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Macromolecules
Properties of organic compounds in cells - Macromolecules of life 1. Review your macromolecules of life on your textbook � ...
Macromolecules
Properties of organic compounds in cells - Macromolecules of life 1. Review your macromolecules of life on your textbook “What is Life” by Phelan ...
Describe the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and list some examples of guidelines, biology homework help
Pick one of the following topics and tell us what you learned about it this week. Please be very specific. This should be ...
Describe the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and list some examples of guidelines, biology homework help
Pick one of the following topics and tell us what you learned about it this week. Please be very specific. This should be in your own words. 150 word count with references included. 1. Describe the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and list some examples of guidelines.2. Describe American Eating Trends and how macronutrient intake has changed over time.3. Describe the five major food groups, their relationship to human health and give examples from each group.4. Identify the major segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and describe the function of each segment as it relates to carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion. 5. Explain the roles of the components involved in the control of food intake, including the brain, hormones, and environmental cues. It doesn't matter which one you choose above type about whatever one you want. Thanks
4 pages
Cs 300 Pseudocode Document
Design pseudocode to define how the program opens the file, reads the data from the file, parses each line, and checks for ...
Cs 300 Pseudocode Document
Design pseudocode to define how the program opens the file, reads the data from the file, parses each line, and checks for file format errors.
BIOL 1011 Measuring the Rate of Photosynthesis Lab Report
*Lab is not needed to complete this assignment* You are simply making notes based on facts as in what will happen in the s ...
BIOL 1011 Measuring the Rate of Photosynthesis Lab Report
*Lab is not needed to complete this assignment* You are simply making notes based on facts as in what will happen in the situations. Answer all questions and make notes for all statements. Please also fill in the attached document!PhotosynthesisBackgroundFigure 1. The mouse, Mus musculusCan a Mouse Survive in a Jar?Oxygen was discovered over 200 years ago when Joseph Priestley experimented with mice in jars. He closed a mouse in an airtight jar and, after a short time, the mouse collapsed. Priestley then closed a plant in an airtight jar and it survived for weeks. So he decided to combine the two. The mouse in the jar with the plant was able to survive long past the mouse alone in the jar.Photosynthesis was not explained during Priestley's lifetime, so he never found out that the plant in the jar generated oxygen through photosynthesis and that is why the mouse was able to survive. Comparatively, the mouse that collapsed had used up all the oxygen in the jar.PhotosynthesisHumans, like other animals, require food to generate energy. Plants, in contrast, produce their own food. They use the process of photosynthesis to use carbon dioxide (CO2) and sunlight from the environment in order to generate molecules of sugar. Sugar is further converted to chemical energy that plants need to sustain their existence.Photosynthesis has been used by organisms for millions of years. The first photosynthetic organisms were the ancestors of modern-day cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis takes sunshine, CO2 from the air, and some hydrogen atoms from water to produce two very important molecules — glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).The basic formula for photosynthesis is:6CO2+6H2O⟶C6H12O6+6O2carbon dioxide + water ⟶ glucose + oxygenPhotosynthetic organisms are the foundation of every ecosystem because they take limited inputs and produce physical matter. In this role, they are referred to as producers. Organisms that consume producers are accordingly called consumers.Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts, special organelles located in the cells of plants and other photosynthesizing organisms. Chloroplasts are green because they utilize the pigment chlorophyll. The primary light-absorbing organs of plants are the leaves. Although chloroplasts are located in cells throughout a plant, chloroplast density is by far the highest in the leaves. Between 440,000 and 790,000 chloroplasts can be found per square millimeter in the leaf of a plant.One of the byproducts of photosynthesis is oxygen, an essential molecule vital to the existence of humans and animals on Earth. Earth’s atmosphere is about 22% oxygen and most of the remainder is nitrogen. Humans and animals rely on plants as the source of their oxygen.Rate of PhotosynthesisThe rate of photosynthesis is affected by a number of factors:Light intensityTemperatureAvailability of waterAvailability of nutrientsThere is a maximum rate of photosynthesis that is constrained by the limits of these factors. For example, there is a value for light