MLA FORMATTING ____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ •Standard One Inch Margins •First Page ONLY – Upper Left Hand Corner: Your Name, Your Professor’s Name, the Course & Section Number, and the Date (Do not use the Insert Header Function in your Word Processing Program, i.e. Microsoft Word) •Every Page – Upper Right Hand Corner: Your Last Name and the Page Number (Use the Insert Page Number Function in your Word Processing Program) •Title Centered •Double-Spaced •12 Point Font, Times New Roman AVOIDING DROPPED QUOTES & INTEGRATING SOURCED MATERIAL Introduce Establish the Credibility of the Source Material  Explain Reiterate the Quoted Material for Clarity: “By this…” or “In other words…”  Integrate Show the Relevance of the Source Material to Your Thesis/Stance/Claim  DROPPED QUOTES Example of a Dropped Quote Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, and had three siblings. “Hemingway was an abusive drunk.” He eventually moved to Kansas City and worked as a cub reporter. Hemingway then moved to Toronto and then onto Europe, where he met up with his literary counterparts. This is where his excessive drinking habits and violent behavior took form. Example of an Integrated Quote Dr. Fenstermaker, a renowned Hemingway expert and tenured professor at Harvard University, said, “Hemingway was an abusive drunk” (Smith 54). By this, he suggests that Hemingway used alcohol not only to incite his bitter rage, but also as a conflagrant to burn the bridges between himself and his mentors. This supports the stance that Hemingway did all he could to break the ties with those who taught him the craft. STANDARD QUOTES Standard quotes are four lines or less  You should not have more than 3-4 standard quotes on a single page.  EXAMPLE: Dr. Fenstermaker, a renowned Hemingway expert and tenured professor at Harvard University, said, “Hemingway was an abusive drunk” (Smith 54). BLOCK QUOTES B D C E A. Must be FIVE lines or more B. Lead into a Block Quotes with a colon, not a comma C. Indent the Block Quote in its entirety D. Do not use Quotation Marks E. The Period comes before the Parenthetical Citation F. No more than ONE Block Quote per three pages Parenthetical Citations with Standard Quotes Dr. Fenstermaker, a renowned Hemingway expert and tenured professor at Harvard University, said, “Hemingway was an abusive drunk” (Smith 54). 1. 1. 2. 3. End Quote Parenthetical Citation Period 2. 3. Parenthetical Citations (Banks 121) Banks is a quick reference to the works cited page. 121 is the page that the quoted material is found in Banks’ work. ***In order to know what to put in a parenthetical, it is always the first part of a works cited entry: Banks, Miranda. “Teen Themes.” Television Saturation. Ed. Joseph McCullin. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 118-94. Print. Parenthetical Citations (Banks, par. 12) Sometimes sources provide paragraph numbers and not page numbers. In this case, you will use the above parenthetical. (Banks) Sometimes sources do not provide page or paragraph numbers, which usually indicates an inadequate source. Nevertheless, the parenthetical will look like this one and n. pag. will be found in the works cited entry. Parenthetical Citations (“The End is Near” 48-51) Sometimes sources do not provide an author, which can usually be a sign of a bad source. Nevertheless, the parenthetical still follows the same rule. ***In order to know what to put in a parenthetical, it is always the first part of a works cited entry: “The End is Near.” Propagandist Weekly. Ed. Brenda Johnson. New York: Holt Publishing, 2011. 34-95. Print. In-Text Citations with Standard Quotes Alex Wright, director or User Experience and Product Research at The New York Times, said, “[O]ral tradition means more than just talking” (357). When the author of the quote is the same as the author of the article/book from which the quote is found, you do not need to include the last name of the author inside of the parenthetical; all you need is the page number where the quote was found. Ellipses & Brackets Ellipses are used to show information has been removed or omitted from a quote, refer to pages 331-33 in the Little, Brown Compact Handbook. (Example found on Block Quote slide)   Brackets clarify pronoun and noun usage and/or can correct verb tense issues. Page 334 in the Little, Brown. Original: “He is considered the forefather of modern thought and the theory of naturalism” (Jones 824). Clarified with Brackets: “[Freud] is considered the forefather of modern thought and the theory of naturalism” (Jones 824). “He [was] considered the forefather of modern thought and the theory of naturalism” (Jones 824). Brackets “He is considered the forefathr [sic] of modern thought and the theory of naturalism” (Jones 824). ***As you can see the word “forefathr” is misspelled. When this occurs in the work that you want to quote, you cannot fix it for the