Heart Defects-
Define each of the following briefly and provide a picture or drawing
of the ones with **
1. Aortic valve stenosis (AVS)
2. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
3. Coarctation of the aorta
4. Complete atrioventricular canal defect (CAVC)
5. D-transposition of the great arteries (or vessels) **
6. L-transposition of the great arteries**
7. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
8. Pulmonary valve stenosis
9. Tetrology of Fallot**
10. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)
Truncus arteriosus
ventricular septal defect
11.
12.
Heart Defects-
Define each of the following briefly and provide a picture or drawing
of the ones with **
1. Aortic valve stenosis (AVS)
2. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
3. Coarctation of the aorta
4. Complete atrioventricular canal defect (CAVC)
5. D-transposition of the great arteries (or vessels) **
6. L-transposition of the great arteries**
7. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
8. Pulmonary valve stenosis
9. Tetrology of Fallot**
10. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)
Truncus arteriosus
ventricular septal defect
11.
12.
CHAPTER 12
The Cardiovascular System
The heart is actually two pumps: one to move blood to the lungs, the other to push
it out into the body. These two functions seem rather elementary in comparison
gans, and yet, if either of these pumps stop, within a few short minutes all life ceases.
The heart is divided into two upper compartments, called atria, that serve as receiv-
ing chambers, and two lower compartments, called ventricles, that serve as discharging
chambers. By the time a person reaches age 45, approximately 300,000 tons of blood
will have passed through these chambers to be circulated to the blood vessels. These
vessels-arteries, veins, and capillaries-serve different functions. Arteries carry blood
from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart, and capillaries are exchange vessels or
connecting links between the arteries and veins. This closed system of circulation pro-
vides distribution of blood to the whole body (systemic circulation) and to specific re-
gions, such as pulmonary circulation or hepatic portal circulation.
Blood pressure is the force of blood in the vessels. This force is highest in arteries and
lowest in veins. Normal blood pressure varies among individuals and depends on the
volume of blood in the arteries. The larger the volume of blood in the arteries, the more
pressure is exerted on the walls of the arteries, and the higher the arterial pressure. Con-
versely, the less blood in the arteries, the lower the blood pressure.
A functional cardiovascular system is vital for survival because, without circulation,
tissues would lack a supply of oxygen and nutrients. Waste products would begin to ac-
cumulate and could become toxic. Your review of this system will provide you with an
understanding of the complex transportation mechanism of the body that is necessary
for survival.
TOPICS FOR REVIEW
Before progressing to Chapter 13 you should have an understanding of the structure and
function of the heart and blood vessels. Your review should include a study of systemic,
pulmonary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations, and should conclude with a thorough
understanding of blood pressure and pulse.
HEART
Fill in the blanks.
1. Rhythmic compression of the heart combined with effective artificial respiration is
known as
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Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
143
144
Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System
2. The
3
The
4. The
im N
divides the heart into right and left sides between the atria.
are the two upper chambers of the heart.
are the two lower chambers of the heart.
5. The cardiac muscle tissue is referred to as the
6. Inflammation of the heart lining is
7. The two AV valves are
and
8.
involves the movement of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
9. An occlusion of a coronary artery is known as a(n)
10.
occurs when heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen and
become damaged or die.
11. The pacemaker of the heart is the
node.
12. A normal ECG tracing has three characteristic waves. They are
and
waves.
13.
begins just before the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle activity noted on an
ECG.
Choose the correct term and write the letter in the space next to the appropriate definition below.
A. Pericardium
H. Coronary arteries
B. Severe chest pain
1. Systole
C. Thrombus
J. Depolarization
D. Pulmonary
K. Atria
E Heart block
L. Apex
F. Ventricles
M. Epicardium
G. Systemic
14. Covering of heart
15. Receiving chambers
16. Circulation from left ventricle throughout body
17. Blood clot
18. Semilunar valve
19. Discharging chambers
20. Supplies oxygen to heart muscle
21. Angina pectoris
22. Slow heart rate caused by blocked impulses
23. Contraction of the heart
24. Electrical activity associated with ECG
25. Blunt-pointed lower edge of heart
26. Visceral pericardium
If you have had difficulty with this section, review pages 268-279.
Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc, an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System
145
BLOOD VESSELS-CIRCULATION
Matching
Match the term on the left with the proper selection on the right.
27. Arteries
A. Smooth muscle cells that guard entrance to capillaries
28. Veins
B. Carry blood to the heart
29. Capillaries
C. Carry blood into venules
30. Tunica externa
D. Carry blood away from the heart
31. Precapillary sphincters E. Largest vein
32. Superior vena cava
F. Largest artery
33. Aorta
G. Outermost layer of arteries and veins
Multiple Choice
Select the best answer.
34. The aorta carries blood out of the:
A. Right atrium
B. Left atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Left ventricle
E. None of the above
35. The superior vena cava returns blood to the:
A. Left atrium
B. Left ventricle
C. Right atrium
D. Right ventricle
E. None of the above
36. Which one of the following vessel's walls are made up entirely of endothelial cells?
A. Vein
B. Capillary
C. Artery
D. Venule
E. Arteriole
37. The
is made up of smooth muscle.
