Outline: Nietzsche Lecture One • Biographical background on Nietzsche • The parable of the madman • Nietzsche’s Project - “God is Dead” - The Revaluation of All Values • Nietzsche’s Social Critique: The Cultural Function of Religion Friedrich Nietzsche 1844 - 1900 The parable of the madman THE MADMAN----Have you not heard of that madman who lit a lantern in the bright morning hours, ran to the market place, and cried incessantly: "I seek God! I seek God!"---As many of those who did not believe in God were standing around just then, he provoked much laughter. Has he got lost? asked one. Did he lose his way like a child? asked another. Or is he hiding? Is he afraid of us? Has he gone on a voyage? emigrated?---Thus they yelled and laughed The parable of the madman The madman jumped into their midst and pierced them with his eyes. "Whither is God?" he cried; "I will tell you. We have killed him---you and I. All of us are his murderers. But how did we do this? …What were we doing when we unchained this earth from its sun? Whither is it moving now? Whither are we moving? Away from all suns? Are we not plunging continually? Backward, sideward, forward, in all directions? Is there still any up or down? Are we not straying, as through an infinite nothing? Do we not feel the breath of empty space? Has it not become colder? Is not night continually closing in on us? Do we not need to light lanterns in the morning? Do we hear nothing as yet of the noise of the gravediggers who are burying God? Do we smell nothing as yet of the divine decomposition? Gods, too, decompose. God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. Nietzsche's Project God is dead… • Not a statement of non-belief • Response to the Enlightenment • Christian values remain the structuring force of western society (despite wide non-belief) The Revaluation of All Values • Our societal values shape and create our world. Do we like what it creates? • We need new values Nietzsche’s social critique: the function of religion in society “A people which still believes in itself still also has its own God. In him it venerates the conditions through which it has prospered, its virtues – it projects its joy in itself, its feeling of power on to a being whom one can thank for them.” (138) Nietzsche’s social critique: the function of religion in society “The anti-natural castration of a god into a god of the merely good would be totally undesirable here. One has as much need of the evil god as of the good god: for one does not owe one’s existence to philanthropy or tolerance precisely…Of what consequence would a god be who knew nothing of anger, revengefulness envy, mockery, cunning, acts of violence? … One would not understand such a God: why should one have him?” (138) Nietzsche’s social critique: the function of religion in society “But there lies a curse on them for not having had done with it: they have taken up sickness, old age, contradiction into all their instincts – since then they have failed to create a God! Almost two millennia and not a single new God!” (141) Critique of modernity, Critique of modern values The Modern man: “’I know not which way to turn; I am everything that knows not which way to turn’ – sighs the modern man…It was from this modernity that we were ill – from lazy peace, from cowardly compromise, from the whole virtuous uncleanliness of modern Yes and No. This tolerance and largeur of heart which ‘forgives’ everything because it ‘Understands’ everything is sirocco to us.” (127) “This more valuable type has existed often enough already: but as a lucky accident…He has rather been the most feared…and out of this fear the reverse type has been willed, bred, achieved: the domestic animal, the herd animal, the sick animal man – the Christian…” (128) Critique of progress “Mankind does not represent a development of the better or the stronger or the higher in the way that is believed today. ‘Progress’ is merely a modern idea, that is to say a false idea... onward development is not by any means, by any necessity the same thing as elevation, advance, strengthening.” (128) Questions?? • Let me know! Post on the class discussion board Outline: Nietzsche Lecture Two • Nietzsche’s Critique of Christianity • • • • • Christianity as un-reality Anti-natural Impossibility of being ‘good’ A ‘religion of the weak’ Oppositional to instincts • Nihilism “Christianity, a form of mortal hostility to reality…” (151) : What Christianity Does “In Christianity neither morality nor religion come into contact with reality at any point” (137) “Christianity, a form of mortal hostility to reality…” (151) : What Christianity Does “Once the concept ‘nature’ had been devised as the concept antithetical to ‘God’, ‘natural’ had to be the word for ‘reprehensible’ – this entire fictional world has its roots in hatred of the natural ( —actuality!), it is the expression of a profound discontent with the actual… But that explains everything. Who alone has reason to lie himself out of actuality? He who suffers from it.” (137) “Christianity, a form of mortal hostility to reality…” (151) : What Christianity Does “I call an animal, a species, an individual depraved when it loses its instincts, when it chooses, when it prefers what is harmful to it…I