Higher College of Technology Department of Engineering Mechanical and Industrial Engineering section PREPARATION OF NANO FLUIDS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of ADVANCED DIPLOMA PROJECT by March , 2020 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 NANOMATERIAL Nanomaterial is a chemical material or martial which is manufactured and used for a very small scale. These nanomaterials are promoted to show new properties compared to the same materials which does not have Nano features, like: strength increase, chemical reactions or conductivity. They also can be defining as the materials which have internal or surface structure and having any external dimension in the nanoscale. Nanomaterials can occur either naturally or prepared as by-products for combustion reactions. Also can be prepared in good way by the engineering to do a specific work. These nonmaterial may having physical and chemical properties which are different from their bulk-form counterparts. There are many types of nanomaterials, some of the common types are: carbon based materials, metal based materials, dendrimers, composites. 1.1.1 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIAL Nano fluid preparation has several important characteristics, such as density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity and melting point. Al2O3 Density (kg/m3) 3890 Boiling point ( C) 2977 Melting point ( C) 2040 Specific heat (J/kg.k) 773 Thermal conductivity (w/m.k) 30 TiO2 4230 2972 1893 683 48 CuO 6320 2000 1201 531 32.9 SiO2 2400 2230 1600 680 62 MgO 3540 3600 2852 1030 60 1.1.2 EXAMPLES OF NANOMATERIAL There are many nanomaterials that are produced and engineered. Nanomaterials are a new step in the evolution of the use of materials. Nanomaterials are used in a range of industries and consumer products : • Titanium oxide: It is used in cosmetic industries as protection from the sun's rays. This material also explores biological factors in the sensor systems in the army. This substance is also used in paint to form self-cleaning surfaces • Carbon nanotubes: Used to make baseball bats. • Black carbon: in industrial use as a reinforcement for tire production • Carbon nanotubes are used in many applications in the medical field, electronics, and in textiles. As well Fullerene is used in chemical chemotherapy and drugs considered as fumigate silica, a way of silicon dioxide (SiO2), and then also titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO). These three nanomaterials are the most used in terms of trade production quantities Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium oxide Aluminium Antimony oxide Antimony pentoxide Platinum Barium carbonate Bismuth oxide Boron oxide Calcium oxide Carbon black Cerium oxide Cluster diamonds Cobalt Cobalt oxide Colloidal gold Dendrimers Dimethyl siloxide Dysprosium oxide Fullerenes Germanium oxide Graphene Indium oxide Iron Iron oxide Lanthanum oxide Lithium titanate Manganese oxide Molybdenum oxide Nanoclays Neodymium oxide Nickel Palladium Polystyrene Polyethylene Praseodymium oxide Rhodium Samarium oxide Silanamine Silicon dioxide Silver Single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes Tantalum Terbium oxide Titanium dioxide Tungsten Yttrium oxide Zinc oxide Zirconium oxide Table1: Non-exhaustive list of nanomaterials either currently used commercially or being produced in significant quantities for research or development purposes 1.2 NANOFLUID Nano fluids are a engineered fluids by dispersing nanometer-sized materials in base fluids . These nonmaterial could be nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, Nano rods, Nano sheet, or droplets . Nano Fluids, which are fluid suspensions of nanomaterials, have indicated that many of their properties and features have the potential to qualify for them to use in many applications. The popularity of Nano fluid is due to their ability to provide adjustable material properties based on ease and flexibility of control provided by many basic nanostructures. The properties of Nano fluids can be adjusted by changing some of their properties, such as their size and shape, the resulting materials, and their concentration in the solution, as well as using some new techniques to separate some of the nanoparticles chosen in liquid solvent. Recently, the application of nanofluids has increased in different factories. Therefore, many scientists and researchers in this aspect have conducted many experimental studies and studies to achieve the application of these fluids in various experiments. 1.2.1 PREPARATION OF NANOFLUID At first, nanoparticles are made in dry powdered through different ways ( method ) of physical & chemical processes. After that a basic liquid is used with the help of magnetic force agitation , ball milling , Ultrasonic agitation, homogenizing, to diapered these Nano-materials on a large scale . High activity of Nano particles made from this method cause the propensity to clump . The main steps in preparing Nano-fluids are : 1. The required amount of nanoparticles is calculated and weighed using a very precise weighing machine. 