intensity above which the rate of photosynthesis can no longer increase. Similarly, increasing the temperature from 10 °C to 20 °C will increase the rate of photosynthesis, because enzymes in the plant will be closer to their optimal working temperatures, and molecules in the cells will move faster owing to increased kinetic energy. However, if the temperature is raised above a certain level, the rate of photosynthesis will drop as plant enzymes are denatured.Net Exchange of GasesIt is important to remember that while carrying out photosynthesis in the chloroplasts, the plant is also carrying out cellular respiration, which releases CO2. In this lab, you will measure the net rate of gas exchange for the combined processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.The CO2 for photosynthesis is supplied in this experiment by sodium bicarbonate dissolved in water. CO2 is much more soluble in water than oxygen is. More CO2 is used up by photosynthesis than is released by respiration. Therefore, it is expected that the net change in CO2 will be negative. This means that more CO2 will go into the plant than will be removed from the water.On the other hand, oxygen is not very soluble in water, but is produced during photosynthesis. Therefore, it is expected that its net change will be positive. This means that the plant produces more oxygen during photosynthesis than it consumes in respiration.Overall, the gas being produced and measured is oxygen.A plant’s rate of respiration can be determined by measuring the rate of oxygen uptake during periods of darkness, when no photosynthesis takes place. Again, oxygen's insolubility in water helps with this measurement. As the plant respires, oxygen is removed from the gas in the system. At the same time, CO2 is released but remains dissolved in the water. The total change in the volume of the solution is negligible.About This LabIn this lab, you will measure the rate of photosynthesis in the aquatic plant Elodea under various conditions. You will measure the rate of photosynthesis by observing gas production. You will explore the gas exchange of the plant with its environment in both light and dark conditions and observe if photosynthesis and respiration take place in parallel when light is present.You will modify the light source intensity to test how the rate of photosynthesis changes depending on the intensity of light falling on the leaves of the plant. You will also test the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.ExperimentsOpen the simulation by clicking on the virtual lab icon below. The simulation will launch in a new window.You may need to move or resize the window in order to view both the Procedure and the simulation at the same time.Follow the instructions in the Procedure to complete each part of the simulation. When instructed to record your observations, record data, or complete calculations, record them for your own records in order to use them later to complete the post-lab assignment.ProceduresExperiment 1: Measuring the Rate of PhotosynthesisPart 1: Set-upTake a plant light box from the Instruments shelf and place it on the workbench.Take a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask from the Containers shelf and place it onto the workbench.Take a branch of Elodea from the Materials shelf and add it to the Erlenmeyer flask.Add 100 mL of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate solution from the Materials shelf to the Erlenmeyer flask. Make sure the solution covers the branch, as Elodea is a submergent aquatic plant and acquires carbon dioxide from the water. Record the plant name and the solution the plant is in to reference later.Place the Erlenmeyer flask into the plant light box. Set the temperature of the plant light box to 20 °C, which is around room temperature. Record the temperature to reference later.Switch the plant light intensity of the plant light box to 5, the maximum. This setting is located next to the gray Start button in the upper right corner of the plant light box. Record the plant light intensity to reference later.Set the timer to 120 minutes.Part 2: Collecting Oxygen Produced by the PlantThe rate of photosynthesis can be measured by collecting the oxygen produced by the plant.Take a gas syringe from the Instruments shelf and place it onto the plant light box. Record the initial volume in mL of gas in the syringe at 0 min of the experiment (countdown timer reads 120 min) to reference later. To see the volume, double-click on the gas syringe. Press the gray Start button in the upper right corner of the plant light box. After 30 simulated minutes in the plant light box (countdown timer will read 90 min), press the lab pause button in the lower left corner of the lab (Figure 1) to note the gas volume in the syringe.Figure 1. Lab Pause ButtonAfter recording the simulated time and gas volume to reference later, press the lab play button (Figure 2) to resume the experiment.Figure 2. Lab Play ButtonRepeat this pausing and playing sequence to note and record the gas volume in the syringe after:60 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 60 min)90 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 30 min)120 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 0 