consider life itself instinct for growth, for continuance, for accumulation of forces, for power: where the will to power is lacking there is decline” (129) “Christianity, a form of mortal hostility to reality…” (151) : What Christianity Does “when [God] declines step by step to the symbol of a staff for the weary, a sheet-anchor for all who are drowning; when he becomes the poor people’s God…of what does such a transformation speak? such a reduction of the divine?” (139) “Christianity, a form of mortal hostility to reality…” (151) : What Christianity Does “the highest things are considered unachievable, gifts, ‘grace’…. the body is despised, hygiene repudiated as sensuality…a certain sense of cruelty towards oneself and others is Christian; hatred of those who think differently; the will to persecute…hatred of mind, of pride, courage, freedom…hatred of the senses, of the joy of the senses…” (143) “Christianity, a form of mortal hostility to reality…” (151) : What Christianity Does “Christianity has taken the side of everything weak, base, ill-constituted, it has made an ideal out of opposition to the preservative instincts of strong life; it has depraved the reason even of the intellectually strongest natures by teaching men to feel the supreme values of intellectually as sinful, as misleading, as temptations.” (129) Nihilism: belief in nothing, rejection of religious and moral principles. Holds that life is meaningless. Condemns existence. Questions?? • Let me know! Post on the class discussion board Outline: Nietzsche Lecture Four: On Pity & Priests On Pity “…has a depressive effect. One loses force when one pities…suffering itself becomes contagious through pity” (130) On Pity “If one judges pity by the value of the reactions which I usually brings about, its mortally dangerous character appears in a much clearer light. Pity on the whole thwarts the law of evolution, which is the law of selection. It preserves what is ripe for destruction; it defends life’s disinherited and condemned…” Priests “every requirement presented by the instinct for life, in short everything valuable in itself, become utterly valueless, inimical to value through the parasitism of the priest (or the ‘moral world-order’): a sanction is subsequently required – a value bestowing power is needed which denies the natural quality…” (150) Questions?? • Let me know! Post on the class discussion board Outline: Nietzsche Lecture Five • Nietzsche’s Ideology - Revaluation of all values - power & the individual • Nietzsche’s Types: - The spiritual type - The guardian type - The mediocre type • The argument against the concept of equality Nietzsche’s Ideology : power & the individual & The Revaluation of All Values “A young prince at the head of his regiments, splendid as the expression of his people’s egoism and presumption – but without any shame professing himself a Christian! … Being a solider, being a judge, being a patriot; defending oneself; preserving one’s honour; desiring to seek one’s advantage; being proud…The practice of every hour, every instinct, every valuation which leads to action is today anti-Christian…” (162) Nietzsche’s Ideology : power & the individual “The profoundest laws of preservation and growth demand the reverse of this: that each one of us should devise his own virtue, his own categorical imperative…Nothing works more profound ruin than any ‘impersonal’ duty…” (134) Nietzsche’s Ideology : power & the individual “A virtue has to be our invention, our most personal defense and necessity: in any other sense it is merely a danger” (133) Nietzsche’s “Types” & The Argument Against Equality “in every healthy society, there can be distinguished three types of man of divergent physiological tendency which mutually condition one another and each of which possesses its own hygiene, its own realm of work, its own sort of mastery and feeling of perfection” (189) The Spiritual Type “the privileges of the very few: among them is that of representing happiness, beauty, benevolence on earth” (190) “The most spiritual human beings, as the strongest, find their happiness where others would find their destruction: in the labyrinth, in severity towards themselves and other, in attempting ; their joy lies in self-constraint…” (190) ‘Muscular,’ Guardian Types “Guardians of the law, the keepers of order and security, noble warriors…judge and upholder of the law” (190) The Mediocre Type “To be a public utility, a cog, a function, is a natural vocation, it is not society, it is the kind of happiness of which the great majority are alone capable, which makes intelligent machines of them” (191) Nietzsche’s argument against the concept of equality “In all this, to say it again, there is nothing capricious, nothing ‘artificial’…The order of castes, order of rank, only formulates the supreme law of life itself; the separation of the three types is necessary for the preservation of society…inequality of rights is the condition for the existence of rights at all…The privilege of each is determined by the nature of his being” (190-191) “Life becomes harder and harder as it approaches the heights—the coldness increases, the responsibility increases” (191) Questions?? • Let me know! Post on the class discussion board