Aspen University Describing Theories Presentation

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This week, you will develop a PowerPoint presentation reviewing the theories from each module. Nightingale, Peplau/Henderson, Johnson,/Orlando, King/Rogers, Roy/Neuman, Leninger/Watson, Parse/Erickson and answer the following questions. You should have two slides per theory:

  • Describe the theory
  • Provide 3 examples of how the theory applies to current practice
  • Provide 3 positive patient outcomes resulting from utilizing the theory
  • Explain 3 benefits to nursing satisfaction when utilizing the theory
  • Describe two barriers to using the theory in practice and at least one method for overcoming each barrier (support methods with sources)
  • Support from literature clearly noted throughout

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The Neuman System’s Model and the Roy Adoption Model The use of different nursing theories and models has been crucial in enriching nursing knowledge. Introduction The selection of the different nursing theories and models is based on the degree of flexibility of situations, phenomena and circumstances. The Neuman System’s Model and the Roy Adoption Model have contributed significantly in nursing practice. The Roy Adaption Model Sister Callista Roy developed the Roy Adaption Model in 1976. Sister Roy defined an individual as interrelated systems with biological, social, and psychological characteristics. The individual strives to balance all these systems as well as the outside world. However, Sister Roy admitted that an absolute level of balance. Using the Roy Adaption Model in Planning And Continuing Care For Sgt. Johns The RAM has six major steps that the nurse can adopt to address Sgt. Johns's healing process. • Assess Sgt. John's behavior using the four adaptive modes. Self-concept identity mode Role function mode Physiological-physical mode Interdependence mode • Categorize and assess the stimuli related to those behaviors. • Diagnose Sgt. John, based on his adoptive state. • Set adaption goals that should be achieved. • Implement the interventions • Investigate whether the achievements made concede with the adaptive goals set Application the Roy Theory in nursing • • • According to the Roy theory, nursing is aimed at increasing the life expectancy of the patient holistically. The Roy theory has been contributing to nursing practice, education, research, and management for over thirty-five years. The theory has also been a pillar in providing model-based information that nurses use when taking care of patients. Influence Of Roy's Theory In Promoting Sgt. Johns Adjusted Selfconcept • Using the Roy theory as the guideline, the nurse will: - Assess Sgt Johns as an individual and determine how he adapts to his new environmental state. - Encourage Sgt. Johns to express his thoughts, beliefs, and feelings to get adequate insight into his behavior. - Then assess Sgt. Johns’ view based on physical self, personal self, spiritual self, perceiving self, developing self, and focusing self. - Produce an effective adaption process Why Is It Important For The Nurse To Listen To Sgt. Johns' "Story" In His Own Words • Actively listening to the patient shows that the nurse respects the patient’s self-knowledge. • It also builds trust between the patient and the nurse. • Listening to Sgt. Johns helps the nurse not to miss crucial information. • It also enables the nurse to closely assess his behavior, opinion, feelings, and values. The Neuman System Model is a framework that assists administrators or caregivers in helping patients manage stressors. Neuman System’s Model This helps patients heal mentally, physically, and spiritually. The Neuman Systems Model (NSM) was developed by Betty Neuman. The Neuman Systems Model that has been applied, adopted, and accepted in the nursing practice and curriculum all over the world. Four Stressors From The Case Study Based On The Neuman System’s Model • From the Sgt. Johns's case study, several stressors can be identified which are: - Sgt. Johns inability to go back to work where he was working. - A severe headache, which is associated with traumatic brain injury. - His inability to see his friend Joe. - his inability to sleep Plan of Care Based on the Neuman Systems Model for Sgt. Johns. Plan of care for Sgt. Johns will be based on coming up with strategies that are aimed at helping him cope with the identified stressors. The steps include: Talking to his employer to continue paying his full salary or assist him in working from home. to ensure that he is assisted to frequently see his friend Joe. Ensure doctors diagnose him and provide him with the right medication to treat traumatic brain damage. There is a growing need for integrating nursing theories and models into daily nursing practice. This is encouraging more Evidence-Based Nursing. Conclusion This is because many people now want to understand why things are done the way they are done. Nursing theories and models need to be incorporated more in nursing practice and learning to ensure nurses and patients understand why a specific choice is made leaving the other. References • Ahmadi, Z., & Sadeghi, T. (2017). Application of the Betty Neuman systems model in the nursing care of patients/clients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal–Experimental, Translational and Clinical, 3(3), 2055217317726798. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55650 31/ • DeSanto-Madeya, S., & Fawcett, J. (2016). Healing and transcendence: A Roy adaptation model-guided comparison. Nursing science quarterly, 29(3), 219-226. • Saini, N., Sharma, V., Arora, S., & Khan, F. (2017). Roy’s Adaptation Model: Effect of care on pediatric patients. Int J Nurs Midwifery Res, 4(1), 52-60. Orlando’s Theory Guide Orlando’s Theory Guide • Also known as the deliberative nursing theory, Orlando's guide examines how to improve the nursing process to promote positive outcomes. • The key takeaway from Orlando's nursing theory is the overarching influence of client dignity and fostering a humanistic relationship (Adib-Hajbaghery & Tahmouresi, 2018). • Orlando sought to change and revamp the field of nursing by adding a personal touch to it. • According to Orlando’s theory, A nurse’s role is to immediately find out and fulfill a patient’s need for assistance. • Sam and Susan’s behavior are a call for help. • Anne should use her perception of the situation, as well as the thoughts emanating from how she sees the situation in the home. • The nurse should check for distress by evaluating whether the patient’s needs have been met. QUESTIONS • During the perception process, does the patient moan or groan? • Is the patient able to engage in physical activity? • What are the physiological manifestations of the patient’s condition? • Is there a need that has not been met? • Does the patient exhibit a need to be helped? • What actions can directly or indirectly help to fulfill the patient’s needs? CONT’D • Do the outcomes point to an unmet need? • What unique attributes does the patient present? • What nursing actions should be applied to the patient? Family Plan of Care • A nursing process should properly evaluate the needs of an elderly client. • An investment in resources and parameters like the reasoning skills of nursing staff is imperative for ensuring the patient’s quality of life. • Nursing role empowerment is also imperative for enhancing these outcomes (Nopriyanto et al., 2019). • The process should also employ effective collaboration in helping the elderly patient go about their daily life. • Nurses can make nursing diagnoses. • A family plan of care for Susan and Sam will begin by identifying the patient’s problems that arise from their health status. • A diagnosis has to be formulated for each of the problems. CONT’D • Planning for the family entails setting goals to enhance the patient’s outcomes. • The goals have to be based on the problems that have been identified from the initial diagnosis. • The nurse should then identify Sam’s nutritional and physical requirements. • It should be known whether he will need physical assistance for tasks like going to the toilet, bathing, personal grooming, and even eating. CONT’D • The home should be evaluated for its suitability for a physically challenged individual. • Is there a need for any changes to be made to the home to suit the patient’s needs? • It should be determined whether the elderly person should be included in routine family activities. • The primary goal is to enhance the patient’s positive outcomes by improving their outlook on life. 1950s and 1960s in the United States • The 1960s heralded the beginning of the golden age in the minds of Americans. • With the ascension of the flamboyant politician, John F. Kennedy to the presidency marked an era of hope. • The era was characterized by discrimination against minorities like gays, lesbians and colored people. • The era was characterized by endless protests • Citizens protested against racial discrimination and the unnecessary war in Vietnam. • Women faced discrimination in different spheres of life such as employment (McKenzie, 2015). • The era also marked the emancipation of the groups that were discriminated upon. • Women held marches to demand for equality. • Colored people sought an end to the segregation laws. Role of nurses • The role of the nurse practitioner emerged in the 1960s (Keeling, 2015). • NPs have been recognized as healthcare workers who can function and achieve a combination of requirements. • Merging primary care medical services together with cutting-edge training and nursing skills, NPs fulfilled the needs of the underserved remote and rural communities, as well as those who lacked the right to care in inner cities. • Nursing was initially an ancillary role to that of the physicians, and nurses were expected to be obedient to the physicians in charge (Mishra, 2015). • Mishra (2015) further asserts that before 1960, the key emphasis of the nursing code was on the said nurses’ obedience to the physicians. • However, after the 1960s, nurses began focusing on patient care, and this has remained to basis of their activity to date. • Nurses started exhibiting a wholeness of character, and they had high integrity because they adhered to their moral values. • Nursing uniform has markedly changed since the 1960s. • Nurses in the 1960s were expected to go to work while dressed in traditional dresses and the famous caps. • After the era, the nursing cap was eliminated, • The end of the 1960s was characterized by the modernization of nurses’ uniforms. • The dresses were shortened and in some instances, they used disposable aprons. • The 1960s was a period of significant social change. • With the female empowerment that characterized the era, notable nursing theorists emerged. • Virginia Henderson drew the most influential theory that guided the principle and practice of nursing. • Henderson viewed nursing as a unique role that was expected help sick or healthy individuals. • Nursing comprised