Lab Report - Directions - - - - - Assignment (60 points) o Part I & II (10 points) o Formal Lab Report (50 points) Part I & II o Similar to our other labs o Gives you background for the formal lab report Climographs (10 points) o You can hand draw the climographs using graph paper o You can build the climographs with excel (see instructions below) o The precipitation graph should be a “column” graph o Temperature is a line graph o Temperature scale should be on the right and precipitation scale should be on the left o Scales need to be the same on all climographs so they can be compared ▪ Temperature scale needs to go from 0-100 degrees F ▪ Precipitation scale needs to go from 0-12 inches o Calculate the average annual temperature, annual temperature range and the annual precipitation ▪ You must show your calculations for the first climograph ▪ Then you can do the rest by excel (see directions below) ▪ Average annual temperature = the average of the 12 monthly means ▪ Annual temperature range is the highest monthly mean temperature – the lowest monthly mean temperature ▪ Annual precipitation is the sum of the monthly precipitation For each station describe the temperature and moisture characteristics based on the climograph (10 points) o Describe the characteristics seen in the graph you just created o What is the annual temperature range and is it high, moderate or low o What is the annual precipitation and is it low? o What is the seasonality of precipitation (is there are dry season and if so when?) ▪ For A and C climates if the precipitation is less than 2 inches per month for at least 3 months it is usually considered a dry season Determine climate (10 points) o Determine the climate based on the characteristics described above o Annual temperature range ▪ This usually determines if it is an A (low annual temperature range) , C (usually a moderate annual temperature range), or D (high annual temperature range) climate • There are some exceptions to this (a west coast location on the water can have a borderline low moderate annual temperature range) o Annual precipitation ▪ This determines if it is a B climate ▪ If precipitation is less than 18 inches annually it probably a BS climate • - - - - The exception here is D and E climates have low precipitation as weel because they are so cold ▪ If precipitation is less than 10 inches is is probably a BW climate • The exception here is D and E climates have low precipitation as well because they are so cold o Seasonality of precipitation ▪ This determines the second letter of the A, C, and D climates • Lower case s – summer dry season • Lower case w -winter dry season • Lower case f – no dry season Controls (10 points) o Describe how each control accounts for each of the characteristics above o A control is anything that is the reason one of the elements (temperature or precipitation) is the way it is for that location ▪ Example: low annual temperature range because of the low latitude of a location ▪ Low latitude is the control and is the reason this location has a low annual temperature range o You must have a control that accounts for each one of the characteristics described above Conclusion (10 points) o Describe your methods, approach and conclusions o How did you determine each climate (where did you start?) o How did you decide on how to set up your report o What conclusions did you come to? o What did you learn? o What software of technology did you use (if any)? Remember: o Describe implies full sentences o This is a college lab report, no text language (LOL, OMG…..) o No Swearing! Building Climographs o Copy the chart with the climate data ▪ Click anywhere on the chart ▪ Then click on the top left corner (to highlight the entire table) ▪ The hit control C (this copies the entire table) o Paste the table into excel ▪ Open excel ▪ Click on any square and hit “control V” (this will paste the entire table into that tab in excel) ▪ I would make a tab for each city o Highlight the table o Go to the “insert” tab along the top o - There is a section in the middle called “charts” ▪ Click on the arrow next to the word charts ▪ Click on “all charts” ▪ Click on “combo” ▪ Click “secondary axis” button for precipitation ▪ Change temperature to a “line graph” by clicking the arrow ▪ Change precipitation to a “column graph” by clicking the down arrow and choosing from the list o Make sure the precipitation scale goes from 0-12 inches ▪ On the graph, right click on the precipitation axis ▪ A “format Axis” menu will come up on the right side of the screen ▪ Type in 12 for