Grantham University History of Homosexuality by Michael Foucault Discussion

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19:14 Kay Kay Johnsonure.com 17 21 Theory that is Portrayed in Film-Video Assignment - Proposal Due on Discussion Board by Wednesday Night at Midnight - Week 8 - Feb. 26th. Given that I want to make theory as relevant as we can to everyday life, I have decided to swap out a more traditional assignment with something a bit more out of the box. You will post to Discussion Board a short proposal (150-250 words) of a regular fiction (creative) film or documentary film, or some type of video material (think Ted Talk, etc.) that captures one or more of the readings we have already covered in class or will cover by Week 8 when the proposal will be due. In this proposal, you should post why you think the video material you have selected relates to certain readings and why you think it would be good for the class to watch collectively. This means that you will need to peruse at least a couple of films/videos in order to put forth your final suggestion to the class. Then the class will vote Friday by midnight (anonymous voting on Survey Monkey) on which one we will watch together for the final week. Students will be asked to not More Edit A Fouc Power as Michel Foucault (1976) Hence the objective is to analyze a certain form of TI red The group trav (Des The power, or law, but in terms of power. But the word power is and its unity. By power, I do not mean "Power" understandings with respect to its nature, its form, of institutions and mechanisms that ensure the subservience of the citizens of a given state. By tion, and not aries icture; neither is it a certain which, in contrast to violence, has the form of the rule. Finally, I do not have in mind a general system of domination exerted by one group over another, a system whose effects, through successive derivations, pervade the entire social body. The analysis, made in terms of power, must not assume that the sover- tcs to sate au- put eignty pe, Knowledge ( Power as Knowledge | 361 it is produced frorics moment to the next, at every point, or rather i ry relation from one point to another. Power ¡.ningrywhere; not because it em- braces everything over because it comes from every- where. And “Poexis- insofar as it is permanent, a misunderstandings repetitious, inert, un-self-reproducing, is simply the over-all effect tha any erges from all these mobilities, the concatenatic/ to-at rests on each of them and seeks in turn to audi- their movement. One needs to be nominalistic, non loubt: power is not an institu- I do not mean, either, a mode of subjugation strength we are ense 'wed with; it is the name that one attributes implex strategical situation in a particular societ Should we tu le expression around, then, and say that politics the r pursued by other means? If we still wish to ma 1 a separation between war and politics, perhap should postulate rather that this of the state, the form of the law, or the over- multiplicity of relations can be coded in part all unity of a domination are given at the outset; but never totall ither in the form of "war," or in power takes. the form of “po '; this would imply two different one always liable to switch into first instance as the multiplicity of force relations im- the other) for i rating these unbalanced, hetero- manent in the sphere in which they operate and geneous, unsta ind tense force relations. which constitute their own organization; as the pro- Continuing of line of discussion, we can ad- cess which, through ceaseless struggles and confron- vance a certain, fiber of propositions: tations, transforms, strengthens, or reverses them; as Power is nc nething that is acquired, seized, the support which these force relations find in one or shared, som jg that one holds on to or allows another, thus forming a chain or a system, or on the r is exercised from innumerable to slip away; the disjunctions and contradictions which points, in the play of nonegalitarian and mobile isolate them from one another; and lastly, as the relations. F strategies in which they take effect, whose general Relations a iner are not in a position of exteri- design or institutional crystallization is embodied in types of relationships the state apparatus, in the formulation of the law, in (economic pr ies, knowledge relationships, sex- the various social hegemonies. Power's condition of ual relations) sqare immanent in the latter; they is effects of the divisions, inequali- possibility, or in any case the viewpoint which typriums which occur in the latter, mits one to understand its exercise, even in its more “peripheral” effects, and which also makes it possi- and converse rather, these are only the terminal forms It seems to me that power must be understood in the m- to le. je- contrary, ority with re to other e n kr per- are the imme ties, and dise (tey are the internal conditions of ble to use its mechanisms as a grid of intelligibility these differer thens; relations of power are not in of the social order, must not be sought in the pri- superstructu casitions, with merely a role of pro- mary existence of a central power, in a unique source hibition or a ppaniment; they have a directly pro- of sovereignty from which secondary and descendent ductive role, ever they come into play. forms would emanate; it is the moving substrate of Power co ua from below; that is, there is no bi- and all force relations which, by virtue of their inequality, nary mpassing opposition between rul- constantly engender states of power, but the latter the root of power relations, and are always local and unstable. The omnipresence of al matrix-no such duality extend- serving as a his down and reacting on more and more limite