min)When the door of the plant light box opens to indicate this run is done, make sure to leave everything in place for the next experiment. Experiment 2: Respiration in the DarkChange the light intensity of the plant light box all the way down to 0 for dark conditions. Record the plant light intensity and temperature settings to reference later.Set the timer to 120 minutes. Record the initial volume at 0 min of the experiment (countdown timer reads 120 min) of gas in the syringe to reference later.Press the gray Start button.Using the lab pause and play buttons as needed, record the syringe's gas volume after:30 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 90 min)60 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 60 min)90 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 30 min)120 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 0 min)When the door of the plant light box opens, move the flask to the waste to empty it.Place the empty flask in the sink.Double-click the gas syringe and reset the plunger. Make sure the volume goes back to 0.00 mL.Experiment 3: Effect of Light IntensityRepeat the set-up outlined in Experiment 1, Part 1, steps 2 – 9. However, this time set the plant light intensity to 4. Record the initial volume of gas in the syringe at 0 min of the experiment (countdown timer reads 120 min) to reference later.Press the gray Start button, then use the lab pause and play buttons to note and record the syringe's gas volume after:30 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 90 min)60 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 60 min)90 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 30 min)120 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 0 min)Record the plant light intensity and temperature settings to reference later.When the door of the plant light box opens, move the flask to the waste to empty it.Place the empty flask in the sink.Double-click the gas syringe and reset the plunger. Make sure the volume goes back to 0.00 mL.Repeat the procedure outlined in steps 1 – 7 for the following plant light intensity settings:321Experiment 4: Effect of Environmental TemperatureSet the plant light intensity of the plant light box to 5 and the timer to 60 minutes. Record the light intensity setting to reference later.Take a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask from the Containers shelf and place it onto the workbench.Take a branch of Elodea from the Materials shelf and add it to the flask.Add 100 mL of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate from the Materials shelf to the flask.Place the flask into the plant light box.Set the temperature of the plant light box to 10 °C. Record the temperature setting to reference later.Record the initial volume of gas in the syringe at 0 min of the experiment (countdown timer reads 60 min) to reference later.Press the gray Start button.Record the volume in the gas syringe after 60 simulated min (countdown timer reads 0 min) to reference later.Move the flask to the waste to empty it.Place the empty flask in the sink.Double-click the gas syringe and reset the plunger. Make sure the volume goes back to 0.00 mL.Repeat steps 2 – 12 for two additional temperatures:30 °C40 °CClear the bench of all materials, containers, and instruments, then return to your course page to complete any assignment for this lab.
The Future of Death Valley Paper
Please read carefully. Death Valley is bounded by normal faults on the east and west sides and by strike slip faults on t ...
The Future of Death Valley Paper
Please read carefully. Death Valley is bounded by normal faults on the east and west sides and by strike slip faults on the northern and southern ends. If movement on these faults, and the faults that they are connected to along the western margin of the Basin and Range Province, continues with similar displacement rates and directions what is the likely outcome for the Death Valley region? Could the development of the Gulf of California and separation of Baja California from mainland Mexico give us a clue?For this assignment you will write an essay of about 1000 words predicting the future of the Death Valley region over millions of years. To answer this you will need to investigate when the Gulf of California opened, the rate and direction of motion that Baja California is moving compared to North America, and what tectonic plate the Baja Peninsula is part of today. On the basis of current plate motions could similar events and processes occur in the Death Valley region? Think about what tectonic plate most of the State of California will be part of in approximately 5 or 10 million years if the plate motion continues in the same way. Could the Los Angeles area wind up adjacent to Reno, Nevada? Be sure to briefly discuss the regional plate tectonic setting of Death Valley including the location of plate boundaries and relative plate motions.You should use at least three sources that need to be referenced in a standard in-line format that allows them to be verified. A complete list of citations should be included at the end of the essay. Your work must be original and will be checked with Turnitin. The citation list should not be included in the 1000 words limit for the essay.
