Allegany College of Maryland Cardiovascular System Anatomical Overview Questions

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THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM READING ASSIGNMENT AND WORKSHEET NAME LAB DAY: DIRECTIONS: 25 POINTS • Answers should be short and concise. Most questions can be answered in 1-2 sentences, in some cases by 1-2 words or by listing (enumerating or bulleting) responses. • You will be graded on the overall accuracy of answer, effort put into this assignment and use of correct terminology and spelling. 1. ANATOMICAL OVERVIEW a. What happens during Systole? b. What happens during Diastole? 2. HEART FAILURE Overview: a. What does a decrease in forward blood flow in Left heart failure cause? b. What does an increase backup of blood flow in Left heart failure cause? c. What does right heart failure cause? 3. LEFT HEART FAILURE: a. Describe how a failing heart causes congestive heart failure. 1 b. What signs and symptoms of CHF would be found on physical exam? 4. RIGHT HEART FAILURE a. What is pulmonary hypertension? b. Describe how Left heart failure causes pulmonary hypertension and subsequent right heart failure. c. In Right heart failure, blood backs up into the superior and inferior ________________ causing an elevated ______________________________. It also backs up into liver, abdomen and causes __________________________________________________________________ 5. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF HEART FAILURE a. List some symptoms and signs caused by poor forward blood flow in a patient with heart failure. b. Describe etiology and symptoms of Orthopnea? c. Describe etiology and symptoms of Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea? 6. PRELOAD AND AFTERLOAD a. What is preload? b. What is Afterload? 7. TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE Treatment is based on the etiology of heart failure. Heart failure is due to a decrease in forward blood flow and an increase in backflow of blood. Therefore the goal of treatment is to increase forward flow by increasing cardiac output and decrease backflow of blood by decreasing how hard the heart works. 2 a. Medications would be given to increase forward flow by increasing cardiac output (NOTE: cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume) • Decrease heart rate to increasing filling time with ________________________________________________________________________ • Increase stroke volume or the force of ventricular contraction (stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped/beat) with _______________________________________________________________________________ b. Medications would also be given to decrease backflow by decreasing hearts work. The heart has to pump preload against an afterload. To make this job easier, decrease preload and decrease afterload. • Which medications decrease preload? Discuss how these medications decrease preload. • Which medications decrease afterload? Discuss how these medications decrease afterload. 8. THE KIDNEYS IN HEART FAILURE Weak heart decreases kidney perfusion which stimulates the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) A weak heart also decreases blood volume which stimulates the release of Antidiuretic Hormone. How does the RAAS and ADH make the weak heart work HARDER? Discuss the mechanism of action of the following medications: a. ACE inhibitors 3 b. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBS) c. Aldosterone receptor blocker such as spironolactone. 9. FOUR COMPONENTS OF HEART AND THEIR DISEASES What are the four components of the heart that, if impeded, will cause heart failure? 10. DISEASES OF HEART MUSCLE a. What is Cardiac hypertrophy? b. What is diastolic dysfunction heart muscle and how does it affect the heart muscle? c. How does hypertension cause left ventricular hypertrophy? d. How does pulmonary hypertension and/or pulmonary semilunar valve cause right ventricular hypertrophy? e. What is cor pulmonale? 4 f. Discuss the etiology of ischemia? g. Discuss the treatment for diastolic dysfunction? h. Define cardiac dilatation. i. Define systolic dysfunction. j. How does cardiac dilatation cause systolic dysfunction? k. List several causes of cardiac dilatation: l. The treatment for systolic dysfunction is to increase forward flow and decrease backup. Which medications would you give to meet these goals? 5
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Tags: Cardiovascular System blood flow the systole the Diastole aortic and the pulmonary valves

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Running head: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Student Name
Institutional Affiliation

1

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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1. ANATOMICAL OVERVIEW
a. What happens during Systole?
During the systole, the heart ventricles contract, compellingly expelling blood into the
outflow heart vessels. As this process happens, the atrioventricular valves assist in preventing
the backflow of this particular blood from the heart ventricles to the atria.
b. What happens during Diastole?

While during the Diastole, heart ventricles relax as well as filled with the blood from the atria,
and as this process happens, the aortic and the pulmonary valves help in preventing the backflow
of blood that has been driven out during the systole.

2. HEART FAILURE
Overview:
a. What does a decrease in forwarding blood flow in Left heart failure cause?
The decrease in the forward blood flow can cause fatigue, body weakness, as well as shortness of
the breath. Similarly, a reduction in the forward blood flow in the brain may cause drowsiness or
severe changes in mental status.

b. What does an increased backup of blood flow in Left heart failure cause?
The increased backup flow of blood causes more pressure in the pulmonary veins, causing the
transudation of the fluid into the lungs, resulting in pulmonary adema, causing shortness of
breath, commonly known as dyspenea.

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
c. What does the right heart failure cause?

When the right side of the heart fails, the blood backs up in the veins. This challenge leads
typically to swelling or congestion of the legs or ankles, as well as abdominal swelling like the
GI tract and the liver, causing ascites.
3. LEFT HEART FAILURE:
a. Describe how a failing heart causes congestive heart failure.

Failing hea...