whups to the very depths of the social body. One the suppose rather that the manifold relationship ide force that take shape and come into SO ha ers and rule fie power: not because it has the privilege of consolidat- ing from th im ing everything under its invincible unity, but because inally published in French as La Volonté du Savoir. Copyright © * THE HISTORY OF SEXUALITY by Michel Foucault. Orig- 1976 by Editions Gallimard. Reprinted by permission of play in the tior hinery of production, in families, fled and institutions, are the basis for Georges Borchardt, Inc., for Editions Gallimard. limited grc 368 | The Idea of the Postmodern and Its Critics cryogenized; even down second, it is an evil appearance: of the order of male- fice. In the third, it plays at being an appearance: it is realized by a man who is himself now of the order of sorcery. In the fourth, it is no longer in the order of appearance at all, but of simulation. 180 degrees centigrade. The transition from signs which dissimulate something to signs which dissimulate that there is may be traced throughout Disneyland, nothing, marks the decisive turning point. The first implies a theology of truth and secrecy (to which the rates an age of simulacra and simulation, in which there is no longer any God to recognize his own, nor land: any last judgement to separate truth from false, the real from its artificial resurrection, since everything is already dead and risen in advance. eration of myths of origin and signs of reality; of sec- infantile world happens to have been conceived and Walt Disney, who awaits his resurrection at minus The objective profile of the United States, then, All its values are exalted here, in miniature and to the morphology of individuals and the crowd. notion of ideology still belongs). The second inaugu- comic-strip form. Embalmed and pacified. Whence the possibility of an ideological analysis of Disney- . digest of the American way of life, pane- gyric to American values, idealized transposition of a contradictory reality. To be sure. But this conceals something else, and that “ideological” blanket ex- actly serves to cover over a third-order simulation: "real" country, all of “real” America, which is Disn- nostalgia assumes its full meaning. There is a prolif- Disneyland is there to conceal the fact that it is the ond-hand truth, objectivity and authenticity. There eyland (just as prisons are there to conceal the fact that it is the social in its entirety, in its banal resurrection of the figurative where the object and nipotence, which is carceral). Disneyland is pre- sented as imaginary in order to make us believe that the rest is real, when in fact all of Los Angeles and is an escalation of the true, of the lived experience; a substance have disappeared. And there is a pan- ic-stricken production of the real and the referential, above and parallel to the panic of material produc- the America surrounding it are no longer real, but that concerns us: a strategy of the real, neo-real and tion. This is how simulation appears in the phase of the order of the hyperreal and of simulation. It is real is no longer real, and thus of saving the reality rejuvenate in reverse the fiction of the real. Whence no longer a question of a false representation of te deterrence. principle. The Disneyland imaginary is neither true nor Hyperreal and Imaginary false: it is a deterrence machine set up in order to orders of simulation. To begin with it is a play of il- the debility , the infantile degeneration of this imagi- lusions and phantasms: pirates, the frontier, future nary. It is meant to be an infantile world, in order to world, etc. This imaginary world is supposed to be make us believe that the adults are elsewhere, in the what makes the operation successful. But, what “real” world, and to conceal the fact that real child- draws the crowds is undoubtedly much more the so- ishness is everywhere, particularly among those cial microcosm, the miniaturized and religious revel- adults who go there to act the child in order to foster ling in real America, in its delights and drawbacks. illusions of their real childishness. You park outside, queue up inside, and are totally Moreover, Disneyland is not the only one. En- abandoned at the exit. In this imaginary world the chanted Village, Magic Mountain, Marine World: only phantasmagoria is in the inherent warmth and Los Angeles is encircled by these “imaginary sta- affection of the crowd, and in that sufficiently exces- tions” which feed reality, reality-energy, to a town sive number of gadgets used there to specifically whose mystery is precisely that it is nothing more maintain the multitudinous affect. The contrast with than a network of endless, unreal circulation: a town the absolute solitude of the parking lot—a veritable of fabulous proportions, but without space or die concentration camp-is total. Or rather: inside, whole mensions. As much as electrical and nuclear power of gadgets magnetize the crowd into di- stations, as much as film studios, this town, which is rect flows; outside, solitude is directed onto a single nothing more than an immense script and a perpet gadget: the automobile. By an extraordinary coinci- ual motion picture, needs this old imaginary mat range a dence (one that undoubtedly belongs to the peculiar up of childhood signals and faked phantasms for its enchantment of this universe), this deep-frozen sympathetic nervous system. offen Tress sroval increi fied by gue 1 effend hel End ice to st int. an absence. pl simulatr feigns an e is ill. Someo himself som y ofiº illhof in iing or dissiqli Bpple 8 t: the differenlndeil- n t? as 3 366 | The Idea of the Postmodern and Its Cm isneyland | 367 disappeared: the sovereign difference between it is