Lecture 1 - Marx - Outline • Background: The Industrial Revolution • Bio on Karl Marx • Historical Materialism Industrialization • Occurred roughly between 1760 and 1840s • Process of transition in manufacturing processes • Improvements in technology, transportation, as well as colonization and globalizing markets shift work from small-scale country-based work to large factories in urban cities • Unprecedented population growth and concentration of people in cities The Communist Manifesto (1848) Karl Marx May 5, 1818 – March 14 1883 Opening Lines of the Communist Manifesto… “A specter is haunting Europe—the specter of Communism” (8) Historical Materialism “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles” (9) Historical Materialism “Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man’s ideas, views, and conceptions, in one word, man’s consciousness, changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence, in his social relations and in his social life?” (28) Materialism, History, and Class Struggle “Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guildmaster and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in common ruin of the contending classes” Questions?? •Ask on the discussion board!! Lecture 2 – Marx – Outline • What Capitalism & the Bourgeoisie has done - Ended feudal relations - Simplified class antagonisms - Pushed globalization - Colonialism - Secured utter political control - Turned people and personal relations into use value - Creates the world in its own image What capitalism and the bourgeoisie has done • Ended feudal labor relations “The bourgeoisie, wherever it has gotten the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations” (11) What capitalism and the bourgeoisie has done • It has simplified class antagonisms “Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: It has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more split up into two great classes directly facing each other—bourgeoisie and proletariat.” (9) What capitalism and the bourgeoisie has done • Has precipitated global expansion and interconnection “Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This development had, in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages” (10) What capitalism and the bourgeoisie has done • Driven colonization “The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development” (10) What capitalism and the bourgeoisie has done • Taken control of political power “The bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of modern industry and of the world market, conquered for itself … exclusive political sway. The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.” (11) What capitalism and the bourgeoisie has done • Reduced human relations reduced to monetary value “[The bourgeoisie] has left no other bond between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous ‘cash payment.’” (11) “It has resolved personal worth into exchange value…” (11) What capitalism and the bourgeoisie has done • Direct, complete exploitation of the worker “In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation” (11) • ‘Forces’ other nations to follow suit. Capitalism goes everywhere, must go everywhere. “The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere.” (12) “The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country.” (12) “It compels all nations, on pain of extinction, to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilisation into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image.” (13) “The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generation together. Subjection of nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steamnavigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continent for cultivation, canalization of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground—what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor?” (14) Questions?? •Ask on the discussion board!! Lecture 3 – Marx – Outline • What’s wrong with capitalism? - What capitalism is like for the worker • How the bourgeoisie has brought about its own destruction • The conditions of the proletariat Newsweek, as reported by Brendan Cole, 3/26/20 at 5:42 AM EDT So what’s wrong with capitalism? “Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguished the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life and his relations with his kind.” (12) What’s capitalism like for the worker? “Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of labor, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and, consequently, all charm for the workman” (16) What’s capitalism like for the worker? “Hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his race” (16) What’s capitalism like for the worker? “Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois state; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself ” (16) The conditions of the proletariat • Capitalism solidifies wage labor as the only kind of labor • Factories / urban living • Poor living & working conditions • Become aware of themselves as a class The conditions of the proletariat • Increasing instability “growing competition among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial crises, make