real process by its operational double, a metastable,
programmatic, perfect descriptive machine which
provides all the signs of the real and short-circuits all
its vicissitudes. Never again will the real have to be
produced: this is the vital function of the model in a
system of death, or rather of anticipated resurrection
which no longer leaves any chance even in the event
of death. A hyperreal henceforth sheltered from the
imaginary, and from any distinction between the real fa
and the imaginary, leaving room only for the orbital
recurrence of models and the simulated generation
of difference.
V
o he successive phases of the
n
si
of
of a basic reality.
on
t
tiçerverts a basic reality.
tio sence of a basic reality.
ref tion to any reality whatever:
ire simulacrum.
equ
e
nat
The Divine Irreference of Images
To dissimulate is to feign not to have what one has.
To simulate is to feign to have what one hasn't. One
the image is a good appearance:
of the order of sacrament. In the
simulators
iple of ide
em. Today
though }
heart-cas
retreats fr
draw the
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target, this was because techniques of knowledge and
procedures of discourse were capable of investing it.
Between techniques of knowledge and strategies of
power, there is no exteriority, even if they have
cific roles and are linked together on the basis of
their difference. We will start, therefore, from what
might be called “local centers” of power-knowledge:
for
example, the relations that obtain between peni-
tents and confessors, or the faithful and their direc-
tors of conscience. Here, guided by the theme of the
of discourse on sex, in a specific form of “flesh” that must be mastered, different forms of dis-
course-self-examination, questionings, admissions,
requires BF
specific type
To return to sex and the discourses of truth that
Foucault / Power as Knowledge | 363
have taken charge of it, the question that we must
address, then, is not: Given a specific state structure,
how and why is it that power needs to establish a
knowledge of sex? Neither is the question: What
over-all domination was served by the concern, evi-
denced since the eighteenth century, to produce true
discourses on sex? Nor is it: What law presided over
both the regularity of sexual behavior and the con-
formity of what was said about it? It is rather: In a
extortion of truth, appearing historically and in spe-
cific places (around the child's body, apropos of interpretations, interviews were the vehicle of a
births, and so on), what were the most immediate,
women's sex, in connection with practices restricting kind of incessant back-and-forth movement of forms
the most local power relations at work? How did
they make possible these kinds of discourses, and
conversely, how were these discourses used to sup-
port power relations: How was the action of these
power relations modified by their very exercise, en-
ening of others, with effects of resistance and
counterinvestments, so that there has never existed
The offend
travel are 1
(Destination
The offende
2
1s
of
8
the body of the child, under surveillance, surrounded
in his cradle, his bed, or his room by an entire watch-
crew of
parents, nurses, servants, educators, and doc-
tors, all attentive to the least manifestations of his
failing a strengthening of some terms and a weak-
sex, has constituted, particularly since the eighteenth
century, another “local center” of power-knowledge.
S
e
Rules of Continual Variations
5
another according to the logic of a great strategy,
ery
multiple and mobile
power relations.
one type of stable subjugation, given once and for
all
? How were these power relations linked to one
We must not look for who has the power in the order
which in retrospect takes on the aspect of a unitary
of sexuality (men, adults, parents, doctors) and who
and voluntarist politics of sex? In general terms:
is deprived of it (women, adolescents, children, pa-
rather than referring all the infinitesimal violences
tients); nor for who has the right to know and who is
that are exerted on sex, all the anxious gazes that are
forced to remain ignorant. We must seek rather the
pattern
directed at it, and all the hiding places whose discov-
of the modifications which the relationships
of force imply by the very nature of their process. The
is made into an impossible task, to the unique “distributions of power” and the appropriations of
form of a great Power, we must immerse the expand- knowledge” never represent only instantaneous slices
ing production of discourses on sex in the field of taken from processes involving, for example
, a cumu-
lative reinforcement of the strongest factor, or a rever-
Which leads us to advance, in a preliminary way, sal of relationship, or again, a simultaneous increase
four rules to follow. But these are not intended as of two terms. Relations of power-knowledge are not
methodological imperatives; at most they are cau- static forms of distribution, they are “matrices of
tionary prescriptions.
transformations." The nineteenth-century grouping
made of the father, the mother, the educator, and
up
the doctor, around the child and his sex, was sub-
Rule of Immanence
jected to constant modifications, continual shifts.
One of the more spectacular results of the latter was a
One must not suppose that there exists a certain
strange reversal: whereas to begin with the child's sex-
sphere of sexuality that would be the legitimate con-
cern of a free and disinterested scientific inquiry uality had been problematized within the relation-
were it not the object of mechanisms of prohibition ship established between doctor and parents (in the
form of advice, or recommendations to keep the
brought to bear by the economic or ideological re-
quirements of power. If sexuality was constituted as
;
and conversely
, if power was able to take it as a
child under observation, or warnings of future dan-
an area of investigation, this was only because rela- gers), ultimately it was in the relationship of the psy-
tions of power had established it as a possible object; chiatrist to the child that the sexuality of adults
themselves was called into question.
00
K
19:36
troy.instructure.com
The documentary I choose was 13th by Ava
DuVernay. Ava DuVernay is an American
filmmaker and producer. Her most popular
works are When They See Us, A Wrinkle in
Time, Queen Sugar and Selma. The 101 minute
documentary is based of the 13th amendment
from the U.S. Constitution, which states,
"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States. "The documentary
digs deep into the 21st century new slavery of
incarceration and systematic and institutional
racism.
The film is powerful and captivating. The
documentary captures real life experiences and
opinions of citizens, activist, and distinguished
leaders and teachers. It explains the country's
rich history of African Americans and their
resiliency in a bias society. The documentary
addresses the need for changes in social
inequality, discrimination, and prejudices.
I believe 13th ties in with theories from
Martin Luther King Jr.
0:06
Black Panther Party
WERDuBois
4G
◄
8:39OO
K
19:36
rich history of African Americans and their
resiliency in a bias society. The documentary
addresses the need for changes in social
inequality, discrimination, and prejudices.
I believe 13th ties in with theories from
Martin Luther King Jr.
troy.instructure.com
Black Panther Party
W. E. B DuBois
Anna Julia Cooper
Audre Lorde
Karl Marx
Cornel West
4G
The documentary can be found on Netflix if
you are a paying customer or borrowing
someone's account however if not you can
stream 13th for free from the link below. Hope
you watch, listen, learn and enjoy.
http://www.documentarymania.com/player.ph
0:17
p?title=13th
In Week 9 - students will watch the fi.... and
then make a post 1150-250 words) of what
◄
8:39
Purchase answer to see full
attachment