University of Florida PHA Biology Discussion Questions
With respect to thermodynamics, why can biosynthetic pathways not be simply considered the reverse of corresponding catabo ...
University of Florida PHA Biology Discussion Questions
With respect to thermodynamics, why can biosynthetic pathways not be simply considered the reverse of corresponding catabolic pathways? Compare the net equations of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and explain why the synthesis of glucose is so costly. Why is the biosynthesis of glucose so important in mammals? List the following: Most common precursors for glucose biosynthesis Organs which use glucose as their primary energy source Organs or tissues where gluconeogenesis takes place Explain in detail how both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis can be irreversible cellular processes. What drives the conversion of fructose 1, 6- bisphosphate to fructose 6 -phosphate? Describe the role of malate transport in gluconeogenesis.How does fatty acid oxidation contribute to gluconeogenesis? Under what conditions do amino acids get converted to glucose? What are the effects of G6P, F1,6-BP, F2,6-BP on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? What are the effects of cAMP, AMP, ATP, citrate and acetyl-CoA on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? How many ATP equivalents are required to synthesize a glucose from two pyruvate in order to bypass the irreversible steps in glycolysis? Why are sugar nucleotides suitable for biosynthetic reactions? How does F2,6-BP control the conversion of F6P to F1,6-BP or the reverse? In the final stages of gluconeogenesis, glucose-6-phosphatase converts glucose-6-phosphate to free glucose and inorganic phosphate. Where does this occur? Read the article below. This study addresses the synthesis of a trisaccharide that humans do not metabolize. Why are studies such as this and others which examine bacterial systems for enzymatic activity on carbohydrates ultimately beneficial to addressing human health concerns? Perrin V, Fenet B, Prally J, Lecroix F, and Ta CD. (2000) Carbohydrate Research, 325 (3): 202-210. Hepatocytes are an important model for in vitro study of metabolism. Read the article below and describe how the supplementation of cell culture media with amino acids and hormones affected the activity of hepatocytes and the occurrence of futile cycles. Chan C, Berthiaume F, Lee K, and Yarmush M. (2003) Metabolic Engineering, 5 (1): 1-15.Solubilization of dietary lipids, achieved by mixing bile salts and degrading them with pancreatic lipases, is required for transport across the intestine where the free fatty acid and the lysophospholipid can then be resynthesized into triacylglycerols in the intestinal mucosal cells. Why is this necessary? Describe how and why the above differs from the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria? Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. In review, where did the oxidative catabolism of glucose take place? How are triacylglycerols functionally sequestered within adipose cells prior to a hormonal signal which causes them to be released into the bloodstream? Explain in detail how different types of lipids are transported in blood to AND from adipose tissue. What is the energetic cost of fatty acyl-CoA formation and where does this fatty acid activation take place?Explain the roles of the two pools of coenzyme A and the processes utilized to keep these pools separate. What types of reactions make up the 4 basic steps of β-oxidation? Describe the enzyme complexes that receive electrons form the reduced electron carriers. How many molecules of ATP are generated by the reoxidation of each type of electron carrier? Compare saturated and unsaturated fatty acid oxidation with respect to the amount of ATP formed. Explain how odd-chain fatty acid oxidation differs from even chain fatty acid oxidation beginning with the 5 carbon fatty acyl-CoA encountered in the last pass through the β-oxidation sequence? Where in the cell are Ketone bodies made, from which metabolite are they made, and how and where are ketone bodies used?Outline the oxidation steps that occur in omega ( ω ) oxidation. We have touched on saturated/unsaturated and even-/odd-numbered chain fatty acids, but dietary consumption also includes branched chain fatty acids. Locate and read the following article, and answer the questions below: Mukherji M, Schofield CJ, Wierzbicki AS, Jansen GA, Wanders RJA, and Lloyd M. (2003). Progress in Lipid Research, 42 (5): 359-376. In which organelle not previously mentioned in this assignment does metabolism of some branched-chain fatty acids occur? According to your text and this paper, what is the primary pathway for oxidation of long chain fatty acids in thisorganelle? What name is given the oxidative pathway for branched-chain fatty acids? What, in general terms, is an oxygenase? In the proposed mechanism for 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase, what two products result from the attack of TPP on thioester?