2. After knowing the appropriate amount of Nano fluids, the corresponding amount of base liquid is taken in a beaker and keep it on a magnetic drive with a magnetic bead inside it . Nanoparticles are poured very slowly and in less quantity into the steps of the basic fluid during the operation of the magnetic agitator . It should be moved to a magnetic stirrer for 20 minutes. Nano-liquid casting is then formed into the base fluids, and the main concern during stirring is the temperature of the stir bar. 3. After that , Sound sonication should be performed for approximately 80 - 100 minutes in vibratory ultrasound. In order to improve the stability of the nano, sound sonication is required . But pouring nanom liquids into the base liquid affects stability. To increase the stability of surface nanomaterials can be used but surface function at higher temperatures is also a big problem. Because there are stability issues with two methods, many other methods have been developed, including the one-step method. 1.2.2 APPLICATION OF NANO FLUID Nano Fluid has many uses for their distinctive properties. The thermal properties have a role to be used as coolants in heat transfer and as radiators. As result of its use in heat transfer, it can reduce the thermal resistance of its small particles and achieve the highest rate of heat transfer. However, plays another rule in cooling application; it can employed to cools down the pipes that’s exposed to highly temperature. The nuclear fluid has capabilities that possess it characteristics that distinguish it from others. That is why it plays a major role in facilitating the cooling operations of automobile engines by controlling efficiency, weight and thermal processes. According to boiling temperature of Nano Fluid ; It is noticeable that it possesses a high boiling temperature, therefore it was used to raise the temperature of the coolants through different cooling systems. Although Nano Fluid is used for cooling, it is also used in the heating system. Where after the experiments that were conducted it became clear that the use of Nano Fluid in the heat exchanger can reduce the flow rates and this has a role in providing and saving energy . Nano Fluid is developed in medical applications. Among the most important applications that are used in it is cancer treatment. It can be used to produce high temperatures around cancer cells. High temperatures kills the cells. It also plays a role in surgeries because it has the cooling property and reduces the risk of organ damage . 1.2.3 BENEFITS OF NANO FLUID Particle size is that the major physical parameter in nanofluids, since it may be wont to attune the nanofluid thermal properties likewise because the suspension stability of nanoparticles. Hence, nanofluids can ready to flow freely through mini or micro channels with the dispersion of nanoparticles. High thermal conductivity is showing by the nano suspensions which is principally reinforce the convection between the nanoparticles and base liquid surfaces. Another potential benefit is that the nanoparticles have lower dimensions so the dispersed nanoparticles seems to be sort of a base fluid molecule in suspension. The advantages of suspending nanoparticles in base fluids : • The increasing of surface area and heat capacity of the fluid • The effective thermal conductivity of the fluid is reinforced • The collision and interaction among particles, the surface of flow passage and base fluids are intensified • Reduction of particle clogging instead of conventional slurries 1.2.4 PROPERTIES OF NANO FLUID There are many scientific studies on the properties of Nano fluids . In 1873, one of the researchers added small metal particles in the liquids to increase the conductivity, after which the researchers seemed interested in the physical-thermodynamic properties of the Nano fluids and the synthesis of the physical. The thermophysical properties of Nano fluids include: Density , Thermal conductivity , Viscosity , Specific heat . • Density : The density is a factor that affects the heat transfer properties , Because the nanoparticle density is higher than liquids. • viscosity : viscosity of nanofluids decreases with increase in temperature and increases with increase in particle volume concentrations.he combination of these factors makes nanofluids highly preferable for designing heat transfer fluids . Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 PREPARATION TiO2 NANOFLUIDS Liu Yang and Yuhan Hu (2017) Focuses on one type of nano which is TiO2 Nano Fluid . This type characterized by many exciting properties such as dispersion, non-toxicity, and also chemical stability. He concentrated in his study two properties ; viscosity and surface tension of TiO2 nanoparticles. He mentioned that there are several methods that are used. He concluded that the onestep method had stabilized dispersion, but needed treatments to appear more lethal, including pH adjustment and dispersion addition. Hence using two-step method after treatment can produce TiO2 nanoparticles. It has come to the conclusion that viscosity differs many differences in researches, so the consequence is difficult to predict. As for the surface tension of TiO2 nanoparticles, it is sensitive to the surface of the nanoparticles, so it should be used with low concentration and control over the special distribution. 2.2 PREPARATION AND EVALUTIAON OF STABLE NANOFLUID FOR HEAT TRANSFER APPLICATION . B,Sharm. S,Mital. S.Kumar. (2016) High heat load is deemed an obstacle in industry evolution These days .This high heat load can be defeated by raising ratio of heat transfer which in turn can be increased by enhancing thermo physical features of heat transfer fluids or by raising temperature gradient, and area of heat transfer. As the modern technology emerged ,it provided the chance to produce particles in the size range of 1 -100 nm called nanoparticles. When these particles are added to common base fluid such as water , ethylene glycol, and pumping oil , they produce nanofluids ,known of their high thermal conductivity compared to the conventional fluids. One of the most essential requirements in nanofluids is the long term stability that ensures a better utilization in heat transfer application. Hence, one main challenge in nanufluids is to prepare a long term stable nanofluid. This study sheds light on the preparation and analytical techniques used for preparation of stable nanofluids and the review of work carried out by many researchers. The paper also discusses challenges that need to be addressed for better industry applications of nanufluid. The common base fluids which they use are include water, ethylene glycol, and oil. They used many devices such as magnetic stirrer, homogenizeror by using ultrasonic devices like ultrasonic bath,ultrasonic processor, etc. After that they found that when conventional fluids will be replaced by nanofluids, it may results in smaller size of heat transfer equipment in case of processing industries. This saving in the cost of equipment may be balanced by direct cost and pumping cost of nanofluids. Overall economics of replacement of conventional fluids by nanofluids is not reported in literature. Hence, cost effectiveness of nanofluids must be addressed. In adition, they found that there are some discrepancies regarding effect of particle size, volumetric concentration, temperature, etc. Also, there is an urgent need to find the optimum concentration of nanoparticles which have minimum viscosity and high thermal conductivity. 2.3 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COPPER OXIDE NANOFLUID FOR HEAT TRANSFER APPLICATION Use chemical precipitation in one step to prepare copper oxide nanofluids, When copper chloride with sodium hydroxide as deionized water diluted as a raw liquid is reduced by conventional heating, it prepares nano-fluids , And the Sample nano powder is identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), EDXA, SEM, and TGA. There is an increase in the thermal conductivity of the prepared nanoparticle oxide of 12.4% compared to deionized water. Nanofluid is used in many industries, including promoting heat transfer. Nanofluids are a new class of fluid made by Choi (1995). Choi compared basic liquids such as oil or water. Nanoparticles have found to have enhanced thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusion, viscosity, and thermal transfer properties.Choi-1995 Nanoparticles are just suspensions that contain intense nanomaterials, and these systems are divided into solid and liquid phase. In 1999, I invented a measure to measure the thermal conductivity of liquids containing oxide minerals higher than basic fluids 1999 - Try fluids that contain a mixture of nanoparticles and concluded that nan fluids contain more thermal conductivity than basic fluids Lee and Peterson - 2006 They changed the temperature of the nanomaterials and found that there was a significant increase in the thermal conductivity of these fluids Xuan Wali (2003) studied convection and the benefits it carries. These nanomaterials have shown Murshid (2005) thermal conductivity in nanofluids as well as enhanced nanofluid titanium dioxide and nanofluids 2.4 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COPPER OXIDE NANOFLUID FOR HEAT TRANSFER APPLICATION , R.Msninaran. K.Palaniradja, (2014) For many industrial application, fluids are usually used in Colling process, and the most important is to promote the heat transfer