A. Tunica media
B. Tunica adventitia
C. Tunica intima
D. Endothelium
E. Myocardium
U-
function as exchange vessels.
38. The
A. Venules
B. Capillaries
C. Arteries
D. Arterioles
E. Veins
Copyright 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
146
Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System
39. Blood returns from the lungs during pulmonary circulation via the:
A. Pulmonary artery
B. Pulmonary veins
C Aorta
D Inferior vena cava
40. The hepatic portal circulation serves the body by:
A. Removing excess glucose and storing it in the liver as glycogen
B. Detoxifying blood
C. Removing various poisonous substances present in blood
D. All of the above
41. The structure used to bypass the liver in fetal circulation is the:
A. Foramen ovale
B. Ductus venosus
C. Ductus arteriosus
D. Umbilical vein
42. The foramen ovale serves the fetal circulation by:
A. Connecting the aorta and the pulmonary artery
B. Shunting blood from the right atrium directly into the left atrium
C. Bypassing the liver
D. Bypassing the lungs
43. The structure used to connect the aorta and pulmonary artery in fetal circulation is the:
A. Ductus arteriosus
B. Ductus venosus
C. Aorta
D. Foramen ovale
44. Which of the following is not an artery?
A. Femoral
B. Popliteal
C. Coronary
D. Inferior vena cava
45. Which of the following has valves to assist the blood flow?
A. Veins
B. Arteries
C. Capillaries
D. Arterioles
If you have had difficulty with this section, review pages 279-289.
BLOOD PRESSURE-PULSE
If the statement is true, write "T" in the answer blank. If the statement is false, correct the statement by circling the in-
correct term and writing the correct term in the answer blank.
46. Blood pressure is highest in the veins and lowest in the arteries.
47. The difference between two blood pressures is referred to as blood pres-
sure deficit.
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Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular Systern
147
48. If the blood pressure in the arteries were to decrease so that it became
equal to the average pressure in the arterioles, circulation would in-
crease
49. A stroke is often the result of low blood pressure.
50. Massive hemorrhage increases blood pressure.
51. Blood pressure is the volume of blood in the vessels.
52. Both the strength and the rate of heartbeat affect cardiac output and
blood pressure.
53. The diameter of the arterioles helps to determine how much blood drains
out of arteries into arterioles.
54. A stronger heartbeat tends to decrease blood pressure and a weaker
heartbeat tends to increase it.
55. The systolic pressure is the pressure while the ventricles relax.
56. The diastolic pressure is the pressure while the ventricles contract.
57. The pulse is a vein expanding and then recoiling.
58. The radial artery is located at the wrist.
59. The common carotid artery is located in the neck along the front edge of
the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
60. The artery located at the bend of the elbow and used for locating the
pulse is the dorsalis pedis.
If you have had difficulty with this section, review pages 289-294.
150
Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Fill in the crosstoord puzzle.
10
Across
2. Inflammation of the lining of
the heart
3. Bicuspid valve (2 words)
5. Inner layer of pericardium
7. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (abbreviation)
10. Carries blood away from the
heart
11. Upper chamber of heart
12. Lower chambers of the heart
13. SA node
Down
1. Unique blood circulation
through the liver (2 words)
3. Muscular layer of the heart
4. Carries blood to the heart
6. Tiny artery
8. Heart rate
9. Carries blood from arterioles
into venules
Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System
151
CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Multiple Choice
Select the best answer.
1.
Heart sounds are most easily heard by placing a stethoscope:
A. Directly over the apex of the heart
B. Over the space between the first and second ribs
c. Over the upper portion of the mediastinum
D. None of the above
2. The valve located between the right atrium and ventricle is the:
A. Bicuspid
B. Aortic semilunar valve
C. Tricuspid
D. Pulmonary semilunar valve
3. Blood rich in oxygen returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium of the heart through the:
A. Aorta
B. Pulmonary veins
C. Superior vena cava
D. Pulmonary artery
4.
Heart block is often successfully treated by:
A. Implanting an artificial pacemaker
B. Coronary bypass surgery
C. Angioplasty
D. None of the above
5. The outermost layer of the arteries and veins is the:
A. Tunica externa
B. Tunica media
C. Tunica intima
D. Endothelium
6.
An electrocardiogram or ECG:
A. Is a graphic record of the heart's electrical activity
B. Records damage to cardiac muscle tissue that affects the heart's conduction system
C. Has three deflections known as the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave
D. All of the above
7. The blood pressure gradient is:
A. The pressure against the arteries during contraction
B. The pressure against the arteries at rest
C. Vitally involved in keeping the blood flowing
D. The artery expanding and then recoiling alternately
8.
A structure unique to fetal circulation is the:
A. Ductus venosus
B. Ductus arteriosus
C. Foramen ovale
D. All of the above
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