The Cardiovascular System Questions

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Heart Defects- Define each of the following briefly and provide a picture or drawing of the ones with ** 1. Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) 2. Atrial septal defect (ASD) 3. Coarctation of the aorta 4. Complete atrioventricular canal defect (CAVC) 5. D-transposition of the great arteries (or vessels) ** 6. L-transposition of the great arteries** 7. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 8. Pulmonary valve stenosis 9. Tetrology of Fallot** 10. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) Truncus arteriosus ventricular septal defect 11. 12. Heart Defects- Define each of the following briefly and provide a picture or drawing of the ones with ** 1. Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) 2. Atrial septal defect (ASD) 3. Coarctation of the aorta 4. Complete atrioventricular canal defect (CAVC) 5. D-transposition of the great arteries (or vessels) ** 6. L-transposition of the great arteries** 7. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 8. Pulmonary valve stenosis 9. Tetrology of Fallot** 10. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) Truncus arteriosus ventricular septal defect 11. 12. CHAPTER 12 The Cardiovascular System The heart is actually two pumps: one to move blood to the lungs, the other to push it out into the body. These two functions seem rather elementary in comparison gans, and yet, if either of these pumps stop, within a few short minutes all life ceases. The heart is divided into two upper compartments, called atria, that serve as receiv- ing chambers, and two lower compartments, called ventricles, that serve as discharging chambers. By the time a person reaches age 45, approximately 300,000 tons of blood will have passed through these chambers to be circulated to the blood vessels. These vessels-arteries, veins, and capillaries-serve different functions. Arteries carry blood from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart, and capillaries are exchange vessels or connecting links between the arteries and veins. This closed system of circulation pro- vides distribution of blood to the whole body (systemic circulation) and to specific re- gions, such as pulmonary circulation or hepatic portal circulation. Blood pressure is the force of blood in the vessels. This force is highest in arteries and lowest in veins. Normal blood pressure varies among individuals and depends on the volume of blood in the arteries. The larger the volume of blood in the arteries, the more pressure is exerted on the walls of the arteries, and the higher the arterial pressure. Con- versely, the less blood in the arteries, the lower the blood pressure. A functional cardiovascular system is vital for survival because, without circulation, tissues would lack a supply of oxygen and nutrients. Waste products would begin to ac- cumulate and could become toxic. Your review of this system will provide you with an understanding of the complex transportation mechanism of the body that is necessary for survival. TOPICS FOR REVIEW Before progressing to Chapter 13 you should have an understanding of the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels. Your review should include a study of systemic, pulmonary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations, and should conclude with a thorough understanding of blood pressure and pulse. HEART Fill in the blanks. 1. Rhythmic compression of the heart combined with effective artificial respiration is known as Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 143 144 Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System 2. The 3 The 4. The im N divides the heart into right and left sides between the atria. are the two upper chambers of the heart. are the two lower chambers of the heart. 5. The cardiac muscle tissue is referred to as the 6. Inflammation of the heart lining is 7. The two AV valves are and 8. involves the movement of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. 9. An occlusion of a coronary artery is known as a(n) 10. occurs when heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen and become damaged or die. 11. The pacemaker of the heart is the node. 12. A normal ECG tracing has three characteristic waves. They are and waves. 13. begins just before the relaxation phase of cardiac muscle activity noted on an ECG. Choose the correct term and write the letter in the space next to the appropriate definition below. A. Pericardium H. Coronary arteries B. Severe chest pain 1. Systole C. Thrombus J. Depolarization D. Pulmonary K. Atria E Heart block L. Apex F. Ventricles M. Epicardium G. Systemic 14. Covering of heart 15. Receiving chambers 16. Circulation from left ventricle throughout body 17. Blood clot 18. Semilunar valve 19. Discharging chambers 20. Supplies oxygen to heart muscle 21. Angina pectoris 22. Slow heart rate caused by blocked impulses 23. Contraction of the heart 24. Electrical activity associated with ECG 25. Blunt-pointed lower edge of heart 26. Visceral pericardium If you have had difficulty with this section, review pages 268-279. Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc, an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System 145 BLOOD VESSELS-CIRCULATION Matching Match the term on the left with the proper selection on the right. 27. Arteries A. Smooth muscle cells that guard entrance to capillaries 28. Veins B. Carry blood to the heart 29. Capillaries C. Carry blood into venules 30. Tunica externa D. Carry blood away from the heart 31. Precapillary sphincters E. Largest vein 32. Superior vena cava F. Largest artery 33. Aorta G. Outermost layer of arteries and veins Multiple Choice Select the best answer. 34. The aorta carries blood out of the: A. Right atrium B. Left atrium C. Right ventricle D. Left ventricle E. None of the above 35. The superior vena cava returns blood to the: A. Left atrium B. Left ventricle C. Right atrium D. Right ventricle E. None of the above 36. Which one of the following vessel's walls are made up entirely of endothelial cells? A. Vein B. Capillary C. Artery D. Venule E. Arteriole 37. The is made up of smooth muscle. A. Tunica media B. Tunica adventitia C. Tunica intima D. Endothelium E. Myocardium U- function as exchange vessels. 