DMM- 651-1 Wael Alotaibi Observation Tool The main observation tool that will be used in this study is Immersive three dimensional Virtual Reality, which will enable me to observe the actions that will be taken by several emergency responders to remedy a VR-initiated mass casualty incident. Virtual reality environments offer more benefits than paper methods or check sheets because they enhance live drills in mass casualty training and assessment (Vincent et al., 2008). It helps in the acquisition of triage skills that will be essential in remedying mass casualty incidents. The participants in the immersive three dimensional VR exercise will be donned with head-mounted display (HMD) and three motion tracking sensors, for both their hands as well as their head. The command system will be based on gestures, and the participants will use this command system to interact with different VR casualties. This VR environment will enable the participants to immerse themselves in a live drill emulating a real mass casualty incident, hence enabling the determination of the functional or effective triage programs as well as the ineffective ones, in order to identify the programs that need to be improved on. The VR triage programs will then be scored based on the excellence with which the participants remedy their respective situations. For correctly identifying a major problem, the triage category, or the required intervention, one point will be awarded. Under the intervention category, a point will be awarded for a correct VR intervention. The self-efficacy of the participants, as well as their reaction to the training will be determined by observing the way they interact with the VR casualties and intervene in situations that require their intervention. Improved intervention and triage scores will indicate an exceptional performance and high degree of preparedness for a possible mass casualty incident that could happen at any moment. More observation information from the Virtual Reality exercise will be recorded in an observation checklist structured in the following format; Observation Checklist Questions Environment Is the VR environment realistic enough to provide an immersive experience for the participants? Are the materials required for intervention and high level performance available? Does the environment reflect that chaotic state of affairs that is always the case in a Mass Casualty Incident? How so? Effective Planning Which programs were virtually implemented to enhance effective intervention and VR responder performance. Do the participants’ actions display evidence of effective preparation? Are the materials for intervention clearly organized and available? Do the directions or steps the participants follow clearly thought out and well implemented? Methods Provides appropriate materials for the VR situation Allows for collaborations among more than one participant to tend to a single casualty or victim Participant-Victim Interaction Are participants engaged and active? Do participants demonstrate awareness of the individual needs of the victims of the VR MCI? Does each participant solicit the input of other participants when needed? Comments Completion What are the participants’ scores in the following areas; • • • Identifying a major problem’ Triage category Required intervention How do these scores reflect the self-efficacy of the participants, as well as their reaction to the training? References Vincent, D. S., Sherstyuk, A., Burgess, L., & Connolly, K. K. (2008). Teaching Mass Casualty Triage Skills Using Immersive Three-dimensional Virtual Reality. Academic Emergency Medicine, 15(11), 11601165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00191.x "What observable behaviors are currently demonstrated by the public in response to COVID19” Visit a local grocery market Make sure you check tick appropriately as it relates to the observation you make Has anything changed in the grocery marker since the last time you visited? NO Yes List the common changes you observed _____________________________________________________________________ What is the predominant behavior do you observe among the people in the grocery? What attracts you most among the people you see on the street and in the market? Are people putting on face masks or gloves? Yes ……………… No ……………… What kind of groceries are they buying? a. perishables b. the dried canned food c. Both canned and perishable foodstuffs d. Which are the brands of the canned food to they take most, has it run out of stock? Are the sellers encouraging certain types of products while limiting others? Yes………… No………… Are there any precautions in the pathways to the grocery? Yes………… No………… Have they provided sanitizers or hand washing measures? How are people taking Corona virus in this locality? Has it affected them psychologically from your observation? Any other observations ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Data Analysis Plan This section describes the research design and technical details for releasing and collecting survey responses, as well as conducting the analytical work to develop insights. Research Design The study will be a qualitative data study to understand more about the overall theme of emergency preparedness of individuals in Puerto Rico. The study will also look to understand subthemes of perceived threats and concerns detailed by the subjects, first-hand experiences to understand gaps in the current system for providing assistance to individuals during these circumstances. Population and Sample The population to be studied is the adult population of Puerto Rico. To complete the study, 50 participants will be sampled from this population by recruiting through Facebook and other social media outlets. Those who sign up and qualify to participate will receive a secure link to a Qualtrics survey. This is a one-time survey. Technology Social media channels will be used to source participants who meet the criteria. For those who sign up and qualify, a Qualtrics survey tool will be used to create and distribute the survey. The participant will answer open ended, qualitative survey questions that relate to their level of preparedness for a disaster, what past experiences they’ve had with major disasters, and what their