the maximum (the minimum should already be 0 ▪ After you are done you can click anywhere in excel and the axis will be adjusted and the menu will disappear o Make sure the temperature scale goes from 0-100 degrees F ▪ On the graph, right click on the temperature axis ▪ A “format Axis” menu will come up on the right side of the screen ▪ Type in 12 for the maximum (the minimum should already be 0 ▪ After you are done you can click anywhere in excel and the axis will be adjusted and the menu will disappear o You can now copy and paste the graph into word document Calculating Annual Temperature Range, Annual Rainfall and Annual Mean Temperature in excel o You must show your calculations for the first climograph ▪ After that you can have excel do the calculations for you o Annual Temperature Range ▪ ATR = highest mean monthly temperature – lowest mean monthly temperature ▪ On excel, click on any empty cell ▪ Type “=”; (type the equal sign) ▪ Then click on the cell with the highest monthly mean temperature ▪ Type “-“ (type the minus sign) ▪ Then click on the cell with lowest monthly mean ▪ Hit return o Annual Rainfall ▪ Annual rainfall in the sum on all the monthly rainfall total ▪ Go to a cell in excel and type “=” (the equal sign) ▪ Then type “sum” and a open parenthases “(“ ▪ Then highlight the blocks you want it to sum and hit return • Excel will automatically put the close parenthesis in the for you o Annual Mean Temperature ▪ Annual mean temperature is the average of all the monthly means ▪ Click on an empty cell in excel ▪ Type “=” (the equal sign) ▪ Type “average” and open parethesis “(“ ▪ Highlight the cells you want averaged and hit return Climograph (10 points) Describe Temperature and Moisture Characteristics (10 points) All climographs neat and properly represented (temperature scale on right and precipitation on left ; temperature as a line graph and precipitation as a column graph); all calculation done correctly (including work shown for first calculations on first climograph) (10 points) Skillfully describes all temperature and moisture characteristics directly from the graph created; uses full sentences Identify Climate (10 points) (10 points) Correctly identifies all climates based on characteristics identified in the climograph; full sentences Controls (10 points) (10 points) Correctly describes/identifies all controls and how they account for each characteristic described earlier; full sentences (7-9 points) Most climographs neat and properly represented; all calculations done but work not shown for first calculation or most calculations done (for at least 5 of the 7 stations) (4-6 points) Some climographs neat and properly represented; some calculations done (for at least 3 of the 7 stations) (1-3 points) Climographs not complete properly (temperature represent as line graph as bar graph) (7-9 points) Correctly describes most of the temperature and moisture characteristics; correctly describes temperature and moisture characteristics for at least 5 of the climographs; (7-9 points) Identifies most (at least 5) climates correctly based on characteristics in the climograph (4-6 points) Correctly describes some of the temperature and moisture characteristics; correctly describes temperature and moisture characteristics for at least 3 of the climographs (4-6 points) Identifies some (at least 3) climates correctly based on the characteristics in the climograph (1-3 points) Incorrectly describes temperature and moisture characteristics; or does describe the characteristics based on the graph created (7-9 points) Correctly describes/identifies most (at least 5 of the climographs) controls and how they account for each characteristic above (4-6 points) Correctly describes/identifies some (for at least 3 of the climographs) controls and how they account for each characteristic above (1-3 points) Incorrectly describes of identifies controls; does not relate controls to characteristics does not explain how the controls account for the characteristics) (1-3 points) Does not identify the climates correctly; does not base identification on characteristics described earlier Conclusion (10 points) (10 points) Well written explanation of methods, approach and conclusions; no foul language or text language; full sentences, no bullet statements (7-9 points) Good explanation of methods, approach and conclusions (4-6 points) Poor explanation of methods, approach and conclusions (1-3 points) No Conclusion No explanation of methods, approach or conclusions Creating Graphs in Excel Copy the table  Copy the table with the