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Describe the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and list some examples of guidelines, biology homework help
Pick one of the following topics and tell us what you learned about it this week. Please be very specific. This should be ...
Describe the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and list some examples of guidelines, biology homework help
Pick one of the following topics and tell us what you learned about it this week. Please be very specific. This should be in your own words. 150 word count with references included. 1. Describe the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and list some examples of guidelines.2. Describe American Eating Trends and how macronutrient intake has changed over time.3. Describe the five major food groups, their relationship to human health and give examples from each group.4. Identify the major segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and describe the function of each segment as it relates to carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion. 5. Explain the roles of the components involved in the control of food intake, including the brain, hormones, and environmental cues. It doesn't matter which one you choose above type about whatever one you want. Thanks
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Cs 300 Pseudocode Document
Design pseudocode to define how the program opens the file, reads the data from the file, parses each line, and checks for ...
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Design pseudocode to define how the program opens the file, reads the data from the file, parses each line, and checks for file format errors.
BIOL 1011 Measuring the Rate of Photosynthesis Lab Report
*Lab is not needed to complete this assignment* You are simply making notes based on facts as in what will happen in the s ...
BIOL 1011 Measuring the Rate of Photosynthesis Lab Report
*Lab is not needed to complete this assignment* You are simply making notes based on facts as in what will happen in the situations. Answer all questions and make notes for all statements. Please also fill in the attached document!PhotosynthesisBackgroundFigure 1. The mouse, Mus musculusCan a Mouse Survive in a Jar?Oxygen was discovered over 200 years ago when Joseph Priestley experimented with mice in jars. He closed a mouse in an airtight jar and, after a short time, the mouse collapsed. Priestley then closed a plant in an airtight jar and it survived for weeks. So he decided to combine the two. The mouse in the jar with the plant was able to survive long past the mouse alone in the jar.Photosynthesis was not explained during Priestley's lifetime, so he never found out that the plant in the jar generated oxygen through photosynthesis and that is why the mouse was able to survive. Comparatively, the mouse that collapsed had used up all the oxygen in the jar.PhotosynthesisHumans, like other animals, require food to generate energy. Plants, in contrast, produce their own food. They use the process of photosynthesis to use carbon dioxide (CO2) and sunlight from the environment in order to generate molecules of sugar. Sugar is further converted to chemical energy that plants need to sustain their existence.Photosynthesis has been used by organisms for millions of years. The first photosynthetic organisms were the ancestors of modern-day cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis takes sunshine, CO2 from the air, and some hydrogen atoms from water to produce two very important molecules — glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2).The basic formula for photosynthesis is:6CO2+6H2O⟶C6H12O6+6O2carbon dioxide + water ⟶ glucose + oxygenPhotosynthetic organisms are the foundation of every ecosystem because they take limited inputs and produce physical matter. In this role, they are referred to as producers. Organisms that consume producers are accordingly called consumers.Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts, special organelles located in the cells of plants and other photosynthesizing organisms. Chloroplasts are green because they utilize the pigment chlorophyll. The primary light-absorbing organs of plants are the leaves. Although chloroplasts are located in cells throughout a plant, chloroplast density is by far the highest in the leaves. Between 440,000 and 790,000 chloroplasts can be found per square millimeter in the leaf of a plant.One of the byproducts of photosynthesis is oxygen, an essential molecule vital to the existence of humans and animals on Earth. Earth’s atmosphere is about 22% oxygen and most of the remainder is nitrogen. Humans and animals rely on plants as the source of their oxygen.Rate of PhotosynthesisThe rate of photosynthesis is affected by a number of factors:Light intensityTemperatureAvailability of waterAvailability of nutrientsThere is a maximum rate of photosynthesis that is constrained by the limits of these factors. For example, there is a value for light intensity above which the rate of photosynthesis can no longer increase. Similarly, increasing the temperature from 10 °C to 20 °C will increase the rate of photosynthesis, because enzymes in the plant will be closer