behavior of fluids for many applications. Nano fluids is a new types of fluids which are nanoscale colloidal suspension containing condensed nanomaterials. It had been founded that Nano fluids have physical properties such as thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, viscosity and heat transfer. In (1999) Lee had developed model to measure the thermal conductivity for the fluids which contain metals and oxide metals. Copper oxide nanoparticles are interested material which have many functional properties with good application in catalysts, batteries and solar energy. These nanoparticles have perfect features compared to the original nanoparticles because of its large area. By using the highly dispersed nanoparticles, high reaction will be done for hydro cracking and coal liquefaction. Copper oxide is used as dispersed catalyst in Nano fluids, which used to increase the thermal conductivity of fluids. There are two methods for preparing Nano fluids. Wet dry method is use to prepare copper oxide Nano fluid from copper oxide. All chemicals like copper chloride, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were pur-chased from Aldrich chemicals. Copper oxide nanoparticles is prepared is carried out along with Nano fluid as its done by single step process. Is done by addition of 100ml of deionized water in 500ml beaker. Then, 0.51g of copper chloride add to 1g of sodium hydroxide pellets. The mixture is heated with magnetic stirring for one hour. As result, the color of solution change from blue to black. After that, solution is cool to room temperate. Next, adding droplets of hydrochloric acid to the solution to precipitate the copper oxide. So, copper oxide Nano fluid is obtained by dispersing the wet precipitate into the deionized water for about 4 hours. Finally, results clearly show that copper oxide Nano fluids has many properties like high thermal conductivity and good heat transfer, which is suitable for engineering application. 2.5 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COPPER OXIDE NANO FLUID FOR HEAT TRANSFER APPLICATION Use chemical precipitation in one step to prepare copper oxide nanofluids, When copper chloride with sodium hydroxide as deionized water diluted as a raw liquid is reduced by conventional heating, it prepares nano-fluids , And the Sample nano powder is identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), EDXA, SEM, and TGA. There is an increase in the thermal conductivity of the prepared nanoparticle oxide of 12.4% compared to deionized water. Nanofluid is used in many industries, including promoting heat transfer. Nanofluids are a new class of fluid made by Choi (1995). Choi compared basic liquids such as oil or water. Nanoparticles have found to have enhanced thermophysical properties, such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusion, viscosity, and thermal transfer properties.Choi-1995 - Nanoparticles are just suspensions that contain intense nanomaterials, and these systems are divided into solid and liquid phase. In 1999, I invented a measure to measure the thermal conductivity of liquids containing oxide minerals higher than basic fluids 1999 - Try fluids that contain a mixture of nanoparticles and concluded that nan fluids contain more thermal conductivity than basic fluids Lee and Peterson - 2006 They changed the temperature of the nanomaterials and found that there was a significant increase in the thermal conductivity of these fluids Xuan Wali (2003) studied convection and the benefits it carries. These nanomaterials have shown Murshid (2005) thermal conductivity in nanofluids as well as enhanced nanofluid titanium dioxide and nanofluids 2.6 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF NANO FLUID SPECEFIC HEAT WITH SiO2 NANOPARTICLES IN DIFFERENT BASE FLUID S. Akilu1, a), A. T. Baheta1, K.V. Sharma2, and M. A. Said(2017) Recently, an important step has been made in nanotechnology to introduce new materials and develop them. At the present time, the production of new materials in different shapes and sizes depending on the application requirements has become one of the things that can be applied. Solid base media consisting of these particle dispersants of nanoparticles of mineral oxide / minerals such as Cu, Ag, Al2O3, SiO2, CuO and TiO2 are characterized by high thermal, electrical and structural properties and on the other hand the increased use of glycerol, water and ethylene glycol mainly in SuA Nanoparticles to prepare them. In this research, experimental measurements of the high temperature temperatures of SiO2-Glycerol, SiO2-Ethylene Glycol and SiO2-Glycerol / Ethylene Glycol mixture 60:40 were calculated at a ratio of previously determined (by mass) nanofluids at different concentrations in volume from 1.0-4.0% Using a differential calorimeter scanning at temperatures of 25 ° C and 50 ° C in this