Joan of Arc, day 1: read first 1/2 of the trial proceedings, which can be found here:  http://saint-joan-of-arc.com/trial-condemnation.htm Write a response addressing the following: why does it matter so much that Joan/Jeanne dressed as a man and fought alongside men?  What does this threaten to destabilize?  What is a witch?  Who defines “witchiness” and how is it determined?  Is the process detailed here one of justice?   Post The Hundred Year’s War was a battle between the French and English from the years 1337-1453 over the crown of France. Joan of Arc is notably considered to be the “Maid of New Orleans” because she claimed that she was guided by the “divine honor” as she helped France win during this war. After the war, however, she was put on trial for multiple offenses, including witchcraft and wearing “immodest garments belonging to the male sex”. The offense of wearing men’s clothing despite being a woman becomes one of the most important charges in the case. When this charge is explained in the trial proceedings, it is stated that Joan of Arc, “put off the habit and dress of the female sex (which is contrary to the divine law, abominable to God, condemned and prohibited by every law), has dressed and armed herself in the state and habit of man”. Additionally, the proceedings explain that she “wrought and occasioned murders”. These two descriptions are important in understanding why it matters so much that Joan dressed as a man and fought alongside men.First, this means that Joan of Arc was going against “divine law”. The divine law set specific expectations for the behavior of women and men. At the time, women were still considered to be the property of men and they were expected to conform to their specific gender roles. Men were the ones who were supposed to be aggressive and fight in wars. It was considered to be an abomination to wear clothes that were not of your specific gender. Additionally, Joan of Arc stated that she was acting under divine law, however she contradicted these laws by wearing male clothing. The fact that she wore these clothes and fought alongside men threatened to destabilize the gender constructions that were created by the word of “divine law”. Allowing Joan of Arc to wear these clothes and fight with the men would serve as an example for other women to challenge their circumstances and get more rights than they were first allowed by men.I do not believe that the process detailed here is one of justice. The trials that we have in American society are more or so fair and just due to the fact that the person accused of a crime is assumed to be innocent until proven otherwise, however, this is not the case for Joan of Arc’s trial. She was assumed to be guilty from the beginning and she was never given the chance to defend herself or have any council defend her. The ones who presented evidence against her could have easily misconstrued her answers to make herself seem guilty of those offenses. Additionally, the two judges of her case were Pierre Cauchon, the Bishop of Beauvais, and Jean Lemaître, the vice-inquisitor of France. These two judges had a direct stake in her case and convicting her of these offenses which is why I do not believe that this trial was one of justice. Joan of Arc was accused of being a witch. She was considered to be a witch because of heresy; she was acting in ways that contradicted the Christian faith. She was considered to be an “enchantress, false prophet, a caller-up of evil spirits, as superstitious, implicated in and given to magic arts, thinking evil in our Catholic faith..”. In this case, I believe that the people define “witchiness”. In summary, it seemed like the definition of a witch came from obstructing peace and inciting violence against the people of God. For example, she was accused of,  “perturbing and obstructing the peace, inciting to war, cruelly thirsting for human blood, encouraging it to be shed…. other things abominable to God and man, contrary to laws both divine and natural… having to the scorn of God permitted and allowed herself to be adored and venerated... “. According to this, the people (lawmakers) had the ability to define what a witch is and how Joan of Arc fit this description of a witch. Barret, W.P. "The Trial of Jeanne D'Arc", Retrieved from http://saint-joan-of-arc.com/trial-condemnation.ht...

RESPOND TO THIS POST! The organization I chose to describe their organizational culture is a non-profit agency called The Hope Institute for Children and Families that provides 24-hour residential care to children with disabilities ranging from age 5-21. They have multiple Community Integrated Living Arrangements (CILA) which are home in the community where a minimum of 4 individuals per home. Having worked there for over 6 years in capacity as Residential Manager and Training Coordinator I would describe the organization as being very diverse in the direct care employees who work for the agency who are from different backgrounds, cultures, countries and gender preferences who do an amazing job working with the children who are provided services to. One of the areas that still need improvement is the same diversity with relations to Administrative Positions and other HR positions within the agency. There is not diversity when it comes to having a cross functioning population of people working in these positions from other races, and cultures and this has always seemed to be a concern while employed there and this was an area needing to be improved on when receiving accreditation. When it comes to the individuals supported there is a strong mission and purpose in enhancing the lives of the individuals and helping them to reach their fullest potential through education, behavioral interventions, vocational opportunities, and adult placement into other agencies which shows how much they advocate for enrichment of all of their lives which a is strong culture of the organization. The knowledge and skills the direct care workers have are valuable to the organization and learning how to organize the organization to deal systematically, equitably, and responsively to the needs of the individuals served is important to support growth and independence (Akabas,Gates,&Galvin,1992).Compare that organization with another and explain how the two organizations differ on dimensions of physical space, language use, and underlying assumptions and values. In comparison working for the adult agency such as Bethesda Lutheran in my city and The Institute they both have similar missions for the individuals with disabilities being supported but for the difference in physical space both provide group homes within the community where services are provided 24 hours but one of the differences is that when the individuals are living in residential setting like The Hope Institute they are based in homes with the same sex and there is not integration within the homes of different sexes. On the other hand, in the adult agencies it is totally different, and you see both males and females having a choice in whom they chose to live with and be housemates. The overall goal for both is treating everyone with dignity and respect and supporting the missions of both organizations mentioned.Which culture type best describes these organizations. Both organizations have a strong team building approach by having several multiple cross functioning teams and intervention strategies and development to be able to improve the effectiveness of the employees (Anderson, 2017). The relationships with employers for the individuals supported and their guardians is also a collaborative team approach which continues to rely on feedback and suggestions from the experts and also from the direct care employees who are implementing the outcomes for the goals set by the supported individuals.Discuss how a diverse organizational population, consisting of different races, nationalities, and ethnic groups affects the HR function. It takes more than just checking boxes and targeting adds to create a workplace that recognizes the full potential of the differences that having diverse talent and capabilities bring to an organization and all individuals across the organization along with HR needs to motivated to searching for the diversity of candidates within their organization to be able to cultivate more leaders of diversity and create a working environment that cultivates and values diversity(Jackson,2017).

Option #1: The Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Disasters (Exercise 11.4)Read the “The Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Disasters” case study from the Managing Organizational Change textbook. In a carefully constructed document, address the following course constructs as they relate to the case study:Images of managing changeTypes of changeChallenges for changeResistance to changeImplementing changeNASA vision and changeSustaining changeThe length and formatting requirements are as follows:Your paper must be 5-7 pages in length, excluding the cover page, abstract, table of contents, and references pages.Include a cover page, an abstract, a table of contents, section headers, an introduction, a conclusion, and a references page. Use the APA Template Paper as a resource.Format your paper according to the CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..Include up to 5 sources to support your positions, claims, and observations, two of which should be academic, peer-reviewed sources, in addition to the textbook. The CSU-Global library is a great place to find these resources.