the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The unceasing improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes their livelihood more and more precarious; the collision between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more and more the character of collisions between two classes” (18) The conditions of the proletariat • Decreasing national differences “National differences and antagonisms between peoples are vanishing gradually from day to day, owing to the development of the bourgeoisie, to freedom of commerce, to the world market, to uniformity in the mode of production and in the condition of life corresponding thereto” (28) Marx’s Claim “But not only has the bourgeoisie forged the weapons that bring death to itself; it has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons—the modern working class—the proletarians” (15) “Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class” (19) Questions?? •Ask on the discussion board!! Outline • Debunking the myths of bourgeois culture & addressing arguments against communism - What about the small business owner? - What about freedom? And Individuality! - Productivity will end! - What about our cultural values!! • The Revolution: Ominous Portents of Change Myths of Bourgeoise Culture “Law, morality, religion, are to him so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests.” (20) Addressing (bourgeois) arguments against communism 1. What about the artisan / small business owner? 2. You’ll destroy freedom and individuality! 3. Without competition everyone will become lazy and there will be no advancement 4. What about our cultural values? “That culture, the loss of which he laments, is, for the enormous majority, a mere training to act as machine” (26) Your “Freedom”? = Bourgeois Freedom “…don’t wrangle with us so long as you apply, to our intended abolition of bourgeois property, the standard of your bourgeois notions of freedom, culture, law, etc. Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property…” (26) “you have nothing to lose but your chains” Ambiguities of Revolution “In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat” (21) “The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by degrees, all capital from the bourgeoisie…Of course, in the beginning, this cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the rights of property, and on the conditions of bourgeois production…and are unavoidable means of entirely revolutionizing the mode of production” (30) Questions?? •Ask on the discussion board!! FR I · DR E T\X1 1Ll H H . • ( :. 1· Z _. It :. ( II TH--- , TH Tl- HRJ i I., Tl I.) I 'I TR R. J.1101.l,I, (,ll I,· P NG I BOOKS f ....- PENGUIN BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd. 27 Wrights Lane. London W8 STZ. England Penguin Books USA Inc.. 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014. USA Penguin Books Australia Ltd. Rinpoocl. Vicloria. Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd. 10 Aloom Affllue. Toronto. Ontario. Canada M4V 3B2 Penguin Book5 (NZ) Ltd. 182 190 Wairau Road. Auckland 10, New Zealand Pcnguin Books Ltd. Registeml Offices: Harmondsworth. Middlesex, England G6tm1-Ddmmm111g first published 1889 Orr Antichrist first published 1895 This translation published 1968 This edition with a new Introduction published 1990 10 Translation and Translator's Nole copyright it, R. J. Hollingdale. 1968 Introduction copyright() Michael Tanner, 1990 A II rights reserved Printed in England by Clays Ltd, St Ives pie Set in Lasercomp Garamond Elleept in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise. be lent, n:-sokl. hired out. or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which 11 is published and without a similar condition including this condiuon being imposed on the subsequent purchaser THE ANTI-CHRIST Foreword This book belongs to the very few. Perhaps none of them is even living yet. Possibly they are the readers who understand my Zarathmlra: how co"ld I confound myself with those for whom there are ears listening today? - Only the day after tomorrow belongs to me.Some are born posthumously. The conditions under which one understands me and then necessari(y understands - l know them aJI too well.One must be honest in intellectual matters to the point of harshness to so much as endure my seriousness, my passion.One must be accustomed to living on mountains - to seeing the wretched ephemeral chatter of politics and national egoism btneath one.One must have become indifferent, one must never ask whether truth is useful or a fatality.. . . Strength which prefers questions for which no one today is sufficiently daring; courage for the forbidden; predestination for the laby­ rinth. An experience out of seven solitudes. New ears for new music. New eyes for the most distant things. A new conscience for truths which have hitherto remained dumb. And the will to economy in the grand style: to keeping one's energy, one's enth11sias111 in bounds ....Reverence for oneself; love for oneself; unconditional freedom with respect to oneself ... Very well! These alone are my readers, my rightful readers, my predestined readers: what do the rest matter? - The rest are merely mankind. - One must be su erior to. roaokin
Purchase answer to see full attachment