experiment, the specific heat amplitude (Cp) properties of nanofluids have been used to evaluate energy balance in heat exchangers, heat diffusion, heat conductivity, pumping power and Prandtl number without dimensions and some can be used Models are available in the literature for temperature prediction with nano-floyd pain Specify (Cp, nf). ). The well-known models are the ideal mixture model (I) and the thermal equilibrium model (II). The specified temperature decreased with increasing concentration. It was observed that the temperature had a positive effect on the specific thermal capacity. following deduction are drawn: (a) The standard, fluids GC, EG, and GC/EG show, higher amounts of specific heat than its corresponding SiO2 nanofluids. The addition of nanoparticles to base liquids will decrease the specific heat of the nanofluid. (b) The decrease of the nanofluid specific heat depends on the type of the base. The GC nanofluids, have the minimal decrease of Cp whereas for EG and GC/EG the decrement, recover in the nanofluids, respectively, with the inclusions of SiO2 nanoparticles. (c) The particular heat amount, rated using thermal-balance, sample agreeing well with the measured datum best than the mixture-rule model predictions, especially at minimum temperatures 2.7 NANOFLUIDS : A REVIEW PREPARTION , STABILITY, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION With the progression in microelectronics industry, high warmth motion gadgets has been begun fabricated, however their warmth dissemination is basic issue for their conspicuous use in industry and everyday life, since electronic chips hinders their working or even may harm totally because of warmth gathering. Thus the warmth dispersal from these electronic chips and hardware is generally significant and testing task. Be that as it may, the regular coolants (water, oils and ethylene glycols) were demonstrated purposeless on account of their low warm conductivity which prompts poor warmth dispersal and more slow execution of gadgets chips. In this way in 1873, J.C Maxwell proposed to include little strong particles in the liquids (base liquids) to expand their warm conductivity which further can build the warmth dissemination limit. Little strong particles have higher warm conductivity than base liquid thus a general increment in heat dissemination limit and warm conductivity of base liquid . 2.8 Ali.H,Bader.H,Raza.T,(2018) Hybrid nanofluids are the colloidal fluids consisting the stayof nanosized secure particles of two extraordinary materials. Hybrid-nanofluids have augmented thermal aspects such as thermal conductivity, specific warmness capacity, and warmness switch coefficients as compared to the base fluid in which the particles are distributed. Improvement in thermal characteristics owes to immoderate values of thermal variables of dispersed hybridnanoparticles. Extensive work has been carried out by the researchers that used to be as soon as supposed to guardian out the extent of augmentation in thermal variables. Hamid dispersed 1.0 vol.% TiO2-SiO2 hybrid- nanoparticles in water-ethylene glycol (EG) combination and placed the thermal conductivity escalation up to 13.8% and the warmness swap coefficient extended through 35.32%. Toghraie referred to 32% augmentation in thermal conductivity of EG at 50 by adding 3.5 vol.% ZnOTiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. Esfe acquired 22.2% enhancement in thermal conductivity ratio with the aid of the dispersion of 1.94 vol.% MWCNT-SiO2 hybrid particles in ethylene glycol. Harandi studied the effect of f-MWCNT-Fe3O4 nanoparticle attention and temperature on the thermal conductivity enhancement of ethylene glycol. They employed cognizance and temperature range of 02.3 vol.% and 25-5respectively. Highest thermal conductivity ratio of fluid was once once located to be 30% at 2.3 vol.% and 50Not fully the thermal houses however some one-of-a-kind aspects like greater optical absorptivity of the hybrid-nanofluids have moreover been stated to be infectious for thermal structures like photovoltaic thermal systems and photo voltaic heaters . Despite of the aforementioned catchy points of hybrid-nanofluids there are some serious troubles related with them like viscosity elevation , frictional losses, and instability . Inability of nanofluids to preserve their steadiness is most severe hassle of these fluids. Majority of the researchers have reported the balance length of hybrid-nanofluids now no longer more than a few hours . The reasons at the back of this a whole lot low steadiness of hybrid-nanoparticles are the augmentation of particle dimension when dispersed in base fluid and formation of clusters that faster or later tend to settle down. With the placing of particles, the thermal coefficients develop to be smaller and smaller in turns making the nanofluid worthless. Thus, surely