to their optimal working temperatures, and molecules in the cells will move faster owing to increased kinetic energy. However, if the temperature is raised above a certain level, the rate of photosynthesis will drop as plant enzymes are denatured.Net Exchange of GasesIt is important to remember that while carrying out photosynthesis in the chloroplasts, the plant is also carrying out cellular respiration, which releases CO2. In this lab, you will measure the net rate of gas exchange for the combined processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.The CO2 for photosynthesis is supplied in this experiment by sodium bicarbonate dissolved in water. CO2 is much more soluble in water than oxygen is. More CO2 is used up by photosynthesis than is released by respiration. Therefore, it is expected that the net change in CO2 will be negative. This means that more CO2 will go into the plant than will be removed from the water.On the other hand, oxygen is not very soluble in water, but is produced during photosynthesis. Therefore, it is expected that its net change will be positive. This means that the plant produces more oxygen during photosynthesis than it consumes in respiration.Overall, the gas being produced and measured is oxygen.A plant’s rate of respiration can be determined by measuring the rate of oxygen uptake during periods of darkness, when no photosynthesis takes place. Again, oxygen's insolubility in water helps with this measurement. As the plant respires, oxygen is removed from the gas in the system. At the same time, CO2 is released but remains dissolved in the water. The total change in the volume of the solution is negligible.About This LabIn this lab, you will measure the rate of photosynthesis in the aquatic plant Elodea under various conditions. You will measure the rate of photosynthesis by observing gas production. You will explore the gas exchange of the plant with its environment in both light and dark conditions and observe if photosynthesis and respiration take place in parallel when light is present.You will modify the light source intensity to test how the rate of photosynthesis changes depending on the intensity of light falling on the leaves of the plant. You will also test the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.ExperimentsOpen the simulation by clicking on the virtual lab icon below. The simulation will launch in a new window.You may need to move or resize the window in order to view both the Procedure and the simulation at the same time.Follow the instructions in the Procedure to complete each part of the simulation. When instructed to record your observations, record data, or complete calculations, record them for your own records in order to use them later to complete the post-lab assignment.ProceduresExperiment 1: Measuring the Rate of PhotosynthesisPart 1: Set-upTake a plant light box from the Instruments shelf and place it on the workbench.Take a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask from the Containers shelf and place it onto the workbench.Take a branch of Elodea from the Materials shelf and add it to the Erlenmeyer flask.Add 100 mL of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate solution from the Materials shelf to the Erlenmeyer flask. Make sure the solution covers the branch, as Elodea is a submergent aquatic plant and acquires carbon dioxide from the water. Record the plant name and the solution the plant is in to reference later.Place the Erlenmeyer flask into the plant light box. Set the temperature of the plant light box to 20 °C, which is around room temperature. Record the temperature to reference later.Switch the plant light intensity of the plant light box to 5, the maximum. This setting is located next to the gray Start button in the upper right corner of the plant light box. Record the plant light intensity to reference later.Set the timer to 120 minutes.Part 2: Collecting Oxygen Produced by the PlantThe rate of photosynthesis can be measured by collecting the oxygen produced by the plant.Take a gas syringe from the Instruments shelf and place it onto the plant light box. Record the initial volume in mL of gas in the syringe at 0 min of the experiment (countdown timer reads 120 min) to reference later. To see the volume, double-click on the gas syringe. Press the gray Start button in the upper right corner of the plant light box. After 30 simulated minutes in the plant light box (countdown timer will read 90 min), press the lab pause button in the lower left corner of the lab (Figure 1) to note the gas volume in the syringe.Figure 1. Lab Pause ButtonAfter recording the simulated time and gas volume to reference later, press the lab play button (Figure 2) to resume the experiment.Figure 2. Lab Play ButtonRepeat this pausing and playing sequence to note and record the gas volume in the syringe after:60 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 60 min)90 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 30 min)120 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 0 min)When the door of the plant light box opens to indicate this run is done, make sure to leave everything in place for the next experiment. Experiment 2: Respiration in the DarkChange the