of activities that facilitated the health, recovery, or nonviolent death. • During the era, Hildegard Peplau emerged as a foremost pioneer in the field of psychiatric nursing. • Peplau initiated the delineation of psychiatry as a unique field of nursing. • Her work led to the enactment of standards that allow nurses to gauge their individual beliefs and intrinsic values. • Faye Abdellah also expounded the field of theory and research in nursing. • Abdellah highlighted the importance of research in nursing practice. • She was the foremost nursing educator, and she encouraged nursing practitioners to employ problem-solving, health, and nursing problem, which continues to influence the present nursing practice. References Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Tahmouresi, M. (2018). Nurse–patient relationship based on the Imogene King’s theory of goal attainment. Nursing and Midwifery Studies, 7(3), 141. https://doi.org/10.4103/2322-1488.235636 Keeling, A. W. (2015). Historical perspectives on an expanded role for nursing. Online journal of issues in nursing, 20(2). McKenzie, B. L. (2015). The problem of women in the department: Sex and gender discrimination in the 1960s United States Foreign Diplomatic Service. European journal of American studies, 10(10–1). https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas.10589 Mishra, S. (2015). Respect for nursing professional: Silence must be heard. Indian Heart Journal, 67(5), 413–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2015.07.003 Nopriyanto, D., Hariyati, Rr. T. S., & Ungsianik, T. (2019). Improving documentation of patient progress note through role empowerment of head nurse by Orlando theory approach. Enfermería Clínica, 29, 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.051 Peplau’s and Orem’s Theories Objectives The discussion of Peplau's theory of Interpersonal Relations. The 4 phases of the Nurse-Patient relationship Peplau’s Theory in practice – in managing diabetes II, communication, and training. Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory discussion. The three parts of Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory. Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory in nursing practice Peplau theory of Interpersonal Relations • Developed by Hildegard E. Peplau (1909-1999) (Adams, 2017). • She had a background in nursing. • Relates to nursing and working to help patients. • Nursing is considered therapeutic, helping people to getter better. • Goal achievement is realized after following all the 4 key steps. • The theory also helps nurses to understand their behavior in order to help others. Phases of the Nurse-Patient relationship: 1. Orientation Phase • The nurse engages the client/patient with the treatment process. • The client meets the nurse, being the first engagement to seek assistance (Adams, 2017). • The process entails defining the problem and deciding the service needed. • The client asks questions, gives past experiences and seeks assistance. • The nurse responds to the questions as well as helps the client. • Factors affecting this stage include values, beliefs and experiences of both parties as seen. Phases of the Nurse-Patient relationship: 2. Identification Phase The client is now engaged with the nurse. Both have become familiar with each other and the bond is growing. The client expresses feelings and appreciates the assistance. The levels of hopelessness and helplessness decrease with the identification of the problem. Appropriate professional assistance is selected. Phases of the Nurse-Patient relationship: 3. Exploitation Phase • The client understands the services offered and acquires them. • The nurse utilizes professionalism in giving problem-solving alternatives. • The client’s needs and interests govern the use of services. • Interview techniques are essential to help explore and fully deal with the root problem. • The nurse should have communication skills to effectively communicate with the client. • Again, the nurse explores all alternatives to assist the client. Phases of the Nurse-Patient relationship: 4. Resolution Phase The stage is characterized by an ending relationship. The client no longer needs the services of the nurse at this point. The needs have been solved by the professional intervention of the nurse. Thus, they have to disconnect their therapeutic relationship. The client becomes self-reliant again (Adams, 2017). Though psychological dependence may persist, the client moves away, healthier than before. Peplau’s Theory in Practice – Managing Diabetes II • The nurse-patient relationship, Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationships, is used in the nursing practice. • The theory is used by patients with diabetes type II for their self-care management (Fernandes & Naidu, 2017). • Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires day-today management. • Nurses’ role is to stimulate the self-care process by guiding the patient. • The patient trusts the information given by the nurse. • Self-care management is known to lower cost and improve therapeutic outcomes Peplau’s Theory in Practice – Communication • The theory of interpersonal relations is crucial in promoting communication. • Since communication is essential in Peplau’s theory, it is also used in the healthcare setting. • The nurse students get an opportunity to practice communication with older adults in the workplace (Deane & Fain, 2016). • They do not get time to practice communication skills in schools. • The theory also guides them to improve skills in patient-nurse relationships in their professions (Deane & Fain, 2016). Peplau’s Theory in practice– Training • The theory of interpersonal relations can be applied in nursing training. • Head nurses can use the theory to provide supervision by being a teacher, leader, counselor among others (Hariyati, & Ungsianik, 2017). • Head nurses must cultivate interpersonal skills in training novice nurses. • Training focuses on knowledge attainment, to assist patients to recover. • The head nurses also pass interpersonal skills to the new nurses and communicate the organizational goals. Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory • Established by theorist Dorothea Orem (1914-2007) (Dejange et al., 2018). • She was a duty nurse, nurse administrator, consultant, and educator. • The theory supports that individuals should practice selfcare. • They have the ability to improve their health through selfcare. • Dorothea Orem’s photo included. Major assumptions of Orem’s Theory • People should take their own care. • People are distinct. • Nursing is interaction between persons, thus an action. • What is important in primary care is to meet universal self-care fundamentals. • To promote self-care, knowledge of health problems is crucial. • Self-care is learned within the social-cultural setting. Orem’s three related parts: 1. Theory of Self-care Self-care – these are activities that are performed by individuals to maintain their health. Self-care agency – ability to undertake self-care based on age, condition, among other issues. Self-care requisites – actions needed to deliver self-care. It has three categories; Universal self-care requisite – these are universal standards needed to maintain health. Developmental self-care requisite – it is linked with an event or condition. Health deviation self-care requisite – linked with a disease and its recovery. Orem’s three related parts:2. Theory of self-care deficit • It entails a situation when nursing is needed. • Guides what to do when nursing is needed. Five helping methods are listed; • Guiding others (Malekzadeh, Amouzeshi, Mazlom, 2017). • Supporting others. • Acting for/doing for others. • Teaching another. • Providing an environment to promote personal development. Orem’s three related parts:3. Theory of Nursing Systems • It designates the process of meeting the patient’s self-care requests. • Self-care is classified into 3; wholly, partly, and supportive/educative compensatory systems (Malekzadeh, Amouzeshi, Mazlom, 2017). • It defines the scope of nursing care and nurse-patient relationships. • Technology can be developed by health professionals to assist selfcare. Current Nursing Practice Where Orem’s Theory Is Used • Self-care is essential in managing breast cancer. • About 1.38 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually (Dejange et al., 2018). • With high rate of deaths, many women result in anxiety. • They develop psychological complications such as stress and depression. • Their quality of health also deteriorates. • Research by Dejange et al. (2018) indicated that Orem’s self-care model training can reduce such anxiety. • Under the Peplau's theory of Interpersonal Relations, nurses can care for the patients. It was developed by Hildegard E. Peplau. • The 4 phases of the Nurse-Patient relationship form a framework from the time a nurse engages with the client until the client leaves. • The phases include orientation, identification, exploitation, and finally resolution. Conclusion • Peplau’s Theory can be used in managing diabetes II, in communication, and in training. • Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory supports individuals managing their care. • The three parts of Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory include the theory of self-care, theory of self-care deficit and theory of nursing systems. • Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory is used in nursing to help women with breast cancer. Reference • Adams, L. Y. (2017). Peplau's contributions to psychiatric and nursing knowledge. Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Nursing, 1(1), 10-18. DOI: 10.22374/jmhan.v1i1.3 • Deane, W. H. & Fain, J. A. (2016). Incorporating Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations to Promote Holistic Communication Between Older Adults and Nursing Students. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 34(1), 35–41, 10.1177/0898010115577975 • Dejange et al. (2018). Effect of Orem's Self-Care Model Training Program on Anxiety of Women with Breast Cancer: A Clinical Trial Study. Medical - Surgical Nursing Journal, 7(2), DOI: 10.5812/msnj.80605 • Fernandes, S. & Naidu, S. (2017). Promoting Participation in Self Care Management among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: An Application of Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationship. International Journal of Nursing Education, October-December 9(4), 129134. DOI Number: 10.5958/0974-9357.2017.00109.X • Hariyati, S. T., & Ungsianik, T. (2017). Improving the interpersonal competences of head nurses through Peplau’s theoretical active learning approach. Enfermería Clínica, 27(I), 149-153 • Malekzadeh, J., Amouzeshi, Z., Mazlom, S. R. (2017). A quasi-experimental study of the effect of teaching Orem’s self-care model on nursing students’ clinical performance and patient satisfaction. Nursing Open, 5, 370–375. DOI: 10.1002/nop2.151
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Nursing Theories
Name
Institution Affiliation