helpful utilization of hybrid-nanofluids ought to be linked with their capability to preserve uniform dispersion. A number of researchers have endeavored to tackle this bother and have delivered the feasible preferences to this hassle as well. Stability of the nanofluids can be ensured via a range of ability such as ideal synthesis of nanoparticles, chemical activation of particles, magnetic stirring, ultrasonication at the identical time as dispersing the particles, and addition of surfactants/dispersants. Since, nanofluids may additionally desire to be used in many strength purposes like photo voltaic energy, laptop cutting, automobile cooling, digital cooling, and condensers, there is a large prefer to pave the techniques for lengthy lasting balance This lookup about quickly describes the steadiness assessment methods, steadiness intervals of one of a shape hybrid-nanofluids referred to via a vary of researchers, and optimization methods to enhance the steadiness period. In the first section, all the techniques adopted by way of means of the researchers to forecast the stability duration of hybrid-nanofluids have been explained. In the subsequent section, balance intervals of a variety of hybrid-nanofluids counseled by way of the usage of the use of the researchers alongside with quintessential parameters have comprehensively been in the tabular form. Last part of this learn about quickly explains the steadiness enhancement strategies . 2.9 PREPRATION, CHATACRAIZATION AND TRIBOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF NANOFLUID A nanofluid become one of the area of research recently invited money researcher to dig down deeply due to the high application variety in the market . This technology face a lot of challenge like others in production cost and the material stability. Lubricants is one of the application of a nanofluid used to pre-long the machine life due it owen property fraction . There are many other area where also nanofluid participated like chemical industry, electronics cooling and waste heat recovery out of power generation or process plant. There are several way to produce the nanofluid materials but two of them are widely used . Single step methodology by combining the nanoparticals with synthesis nano fluid and two step method which considered as the most common way. There are many techniques are followed to maintain the fluid stability like adding of dispersant , surface modification and ultra sonication . To conclude all above , nanofluid is one of the promising technology entering the market strongly in many application facing some challenges but it will be existing one day. 2.10 REVIEW IN NANOFLUID Wei Yu and Huaqing Xie (2011) analyzed the recent advances in the study of Nano fluids through the methods used in preparation, and methods for evaluating and enhancing Nanostability. He also explained the expansion of its use in current applications, as well as future plans for it in various fields such as energy and biomedical. He focuses on the early preparation methods and stability mechanisms, especially the new application trends . 2.11 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PREPARATION AND STABILITY OF Al2O3/CuO-WATER NANOFLUIDS Heat transfer is one of the area where the nanofluied is playing a big role which change the heat transfer through out the extichanger significantly. It's solve many manufacturer issue by enhencing the way and the quinhity of heat dissipation. also, there are many study carried aut the size 8 the shap of the heat exchanger to be more efficient and suitable of different area in the industry. There are several way to produce the nanofluied materials but tow of them are widely used . Single step method by comparing the partials with synthesis fluids and tow step method which considered as the most common way and relatively cheaper . Al2O3 water and CuO water are very good example to play around and can be produced with both methods allowed os to change the stability and particle size easily experimental purpose. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 OBJECTIVE ➢ Detailed study about Nano fluid. ➢ Preparation of Nano Fluid. ➢ Property Testing of Nano Fluid. ➢ Comparison of results with standard base fluid properties. 3.2 METHODOLOGY . Chapter 4 Project work 4.1 PREPARATION OF NANO FLUID BY USING MAGNETIC STIRRER FIGURE 4.1 Magnetic Stirrer method 4.1.1 MATERIALS ➢ Magnetic Stirrer ➢ 10mg of AL2O3 (Nano particle) ➢ Beaker of 1000 ml ➢ 100 ml diesel (BASE FLUID) ➢ Stirrer machine ➢ Weighing scale 4.2.2 METHOD OF PRAPARING NANO FLUID 1. First , measuring 10mg of AL2O3 by using weighning scale . 2. Add 100ml of diesel in the beaker . 3. Put the magic stirrer on the sample . 4. Then , 10mg of AL2O3 added on the beaker . 5. Put the beaker on the stirrer machine and turn on the machine . 6. Slowly rotate the key and wait for 2 hour . 