light intensity of the plant light box all the way down to 0 for dark conditions. Record the plant light intensity and temperature settings to reference later.Set the timer to 120 minutes. Record the initial volume at 0 min of the experiment (countdown timer reads 120 min) of gas in the syringe to reference later.Press the gray Start button.Using the lab pause and play buttons as needed, record the syringe's gas volume after:30 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 90 min)60 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 60 min)90 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 30 min)120 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 0 min)When the door of the plant light box opens, move the flask to the waste to empty it.Place the empty flask in the sink.Double-click the gas syringe and reset the plunger. Make sure the volume goes back to 0.00 mL.Experiment 3: Effect of Light IntensityRepeat the set-up outlined in Experiment 1, Part 1, steps 2 – 9. However, this time set the plant light intensity to 4. Record the initial volume of gas in the syringe at 0 min of the experiment (countdown timer reads 120 min) to reference later.Press the gray Start button, then use the lab pause and play buttons to note and record the syringe's gas volume after:30 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 90 min)60 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 60 min)90 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 30 min)120 simulated minutes (countdown timer reads 0 min)Record the plant light intensity and temperature settings to reference later.When the door of the plant light box opens, move the flask to the waste to empty it.Place the empty flask in the sink.Double-click the gas syringe and reset the plunger. Make sure the volume goes back to 0.00 mL.Repeat the procedure outlined in steps 1 – 7 for the following plant light intensity settings:321Experiment 4: Effect of Environmental TemperatureSet the plant light intensity of the plant light box to 5 and the timer to 60 minutes. Record the light intensity setting to reference later.Take a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask from the Containers shelf and place it onto the workbench.Take a branch of Elodea from the Materials shelf and add it to the flask.Add 100 mL of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate from the Materials shelf to the flask.Place the flask into the plant light box.Set the temperature of the plant light box to 10 °C. Record the temperature setting to reference later.Record the initial volume of gas in the syringe at 0 min of the experiment (countdown timer reads 60 min) to reference later.Press the gray Start button.Record the volume in the gas syringe after 60 simulated min (countdown timer reads 0 min) to reference later.Move the flask to the waste to empty it.Place the empty flask in the sink.Double-click the gas syringe and reset the plunger. Make sure the volume goes back to 0.00 mL.Repeat steps 2 – 12 for two additional temperatures:30 °C40 °CClear the bench of all materials, containers, and instruments, then return to your course page to complete any assignment for this lab.
The Future of Death Valley Paper
Please read carefully. Death Valley is bounded by normal faults on the east and west sides and by strike slip faults on t ...
The Future of Death Valley Paper
Please read carefully. Death Valley is bounded by normal faults on the east and west sides and by strike slip faults on the northern and southern ends. If movement on these faults, and the faults that they are connected to along the western margin of the Basin and Range Province, continues with similar displacement rates and directions what is the likely outcome for the Death Valley region? Could the development of the Gulf of California and separation of Baja California from mainland Mexico give us a clue?For this assignment you will write an essay of about 1000 words predicting the future of the Death Valley region over millions of years. To answer this you will need to investigate when the Gulf of California opened, the rate and direction of motion that Baja California is moving compared to North America, and what tectonic plate the Baja Peninsula is part of today. On the basis of current plate motions could similar events and processes occur in the Death Valley region? Think about what tectonic plate most of the State of California will be part of in approximately 5 or 10 million years if the plate motion continues in the same way. Could the Los Angeles area wind up adjacent to Reno, Nevada? Be sure to briefly discuss the regional plate tectonic setting of Death Valley including the location of plate boundaries and relative plate motions.You should use at least three sources that need to be referenced in a standard in-line format that allows them to be verified. A complete list of citations should be included at the end of the essay. Your work must be original and will be checked with Turnitin. The citation list should not be included in the 1000 words limit for the essay.
University of Florida PHA Biology Discussion Questions
With respect to thermodynamics, why can biosynthetic pathways not be simply considered the reverse of corresponding catabo ...