dangerous to that was the abstraction's charm. For it is the Julate the fact that ence which forms the poetry of the map an charm of the territory, the magic of the concep Jesuits, who based the charm of the real. This representational inppearance of God nary, which both culminates in and is engulfelar manipulation of the cartographer's mad project of an ideal coexf God in the epiph- sivity between the map and the territory, disappcendence, which no with simulation, whose operation is nuclear andgy completely free of netic, and no longer specular and discursive. Wine baroque of images goes all of metaphysics. No more mirror of betics. and appearances, of the real and its concept; no malways been the mur- imaginary coextensivity: rather, genetic miniaturnurderers of the real; tion is the dimension of simulation. The real is p as the Byzantine icons duced from miniaturized units, from matriccity. To this murderous memory banks and command models—and witical repre- these it can be reproduced an indefinite number telligible mediation of times. It no longer has to be rational, since it is rand good faith was en- longer measured against some ideal or negative ir:esentation: that a sign stance. It is nothing more than operational. In facfe meaning, that a sign since it is no longer enveloped by an imaginary, it ing and that something no longer real at all. It is a hyperreal: the product o e-God, of an irradiating synthesis of combinatory models in a simulated, that is to say, hyperspace without atmosphere. ttest his existence? Then In this passage to a space whose curvature is no veightless; it is no longer longer that of the real, nor of truth, the age of simu- ulacrum: not unreal , but lation thus begins with a liquidation of all referen- exchanging for what is tials—worse: by their artificial resurrection in self, in an uninterrupted systems of signs, which are a more ductile material r circumference. capacity of 1 1 2 t course. But S r S LS whereas sim.g'e frin “true” and tion) Since the sider Dr he or she ill I objectively medicine stoja overable trut be “produce, fact of natu as simulata ts meaning llnesses by ta volves in a rinciple. As ptom from nce again, the he former; 1 y ortals of the of the unccc as any othe, already ar; that “for ea particular hich the siI which the ait (which dati the truth pi ed by sim d objective medicine side of ill! eduplicatic! nger true I the redup pis in a disa asked, sind than meaning, in that they lend themselves to all sys- 1, insofar as it is opposed tems of equivalence, all binary oppositions and all sentation starts from the combinatory algebra. It is no longer a question of nd the real are equivalent n n SKK f S n is Utopian, it is a funda- ely, simulation starts from ple of equivalence, from the gn as value, from the sign as ntence of every reference. tries to absorb simulation se representation, simulation i fice of representation as itself 1: S h n imitation, nor of reduplication, nor even of parody. It is rather a question of substituting signs of the real for the real itself; that is, an operation to deter every real process by its operational double, a metastable, programmatic, perfect descriptive machine which provides all the signs of the real and short-circuits all its vicissitudes. Never again will the real have to be produced: this is the vital function of the model in a system of death, or rather of anticipated resurrection which no longer leaves any chance even in the event of death. A hyperreal henceforth sheltered from the imaginary, and from any distinction between the real fa and the imaginary, leaving room only for the orbital recurrence of models and the simulated generation of difference. V o he successive phases of the n si of of a basic reality. on t tiçerverts a basic reality. tio sence of a basic reality. ref tion to any reality whatever: ire simulacrum. equ e nat The Divine Irreference of Images To dissimulate is to feign not to have what one has. To simulate is to feign to have what one hasn't. One the image is a good appearance: of the order of sacrament. In the simulators iple of ide em. Today though } heart-cas retreats fr draw the en the “prc Cai S tior Appro will in verified To requ The offe Busines will be $Amount spe- of Out of Travel by 0 target, this was because techniques of knowledge and procedures of discourse were capable of investing it. Between techniques of knowledge and strategies of power, there is no exteriority, even if they have cific roles and are linked together on the basis of their difference. We will start, therefore, from what might be called “local centers” of power-knowledge: for example, the relations that obtain between peni- tents and confessors, or the faithful and their direc- tors of conscience. Here, guided by the theme of the of discourse on sex, in a specific form of “flesh” that must be mastered, different forms of dis- course-self-examination, questionings, admissions, requires BF specific type To return to sex and the discourses of truth that Foucault / Power as Knowledge | 363 have taken charge of it, the question that we must address, then, is not: Given a specific state structure, how and why is it that power needs to establish a knowledge of sex? Neither is the question: What over-all domination was served by the concern, evi- denced since the eighteenth century, to produce true discourses on sex? Nor is it: What law presided over both the regularity of sexual behavior and the con- formity of what was said about it? It is rather: In a extortion of truth, appearing historically and in spe- cific places (around the child's body, apropos of interpretations, interviews were the vehicle of a births, and so on), what were the most immediate, women's sex, in connection with practices restricting kind