7. After that , Physical and chemical property are tested . 4.2 PREPARATION OF NANO FLUID BY USING ULTRA SONICATOR FIGURE 4.2 Ultra Sonicator method 4.2.1 MATERIALS ➢ Ultrasonic machine ➢ 300 ml of diesel (BASE FLUID) ➢ 30 mg\100 of AL2O3 (Nano particle) ➢ Beaker of 500 ml ➢ Weighing scale 4.2.2 METHOD OF PRAPARING NANO FLUID 1. First, measuring 30 mg/100 of AL2O3 by using the weighing scale . 2. Fill the beaker with 300ml of diesel. 3. Add the AL2O3 in the diesel. 4. After that, Put the beaker in the ultrasonic machine for 2 hours . 5. After 2 hours, finding the physical and chemical properties of the sample. . 4.3 PROPERTY TESTING 4.3.1 DENSITY Fig.4.3.1 Density Testing 4.3.1.1 PROCEDURE 1. First, get the mass of diesel by using pycnometer ( weight the empty pycnometer .fill the pycnometer with diesel and again weight it .after that, subtracting the weight of pycnometer with diesel from the weight of empty pycnometer). In addition the volume of pycnometer=50ml. ➢ Weight of empty pycnometer = 31.14g ➢ Weight of pycnometer with diesel = 72.34g ➢ Mass of diese l= Weight of pycnometer with diesel - Weight of empty pycnometer =72.34-31.14 =41.2g 2. Found the density by using the formula. 𝑚 41.2𝑔 𝜌 = 𝜗 = 50𝑚𝑙 = 0.824 𝑔⁄𝑚𝑙 1𝑘𝑔 1000𝑚𝑙 1000𝑙 = 0.824𝑔 ∗ ∗ ̇3 ∗ = 824kg/m3 𝑚𝑙 1𝑙 1000𝑔 1𝑚 3.found the specific gravity and API of diesel by using formula 824 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 𝑆. 𝐺 = = 0.824 1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 𝐴𝑃𝐼 = 141.5 − 131.5 = 40.22 0.824 4.3.2 VISCOSITY Fig.4.3.2 viscosity testing 4.3.2.1 DEVICE DETAILS In this test method, the oil is placed in a tube, housed in an insulated black at fixed temperature. A metal spindle is then rotated in the oil at fixed rpm, and the torqe required to rotate the spindle is measured . Viscosity is reported in poise (P) and centipoise (CP). 4.3.2.2 PROCEDURE 1. Switch on the brook field viscometer and press inter. 2. Choose measuring ,and select the type of spindle which is (L4)”diameter of the sample” 3. Inter the RPM and press to calculate viscosity of the sample 4. Record the result and press stop test button. 4.3.3 POUR POINT AND CLOUD POINT Fig4.3.3.1 Pour Point 4.3.3.1 fig4.3.3.2 Cloud Point DEVICE DETAILS Cloud and Pour Point Test Equipment worked according to ASTM specifications. Four different copper test jacks can be immersed in suitable freezing mixtures at the required depth. Contains internal and external connections to rotate the coolant from external sources. This device consists of an outer shell of steel and the rest of the parts are made of copper to resist corrosion and also contains thermometer holders for test vessels and a cooling bath. For each cooling plant it is set at a certain temperature. These refrigeration plants are covered with sponge covers to prevent buildup of ice around the test jackets. 4.3.3.2 PROCEDURE 1. First, pour the diesel in the test jar up to the mark and close the test jar with crook. 2. Second, put the cork test inside the copper test jacket 3. Then insert the jar inside the cooling bath in the first compartment 4. After that, we wait until a cloud a appearances shows in the test jar and this is the cloud point . 5. From time to time, chick the sample until it become semisolid and lose its flow characteristic we record the temperature and this is the pour point. 4.3.4 FLAS H POINT AND FIRE POINT 4.3.4.1 PROCEDURE 1. Insert the thermometer in vertical position by the thermometer holder. 2. Fill the cup with prepared Nano Fluid till the top of meniscus at the filling line at ambient temperature. 3. Put the cup on the center of heating plate . 4. Apply the flame, at which the temperature increased from 5℃ to 17 ℃ . 5. Recording the temperature on the thermometer when the flash appears at any point on the surface of Nano fluid . This called Flash point . 6. After the flash point , keep heating and apply the test flame until the Nano fluid ignite and continues burn for at least 5 seconds . 7. Finally , the temperature at time which caused burning for 5 seconds is Fire point . Chapter 5 Results and discussion DENSITY ( Kg/m3 ) VISCOSITY ( Cp ) SPECIFIC GRAFITY API POUR POINT ℃ CLOUD POINT ℃ 815.8 23 0.8158 41.949 -11 -9.3 824 33.5 0.824 40.22 -12 12 FLASH POINT ℃ FIRE POINT ℃ 100 110 NORMAL DISEL DISEL + NANO PARTICLE ( NANO FLUID ) REFERENCES - Applications of Nanofluids: Current and Future. (n.d.). Kaufui V.Wong and Omar De Leon. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2010/519659 - Deepak Kumar Bairwa , Khagendra Kumar Upman, Ganesh Kantak. (2015). Nanofluids and its Applications. - INTRODUCTION TO NANOFLUIDS AND ITS HEAT TRANSFER APPLICATIONS.(n.d.). https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/75400/10/10_chapter%201.pdf - Nanomaterials: OSHwiki. (n.d.). Main Page - OSHWiki. 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