climate data  Click anywhere on the table  Then click on the top left corner (to highlight the entire table)  Hit “ control C” (this copies the entire table Paste into Excel  Paste the table into excel  Open excel  Click on any cell and hit “control V” (this will paste the entire table into that tab in excel)  I would make a table for each city Insert  Highlight the table  Go to the “insert” tab across the top Charts  There is a section in the middle called “charts”  Click on the arrow next to charts  Click on “all charts”  Click on “combo”  Click “secondary axis” button for precipitation  Click on “combo”  Change temperature to a line graph  By clicking on the down arrow and choosing from the list  Change precipitation to column graph  By clicking on down arrow and choosing from the list  Make sure the temperature range goes from 0-100 degrees F  Click on the graph  Right click on the axis  Click on “format axis”  A “format axis” menu will come up on the right side of the screen  Make sure the temperature range goes from 0-100 degrees F  A “format axis” menu will come up on the right side of the screen  Click in the maximum box  Type in 100 for maximum (the minimum should already by 0)  Make sure the temperature range goes from 0-100 degrees F  Click in the maximum box  Type in 100 for maximum (the minimum should already by 0)  After you are done click on the “ X “ in the top right hand corner of the format axis menu  Make sure the precipitation range goes from 0-12 inches  Click on the graph  Right click on the axis  Click on “format axis”  A “format axis” menu will come up on the right side of the screen  Make sure the precipitation range goes from 0-12 inches  Click in the maximum box  Type in 12 for maximum (the minimum should already by 0)  After you are done you can click anywhere in excel and the axis will be adjusted and the menu will disappear  Click “ok” when you are done  Annual Temperature Range  ATR= highest mean monthly temperature – lowest mean monthly temperature  On excel, click on any empty cell  Type “=“ ; (type the equal sign)  Then click on the cell with the highest monthly mean temperature  Then type “-” (type the minus sign)  Then click on the cell with the lowest monthly mean  Annual Temperature Range  ATR= highest mean monthly temperature – lowest mean monthly temperature  On excel, click on any empty cell  Type “=“ ; (type the equal sign)  Annual Temperature Range  Then click on the cell with the highest monthly mean temperature  Annual Temperature Range  Then type “-” (type the minus sign)  Annual Temperature Range  Then click on the cell with the lowest monthly mean  Annual Temperature Range  Then hit return  Annual Temperature Range  ATR= highest mean monthly temperature – lowest mean monthly temperature  On excel, click on any empty cell  Type “=“ ; (type the equal sign)  Then click on the cell with the highest monthly mean temperature  Then type “-” (type the minus sign)  Then click on the cell with the lowest monthly mean  Then hit return  Annual rainfall is the sum of the monthly totals  Click on an empty cell  Type “=“ (the equal sign)  Annual rainfall is the sum of the monthly totals  Type “sum and an open parenthesis (“sum ( )  Annual rainfall is the sum of the monthly totals  Then highlight the blocks you want it to sum  Annual rainfall is the sum of the monthly totals  Hit return  Excel will automatically add the close parenthesis for you  Annual rainfall is the sum of the monthly totals  Click on an empty cell  Type “=“ (the equal sign)  Type “sum and an open parenthesis (“sum ( )  Then highlight the blocks you want it to sum  Hit return  Excel will automatically add the close parenthesis for you  Annual mean temperature is the average of all the monthly means  Click on an empty cell in excel  Type “=“ (the equal sign)  Annual mean temperature is the average of all the monthly means  Type “average(“ (average and an open parenthesis)  Annual mean temperature is the average of all the monthly means  Highlight the cells you want averaged  Annual mean temperature is the average of all the monthly means  Hit return  Annual mean temperature is the average of all the monthly means  Click on an empty cell in excel  Type “=“ (the equal sign)  Type “average(“ (average and an open parenthesis)  Highlight the cells you want averaged  Hit return NAME: __________________________ Exercise 22 – US Climate (10 points) Part I: US Climates 1. Describe and summarize the location (latitude and position on continental (east coast, west coast, or interior), the moisture and temperature characteristics (at least one each) and the controls (at least two) for each climate a. Tropical Savanna (Aw) b. Mid-Latitude Desert (BWk) c. Mid-Latitude Steppe (BSk) d. Subtropical Humid (Cfa) e. Mediterranean (Cs) 1 f. West Coast Marine (Cfb) g. Humid Continental (Dfa) Part II: Given the map of the US (on page 4 of this lab), draw in and label the climates that affect the US. Then answer the following questions. 