of incessant back-and-forth movement of forms the most local power relations at work? How did they make possible these kinds of discourses, and conversely, how were these discourses used to sup- port power relations: How was the action of these power relations modified by their very exercise, en- ening of others, with effects of resistance and counterinvestments, so that there has never existed The offend travel are 1 (Destination The offende 2 1s of 8 the body of the child, under surveillance, surrounded in his cradle, his bed, or his room by an entire watch- crew of parents, nurses, servants, educators, and doc- tors, all attentive to the least manifestations of his failing a strengthening of some terms and a weak- sex, has constituted, particularly since the eighteenth century, another “local center” of power-knowledge. S e Rules of Continual Variations 5 another according to the logic of a great strategy, ery multiple and mobile power relations. one type of stable subjugation, given once and for all ? How were these power relations linked to one We must not look for who has the power in the order which in retrospect takes on the aspect of a unitary of sexuality (men, adults, parents, doctors) and who and voluntarist politics of sex? In general terms: is deprived of it (women, adolescents, children, pa- rather than referring all the infinitesimal violences tients); nor for who has the right to know and who is that are exerted on sex, all the anxious gazes that are forced to remain ignorant. We must seek rather the pattern directed at it, and all the hiding places whose discov- of the modifications which the relationships of force imply by the very nature of their process. The is made into an impossible task, to the unique “distributions of power” and the appropriations of form of a great Power, we must immerse the expand- knowledge” never represent only instantaneous slices ing production of discourses on sex in the field of taken from processes involving, for example , a cumu- lative reinforcement of the strongest factor, or a rever- Which leads us to advance, in a preliminary way, sal of relationship, or again, a simultaneous increase four rules to follow. But these are not intended as of two terms. Relations of power-knowledge are not methodological imperatives; at most they are cau- static forms of distribution, they are “matrices of tionary prescriptions. transformations." The nineteenth-century grouping made of the father, the mother, the educator, and up the doctor, around the child and his sex, was sub- Rule of Immanence jected to constant modifications, continual shifts. One of the more spectacular results of the latter was a One must not suppose that there exists a certain strange reversal: whereas to begin with the child's sex- sphere of sexuality that would be the legitimate con- cern of a free and disinterested scientific inquiry uality had been problematized within the relation- were it not the object of mechanisms of prohibition ship established between doctor and parents (in the form of advice, or recommendations to keep the brought to bear by the economic or ideological re- quirements of power. If sexuality was constituted as ; and conversely , if power was able to take it as a child under observation, or warnings of future dan- an area of investigation, this was only because rela- gers), ultimately it was in the relationship of the psy- tions of power had established it as a possible object; chiatrist to the child that the sexuality of adults themselves was called into question. 00 K 19:36 troy.instructure.com The documentary I choose was 13th by Ava DuVernay. Ava DuVernay is an American filmmaker and producer. Her most popular works are When They See Us, A Wrinkle in Time, Queen Sugar and Selma. The 101 minute documentary is based of the 13th amendment from the U.S. Constitution, which states, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States. "The documentary digs deep into the 21st century new slavery of incarceration and systematic and institutional racism. The film is powerful and captivating. The documentary captures real life experiences and opinions of citizens, activist, and distinguished leaders and teachers. It explains the country's rich history of African Americans and their resiliency in a bias society. The documentary addresses the need for changes in social inequality, discrimination, and prejudices. I believe 13th ties in with theories from Martin Luther King Jr. 0:06 Black Panther Party WERDuBois 4G ◄ 8:39OO K 19:36 rich history of African Americans and their resiliency in a bias society. The documentary addresses the need for changes in social inequality, discrimination, and prejudices. I believe 13th ties in with theories from Martin Luther King Jr. troy.instructure.com Black Panther Party W. E. B DuBois Anna Julia Cooper Audre Lorde Karl Marx Cornel West 4G The documentary can be found on Netflix if you are a paying customer or borrowing someone's account however if not you can stream 13th for free from the link below. Hope you watch, listen, learn and enjoy. http://www.documentarymania.com/player.ph 0:17 p?title=13th In Week 9 - students will watch the fi.... and then make a post 1150-250 words) of what ◄ 8:39
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The film that I choose is the history of homosexuality by Michael Foucault. Michael
Foucault is one of the individuals is well known for his expressions on sexual emotions and
activities. As per Foucault, in the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years society took an
expanding enthusiasm for sexuali...


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Excellent resource! Really helped me get the gist of things.

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