Introduction
❖ Nursing theories are organized sources of knowledge.
❖ They define specific aspects of nursing.
❖ A theory comprises concepts and purposes that guide the practice.
❖ The following is a presentation on some nursing theories.

Nightingale Environmental Theory

❖ The theory describes the use of the environment to help

patients recover (Kathleen, 2017).
❖ The theory applies in proper nutrition.
❖ It applies in personal hygiene.
❖ It also applies to build social relationships.
❖ Offers an ideal environment for care delivery.
❖ The use of this theory can result in the prevention of
communicable diseases.
❖ It protects the body from opportunistic diseases.

Cont.
❖ The theory improves nursing by the freedom of holistic care.

❖ Nurses have the benefit of manipulating the environment
❖ Nurses can act early on symptoms of diseases.
❖ One barrier to the use of the theory is a shortage of nurses.

❖ The barrier can be solved by attracting more people to join the

profession.
❖ The other barrier is inadequate resources in healthcare
(Kathleen, 2017).
❖ This can be solved by lobbying the government to increase
funding.

Peplau’s Interpersonal Relationships
❖ The theory focuses on the association of nurse-client(Saleh,

2018).
❖ It can be used in self-care of diabetes II
❖ The theory is utilized in improving communication
❖ It can also be used in nursing leadership
❖ It improves patients' outcomes by including their concerns
in the healing process.
❖ It nurtures communication and respects the values of
patients
❖The theory also reduces the cost of a patient through

self-care.

Cont.

❖ Peplau’s theory improves nurses’ satisfaction through

communication
❖ It improves interpersonal relationships in training.
❖ The theory supports knowledge attainment in ...


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