1. What climate affects the north west United States coast (Seattle WA)? a. Climate Letter Code: _________________ b. Descriptive Name: ____________________ c. What are the characteristics of this climate? d. What are the controls? 2. What climate affects the southeast United States (Pensacola, FL)? a. Climate Letter Code: _________________ b. Descriptive Name: ____________________ c. What are the characteristics of this climate? d. What are the controls? 3. What climate affects the Eastern Colorado (Colorado Springs)? a. Climate Letter Code: _________________ b. Descriptive Name: ____________________ c. What are the characteristics of this climate? d. What are the controls? 2 4. What climate affects the north east United States (Portland ME)? a. Climate Letter Code: _________________ b. Descriptive Name: ____________________ c. What are the characteristics of this climate? d. What are the controls? (50 points) Part III: Lab report (see detailed instructions attached) (10 points) Using the data for the 7 US stations, create a climograph for each station (precipitation should be a bar graph and temperature should be a line graph; precipitation should be on the secondary axis). Calculate annual rainfall, annual temperature range and average annual temperature. Be sure all graphs have the same range. Temperature scale should go from 0-100oF and the precipitation scale should go from 0-12 inches. (10 points) For each station describe the temperature and moisture characteristics based on the climograph. (10 points) Based on the characteristics, determine which climate each station is in. Explain how you determined the climate (for each characteristic above, describe how that translates to a specific climate…..for example a moderate annual temperature range indicates that the climate is a C or mid-latitude climate) (10 points) Explain the controls for each climate and how they account for each characteristic described above. (10 points) Conclusion: Explain your methods/approach for completing this assignment (describe how you determined each climate, characteristics and controls). What conclusions did you come to? What did you learn? What computer programs (if any) did you use? 3 4 REFERENCE Miami, Florida (latitude 25.75oN; elevation 82ft) Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Jan Feb Temperature (oF) 67.2 68.5 71.7 75.2 78.7 81.4 82.6 82.8 Precipitation (inches) 2 2.1 2.4 2.9 6.2 9.3 5.7 7.6 Jan Temperature (oF) Precipitation (inches) Oct Nov Dec 81.9 78.3 73.6 69.1 7.6 5.6 2.7 1.8 Feb Yuma, AZ (Latitude 32.7oN; elevation 112 ft) Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 56.5 60.7 64.9 71.4 79 87.6 93.7 92.7 86.8 76.2 64.2 56.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5 Colorado Springs, CO (Latitude 38.8oN ; 6035 ft) Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Temperature (oF) 28.8 32 37.3 46.4 55.4 65 70.8 68.3 60.4 49.9 37.8 29.8 Precipitation (inches) 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.2 2.2 2.3 2.9 3 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.5 Jan Feb Savanna, GA (Latitude 32oN; Elevation 46ft) Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature (oF) 48.9 51.8 59.2 66 73.5 79.1 81.8 81 76.6 67.3 59.1 51.7 Precipitation (inches) 3.6 3.2 3.8 3 4.1 5.7 6.4 7.5 4.5 2.4 2.2 3 Jan Feb Juneau, AK (Latitude 58.3oN; Elevation 203 ft) Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature (oF) 24.2 28.4 32.7 39.7 47 53 56 55 49.4 42.2 32 27.1 Precipitation (inches) 4.5 3.8 3.3 2.8 3.3 3.2 4.2 5.3 6.7 7.7 4.9 4.4 5 Temperature (oF) Precipitation (inches) Temperature (oF) Precipitation (inches) San Francisco (Latitude 37.8oN ; Elevation 51ft ) Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Jan Feb 48.7 52.2 53.3 55.5 58.1 61.5 62.7 4.4 3.2 3.1 1.4 0.2 0.1 0 Sep Oct Nov Dec 63.7 64.5 61 54.8 49.4 0.1 0.2 1.2 2.9 3.1 Sep Oct Nov Dec St Paul, MN (Latitude 44.9oN ; Elevation 702ft) Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Jan Feb 11.8 19.9 31 46.4 58.5 68.2 73.2 70.5 60.5 48.8 33.2 17.9 1 0.9 1.9 2.4 3.4 4.1 3.5 3.6 2.7 2.2 1.6 1.1 Lab Report - Directions - - - Assignment (60 points) o Part I & II (10 points) o Formal Lab Report (50 