needs were during those times. Examples of open-ended questions include, “describe a major disaster that you’ve experienced” and “tell me about that experience, what resources were most important to you at that time? Did you feel that you were able to obtain those resources?” Because this study is designed to understand more on individual habits, the only closed questions relate to demographic categorization. Data analysis Although data will be collected electronically through Qualtrics, which can also support some analysis, the bulk of the analysis for this project will have to be done outside of that platform. Each response will need to be read, and the sentiment captured. Then similar sentiments will be clustered together to help understand magnitude of the common answers and trends. From these clusters, insights will be developed by looking deeper at what participants said and find patterns between responses to the different questions. These links will aid in the use of deductive reasoning to understand additional needs that the people of Puerto Rico have in the event of a disaster, and what actions can be suggested to local relief. Consolidating this data into these insights will happen in Excel. The specific sentiments can be categorized and counted to help understand frequency and links between different types of answers. This will allow graphs and word clouds to be created to help illustrate the findings. Strengths and Weaknesses The strength of this method of research is that raw data is captured from the mouths of the public and in a very open-ended way. Responses have not been predicted and the raw emotions and thoughts can be captured without restricting people’s answers. This allows the research to capture deeper insights than in a qualitative survey. The weaknesses are the lack of statistical significance obtained by using such a small number of participants. This type of research cannot be conducted with large enough numbers of people to obtain significance, since the data analysis would take too long. That means that a representative sample is needed, with further research plans written up, that could obtain more quantitative data at a later date to validate the insights from this study. DMM- 651-1 Wael Alotaibi Data Analysis Plan Data Collection Observing and recording, the use of questionnaires, interviews, or surveys are a few of the most effective quantitative data collection methods. In this case, semi-structured interviews will be used to collect essential information from first responders to a recent MCI, the available survivors of the incident, as well as the medical professionals in different healthcare institutions who played a role in remedying the situation by attending to the injured in dire need of emergency healthcare. Different professionals in emergency departments will also be interviewed to provide a way forward in ensuring that the number of casualties in MCI events is significantly minimized through effective emergency response. The use of semi-structured interviews (open-ended questions) will allow the people being interviewed to answer the questions they will be presented with more openly, engaging in a discussion about their experiences and how they were able to overcome the difficulties of the MCI, while also providing the experts with an opportunity to provide an in-depth explanation of the way forward in the case of future MCI events. The main focus of the semi-structured interview will be to investigate the success of past triage programs, or explore the possible effectiveness of future triage programs that will be implemented in the case of another MCI event. This will, therefore, make the emergency responders and experts in the emergency departments the most important participants in this interview since they have the most essential information regarding triage programs. Protocols such as the START Triage Protocol, as well as Primary and Secondary Triage, will be explored during the process of interviewing the emergency response team and experts in the emergency department. The interview questions will include whether they have devised different response programs that will address the response gaps that currently exist to improve on past MCI events that resulted in too many casualties. Moreover, emergency response experts will be interviewed on the state of the effectiveness of managing mass fatalities, emergency and trauma care systems, training and exercises, planning and organization, and communications planning, among other programs or systems. Data Organization The data collected will be organized in order of importance. The information or data collected from interviewing the emergency department experts will be given top priority since the information they provide will entail their views on the current or existing triage programs, as well as the possible improvements to these programs that will ensure that future MCI events do not result in too many casualties. Information collected from survivors of MCI events will come next in the data organization, as they will also provide information regarding their experiences and their views on the programs that were in use during the triage. This information will also entail their view on the possible improvements that need to be implemented to ensure that future MCI occurrences do not result in as many casualties or fatal injuries. Data Analysis The Monte Carlo Simulation will be the main method used in an attempt to understand the collected data to determine the effect of the unpredictable variable, a future mass casualty incident, and predict the degree of impacts it would have on the population and the emergency department. It will stage possible outcomes that MCI events can produce. Through the testing of a variety of outcomes, all the possible random outcomes to any MCI event will be assessed to ensure preparedness. The data collected from the interviews, which will include propositions for improvements on the triage programs, will be used to inform emergency responders the possible outcomes of the mass casualty incidents to ensure that they are well prepared for future MCI events and implement effective programs to prevent future casualties.
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