38. The A. Venules B. Capillaries C. Arteries D. Arterioles E. Veins Copyright 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 146 Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System 39. Blood returns from the lungs during pulmonary circulation via the: A. Pulmonary artery B. Pulmonary veins C Aorta D Inferior vena cava 40. The hepatic portal circulation serves the body by: A. Removing excess glucose and storing it in the liver as glycogen B. Detoxifying blood C. Removing various poisonous substances present in blood D. All of the above 41. The structure used to bypass the liver in fetal circulation is the: A. Foramen ovale B. Ductus venosus C. Ductus arteriosus D. Umbilical vein 42. The foramen ovale serves the fetal circulation by: A. Connecting the aorta and the pulmonary artery B. Shunting blood from the right atrium directly into the left atrium C. Bypassing the liver D. Bypassing the lungs 43. The structure used to connect the aorta and pulmonary artery in fetal circulation is the: A. Ductus arteriosus B. Ductus venosus C. Aorta D. Foramen ovale 44. Which of the following is not an artery? A. Femoral B. Popliteal C. Coronary D. Inferior vena cava 45. Which of the following has valves to assist the blood flow? A. Veins B. Arteries C. Capillaries D. Arterioles If you have had difficulty with this section, review pages 279-289. BLOOD PRESSURE-PULSE If the statement is true, write "T" in the answer blank. If the statement is false, correct the statement by circling the in- correct term and writing the correct term in the answer blank. 46. Blood pressure is highest in the veins and lowest in the arteries. 47. The difference between two blood pressures is referred to as blood pres- sure deficit. Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular Systern 147 48. If the blood pressure in the arteries were to decrease so that it became equal to the average pressure in the arterioles, circulation would in- crease 49. A stroke is often the result of low blood pressure. 50. Massive hemorrhage increases blood pressure. 51. Blood pressure is the volume of blood in the vessels. 52. Both the strength and the rate of heartbeat affect cardiac output and blood pressure. 53. The diameter of the arterioles helps to determine how much blood drains out of arteries into arterioles. 54. A stronger heartbeat tends to decrease blood pressure and a weaker heartbeat tends to increase it. 55. The systolic pressure is the pressure while the ventricles relax. 56. The diastolic pressure is the pressure while the ventricles contract. 57. The pulse is a vein expanding and then recoiling. 58. The radial artery is located at the wrist. 59. The common carotid artery is located in the neck along the front edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. 60. The artery located at the bend of the elbow and used for locating the pulse is the dorsalis pedis. If you have had difficulty with this section, review pages 289-294. 150 Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Fill in the crosstoord puzzle. 10 Across 2. Inflammation of the lining of the heart 3. Bicuspid valve (2 words) 5. Inner layer of pericardium 7. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (abbreviation) 10. Carries blood away from the heart 11. Upper chamber of heart 12. Lower chambers of the heart 13. SA node Down 1. Unique blood circulation through the liver (2 words) 3. Muscular layer of the heart 4. Carries blood to the heart 6. Tiny artery 8. Heart rate 9. Carries blood from arterioles into venules Copyright © 2012 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2008, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System 151 CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE Multiple Choice Select the best answer. 1. Heart sounds are most easily heard by placing a stethoscope: A. Directly over the apex of the heart B. Over the space between the first and second ribs c. Over the upper portion of the mediastinum D. None of the above 2. The valve located between the right atrium and ventricle is the: A. Bicuspid B. Aortic semilunar valve C. Tricuspid D. Pulmonary semilunar valve 3. Blood rich in oxygen returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium of the heart through the: A. Aorta B. Pulmonary veins C. Superior vena cava D. Pulmonary artery 4. Heart block is often successfully treated by: A. Implanting an artificial pacemaker B. Coronary bypass surgery C. Angioplasty D. None of the above 5. The outermost layer of the arteries and veins is the: A. Tunica externa B. Tunica media C. Tunica intima D. Endothelium 6. An electrocardiogram or ECG: A. Is a graphic record of the heart's electrical activity B. Records damage to cardiac muscle tissue that affects the heart's conduction system C. Has three deflections known as the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave D. All of the above 7. The blood pressure gradient is: A. The pressure against the arteries during contraction B. The pressure against the arteries at rest C. Vitally involved in keeping the blood flowing D. The artery expanding and then recoiling alternately 8. A structure unique to fetal circulation is the: A. Ductus venosus B. Ductus arteriosus C. Foramen ovale D. All of the above of Elsevier Inc
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Running head: PSYCH MEDICATIONS

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Review and Analysis of Psychiatric Medications
Name
Author

PSYCH MEDICATIONS

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Review and Analysis of Psychiatric Medications
Psych medications, or technically psychotropic drugs are vital in the treatment and
management of an array of mental conditions and ailments. Prescribed by psychiatrists or,
sometimes, medical clinicians, they contain different active agents that combat the disorder in
question. Often working by releasing agents into the brain or slowing the release of the same,
they fall into five main categories: stimulants, antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers
and antianxiety medication. In the below tables, the drugs are analyzed in details listing their
agents, uses, contraindication, complications and dosages.
1. Stimulants
Names of Agents

Uses

Contraindications Complications

Dosage

Adderall

Treatment of

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They lead to

They are

Cylert

ADHD in

culminate in

sleep issues, a

administered

Dexedrine

grownups (not

increases heart

poor appetite

daily, normally

Ritalin

FDA

rate and blood

and loss of

a tablet at a...


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