points) Part I & II o Similar to our other labs o Gives you background for the formal lab report Climographs (10 points) o You can hand draw the climographs using graph paper o You can build the climographs with excel (see instructions below) o The precipitation graph should be a “column” graph o Temperature is a line graph o Temperature scale should be on the right and precipitation scale should be on the left o Scales need to be the same on all climographs so they can be compared ▪ Temperature scale needs to go from 0-100 degrees F ▪ Precipitation scale needs to go from 0-12 inches o Calculate the average annual temperature, annual temperature range and the annual precipitation ▪ You must show your calculations for the first climograph ▪ Then you can do the rest by excel (see directions below) ▪ Average annual temperature = the average of the 12 monthly means ▪ Annual temperature range is the highest monthly mean temperature – the lowest monthly mean temperature ▪ Annual precipitation is the sum of the monthly precipitation 6 - - - For each station describe the temperature and moisture characteristics based on the climograph (10 points) o Describe the characteristics seen in the graph you just created o What is the annual temperature range and is it high, moderate or low o What is the annual precipitation and is it low? o What is the seasonality of precipitation (is there are dry season and if so when?) ▪ For A and C climates if the precipitation is less than 2 inches per month for at least 3 months it is usually considered a dry season Determine climate (10 points) o Determine the climate based on the characteristics described above o Annual temperature range ▪ This usually determines if it is an A (low annual temperature range) , C (usually a moderate annual temperature range), or D (high annual temperature range) climate • There are some exceptions to this (a west coast location on the water can have a borderline low moderate annual temperature range) o Annual precipitation ▪ This determines if it is a B climate ▪ If precipitation is less than 18 inches annually it probably a BS climate • The exception here is D and E climates have low precipitation as weel because they are so cold ▪ If precipitation is less than 10 inches is is probably a BW climate • The exception here is D and E climates have low precipitation as well because they are so cold o Seasonality of precipitation ▪ This determines the second letter of the A, C, and D climates • Lower case s – summer dry season • Lower case w -winter dry season • Lower case f – no dry season Controls (10 points) o Describe how each control accounts for each of the characteristics above o A control is anything that is the reason one of the elements (temperature or precipitation) is the way it is for that location ▪ Example: low annual temperature range because of the low latitude of a location ▪ Low latitude is the control and is the reason this location has a low annual temperature range o You must have a control that accounts for each one of the characteristics described above 7 - - - Conclusion (10 points) o Describe your methods, approach and conclusions o How did you determine each climate (where did you start?) o How did you decide on how to set up your report o What conclusions did you come to? o What did you learn? o What software of technology did you use (if any)? Remember: o Describe implies full sentences o This is a college lab report, no text language (LOL, OMG…..) o No Swearing! Building Climographs o Copy the chart with the climate data ▪ Click anywhere on the chart ▪ Then click on the top left corner (to highlight the entire table) ▪ The hit control C (this copies the entire table) o Paste the table into excel ▪ Open excel ▪ Click on any square and hit “control V” (this will paste the entire table into that tab in excel) ▪ I would make a tab for each city o Highlight the table o Go to the “insert” tab along the top o There is a section in the middle called “charts” ▪ Click on the arrow next to the word charts ▪ Click on “all charts” ▪ Click on “combo” ▪ Click “secondary axis” button for precipitation ▪ Change temperature to a “line graph” by clicking the arrow ▪ Change precipitation to a “column graph” by clicking the down arrow and choosing from the list o Make sure the precipitation scale goes from 0-12 inches ▪ On the graph, right click on the precipitation axis ▪ A “format Axis” menu will come up on the right side of the screen ▪ Type in 12 for the maximum (the minimum should already be 0 ▪ After you are done you can click anywhere in excel