original author. However, you also do not want the professor to think that you made the spelling error. In this instance, you will input [sic] after the error to indicate the mistake was published/printed in this manner. TITLES The titles of Longer Works (Books, Films, Albums, Collections, Anthologies, Sitcoms…) need to be ITALICIZED Catcher and the Rye  The titles of Shorter Works (Poem, Song, Short Stories, Articles, Journals, Episodes…) need to be in “QUOTES” “The Story of an Hour”  Capitalize all words in a title except for Prepositions, Articles and Conjunctions, unless the title starts or ends in these types of words. Works Cited 1. Alphabetized (No Numbers or Bullets) 2. Hanging Indention (The only full line of text should be the first line of each source; each additional line of a source is indented) 3. Works Cited should head the page (No Bold, Underline or Quotation Marks, just plain old 12 point Font, Times New Roman) Symbolism Layers of Meaning What Symbols Stand For • A symbol is often an ordinary object, event, person, or animal to which we have attached extraordinary meaning and significance. Culture • “system of symbols or signs endowed with general and abstract meaning” (White) Language = symbol ❖ Language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols (Sapir, 1921). ❖ Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols which permit all people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture to communicate or to interact (Finocchiaro, 1965). Language in terms Culture We use a rectangle of dyed cloth to symbolize a country. • We use a picture of a skull and crossbones to symbolize poison or danger. • We send red roses as a symbol of love. Where Do Symbols Come From? • Symbols can be inherited or invented • The most familiar symbols have been inherited, meaning, they have been handed down over time Public and Inherited Symbols • For example: no one really knows who first thought of using a lion as a symbol of power, courage and domination • Once these qualities were associated with the animal, images of lions appeared on flags, banners, coats of arms and castle walls • The lion became a public symbol that shows up in art and literature, even today! • Can you think of some examples of how lions are used as a symbol of courage and power? People through out history have endowed ordinary objects with meanings far beyond their simple meaning. A crown symbolizes royalty Five linked rings symbolize the Olympics Invented Symbols Writers often take a new object, • Symbols can also be invented. character, or event and make it • What is the symbol for our school? the embodiment of some human concern. Some invented symbols in literature have become so widely known that they often have gained the status of public symbols. For example: Peter Pan is a symbol for eternal childhood Why Create Symbols? You may ask why writers don’t just come right out and say what they mean. • Symbols allow writers to suggest layers and layers of meaning-possibilities that a simple, literal statement could never convey. • A symbol is like a pebble cast into a pond: It sends out ever widening ripples of meaning How do I know if it’s a symbol? • Repeat appearance • Seem to be connected with a character or event • Author spend long time on description What Are Some More Symbols Here we have a picture of a serpent (snake) and an apple. What are some things that come to mind when you see this image? Often times, a serpent or snake is used to symbolize temptation or trouble. This allegory stems from it’s biblical reference. What does the apple stand for? Symbolism • A symbol is a word, place, character, or object that means something beyond what it is on a literal level. • An ordinary object, event, person, or animal to which we have attached extraordinary meaning and significance. • Leslie White.- “Culture consists of a system of symbols or signs endowed with general and abstract meaning” Your Last Name 1 Your Name Instructor Name Spanish 160D Date Title: please choose a long title that is descriptive and fills this entire line! Paragraph 1: - Introduction - Must contain THESIS of your paper on the last line Paragraph 2: - Body - Must contain the Theoretical Parameter for your thesis - Theoretical Parameter: definition of terms/words using in the thesis, citation - In-text citations: (Last Name, Page #) Paragraphs 3 +: - Body - Connect every paragraph back to your thesis - Use transitional sentences at the beginning/end of your paragraphs Final Paragraph: - Conclusion - Reiterate what you stated in your introduction - Tie in the main points of the argument you elaborated in the Body of your paper - End with a good punch line or strong statement – something that supports your argument and that reader will remember Your Last Name 2 Works Cited - At least three references - Proper MLA format - Use Purdue Owl!
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