University of Florida PHA Biology Discussion Questions
With respect to thermodynamics, why can biosynthetic pathways not be simply considered the reverse of corresponding catabolic pathways? Compare the net equations of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and explain why the synthesis of glucose is so costly. Why is the biosynthesis of glucose so important in mammals? List the following: Most common precursors for glucose biosynthesis Organs which use glucose as their primary energy source Organs or tissues where gluconeogenesis takes place Explain in detail how both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis can be irreversible cellular processes. What drives the conversion of fructose 1, 6- bisphosphate to fructose 6 -phosphate? Describe the role of malate transport in gluconeogenesis.How does fatty acid oxidation contribute to gluconeogenesis? Under what conditions do amino acids get converted to glucose? What are the effects of G6P, F1,6-BP, F2,6-BP on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? What are the effects of cAMP, AMP, ATP, citrate and acetyl-CoA on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? How many ATP equivalents are required to synthesize a glucose from two pyruvate in order to bypass the irreversible steps in glycolysis? Why are sugar nucleotides suitable for biosynthetic reactions? How does F2,6-BP control the conversion of F6P to F1,6-BP or the reverse? In the final stages of gluconeogenesis, glucose-6-phosphatase converts glucose-6-phosphate to free glucose and inorganic phosphate. Where does this occur? Read the article below. This study addresses the synthesis of a trisaccharide that humans do not metabolize. Why are studies such as this and others which examine bacterial systems for enzymatic activity on carbohydrates ultimately beneficial to addressing human health concerns? Perrin V, Fenet B, Prally J, Lecroix F, and Ta CD. (2000) Carbohydrate Research, 325 (3): 202-210. Hepatocytes are an important model for in vitro study of metabolism. Read the article below and describe how the supplementation of cell culture media with amino acids and hormones affected the activity of hepatocytes and the occurrence of futile cycles. Chan C, Berthiaume F, Lee K, and Yarmush M. (2003) Metabolic Engineering, 5 (1): 1-15.Solubilization of dietary lipids, achieved by mixing bile salts and degrading them with pancreatic lipases, is required for transport across the intestine where the free fatty acid and the lysophospholipid can then be resynthesized into triacylglycerols in the intestinal mucosal cells. Why is this necessary? Describe how and why the above differs from the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria? Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. In review, where did the oxidative catabolism of glucose take place? How are triacylglycerols functionally sequestered within adipose cells prior to a hormonal signal which causes them to be released into the bloodstream? Explain in detail how different types of lipids are transported in blood to AND from adipose tissue. What is the energetic cost of fatty acyl-CoA formation and where does this fatty acid activation take place?Explain the roles of the two pools of coenzyme A and the processes utilized to keep these pools separate. What types of reactions make up the 4 basic steps of β-oxidation? Describe the enzyme complexes that receive electrons form the reduced electron carriers. How many molecules of ATP are generated by the reoxidation of each type of electron carrier? Compare saturated and unsaturated fatty acid oxidation with respect to the amount of ATP formed. Explain how odd-chain fatty acid oxidation differs from even chain fatty acid oxidation beginning with the 5 carbon fatty acyl-CoA encountered in the last pass through the β-oxidation sequence? Where in the cell are Ketone bodies made, from which metabolite are they made, and how and where are ketone bodies used?Outline the oxidation steps that occur in omega ( ω ) oxidation. We have touched on saturated/unsaturated and even-/odd-numbered chain fatty acids, but dietary consumption also includes branched chain fatty acids. Locate and read the following article, and answer the questions below: Mukherji M, Schofield CJ, Wierzbicki AS, Jansen GA, Wanders RJA, and Lloyd M. (2003). Progress in Lipid Research, 42 (5): 359-376. In which organelle not previously mentioned in this assignment does metabolism of some branched-chain fatty acids occur? According to your text and this paper, what is the primary pathway for oxidation of long chain fatty acids in thisorganelle? What name is given the oxidative pathway for branched-chain fatty acids? What, in general terms, is an oxygenase? In the proposed mechanism for 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase, what two products result from the attack of TPP on thioester?
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