and the axis will be adjusted and the menu will disappear o Make sure the temperature scale goes from 0-100 degrees F ▪ On the graph, right click on the temperature axis ▪ A “format Axis” menu will come up on the right side of the screen ▪ Type in 12 for the maximum (the minimum should already be 0 8 ▪ - After you are done you can click anywhere in excel and the axis will be adjusted and the menu will disappear o You can now copy and paste the graph into word document Calculating Annual Temperature Range, Annual Rainfall and Annual Mean Temperature in excel o You must show your calculations for the first climograph ▪ After that you can have excel do the calculations for you o Annual Temperature Range ▪ ATR = highest mean monthly temperature – lowest mean monthly temperature ▪ On excel, click on any empty cell ▪ Type “=”; (type the equal sign) ▪ Then click on the cell with the highest monthly mean temperature ▪ Type “-“ (type the minus sign) ▪ Then click on the cell with lowest monthly mean ▪ Hit return o Annual Rainfall ▪ Annual rainfall in the sum on all the monthly rainfall total ▪ Go to a cell in excel and type “=” (the equal sign) ▪ Then type “sum” and a open parenthases “(“ ▪ Then highlight the blocks you want it to sum and hit return • Excel will automatically put the close parenthesis in the for you o Annual Mean Temperature ▪ Annual mean temperature is the average of all the monthly means ▪ Click on an empty cell in excel ▪ Type “=” (the equal sign) ▪ Type “average” and open parethesis “(“ ▪ Highlight the cells you want averaged and hit return Climograph (10 points) (10 points) All climographs neat and properly represented (temperature scale on right and precipitation on left; temperature as a line graph and precipitation as a column graph); all calculation done correctly (including work shown for first calculations on first climograph) (7-9 points) Most climographs neat and properly represented; all calculations done but work not shown for first calculation or most calculations done (for at least 5 of the 7 stations) 9 (4-6 points) Some climographs neat and properly represented; some calculations done (for at least 3 of the 7 stations) (1-3 points) Climographs not complete properly (temperature represent as line graph as bar graph) Describe Temperature and Moisture Characteristics (10 points) Skillfully describes all temperature and moisture characteristics directly from the graph created; uses full sentences (7-9 points) Correctly describes most of the temperature and moisture characteristics; correctly describes temperature and moisture characteristics for at least 5 of the climographs; (7-9 points) Identifies most (at least 5) climates correctly based on characteristics in the climograph (4-6 points) Correctly describes some of the temperature and moisture characteristics; correctly describes temperature and moisture characteristics for at least 3 of the climographs (4-6 points) Identifies some (at least 3) climates correctly based on the characteristics in the climograph (1-3 points) Incorrectly describes temperature and moisture characteristics; or does describe the characteristics based on the graph created Identify Climate (10 points) (10 points) Correctly identifies all climates based on characteristics identified in the climograph; full sentences Controls (10 points) (10 points) Correctly describes/identifies all controls and how they account for each characteristic described earlier; full sentences (7-9 points) Correctly describes/identifies most (at least 5 of the climographs) controls and how they account for each characteristic above (4-6 points) Correctly describes/identifies some (for at least 3 of the climographs) controls and how they account for each characteristic above (1-3 points) Incorrectly identifies controls; does not relate controls to characteristics does not explain how the controls account for the characteristics) Conclusion (10 points) (10 points) Well written explanation of methods, approach and conclusions; no foul language or text language; full sentences, no bullet statements (7-9 points) Good explanation of methods, approach and conclusions (4-6 points) Poor explanation of methods, approach and conclusions (1-3 points) No Conclusion No explanation of methods, approach or conclusions 10 (1-3 points) Does not identify the climates correctly; does not base identification on characteristics described earlier This map is just reference in case you needed to know where each city was located 11 12 Graph paper if you need it 13
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