UofM An Investigation Of Crime Prevention and Community Policing Research Paper

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I have chosen to do my final report on Crime Prevention and Community Policing. This research paper should be minimum 20 pages and follow the attached Rubric guidelines for each chapter. Also a completed IRB form is required to be attached to this assignment. https://docs.google.com/document/u/0/d/1PMiSstce3R...

My approved Abstract is below:

Abstract

Community-oriented policing is an innovation to law enforcement that started in the United States around the late 1980s entering the 1990’s; it focused on the needs of the community and building trust between the community members and peace officers. Community Policing addresses issues such as public safety, crime prevention, along with fear and social disorder (COPS, 2005). By addressing issues in law enforcement, they can implement organizational strategies, utilize partnerships, and direct people to more public resources. Also, they find and use problem-solving techniques while trying to ensure the rights of individuals and maintain transparency.


I am also attaching my first draft that I submitted and was told that I need assistance due to being off base.

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Breana Beason Social Sciences Research Second Draft Grade /100 I. Formatting Style /14T 15 pages or more /5M Correct Paragraph space /1M Numbered pages /1M APA citations in-text correct /5M Centered section titles /1M Cover page /1M II. Introduction Chapter One /25T Introduction relevant, discussing current issues, describing/describing the importance of independent variable, dependent variable, and unit of analysis, including consideration of discipline? /5 Problem, Significance, Need Described the study in terms of how it fits with what is known. Include information about whether the study is replicated, or how this work is different or similar research or different /9M Describe how other Social scientists addressed the issue? /2M Describe the research purpose, Independent/Dependent Variable, and unit of analysis? Twenty quality discipline specific terms Discussion of theory /4M /3M II. Literature Review Chapter Two /26T Twenty scholarly references relevant to study with correct citations. Discuss current literature regarding independent variable. Discuss current literature regarding dependent variable. /5M /5 /5 Discuss current literature regarding independent variable and dependent variable. Discussion of theory /3M Hypothesis /2M /1M /5 Discussion of Theory and Dependent Variable 0 /3M IV. Research Design Chapter Three /30T Identify Data characteristics Where/How data collected When? Research design: 2 /2M /3M Purpose statement /1M Research Question 1 /1M Theory research question /1M Theory hypothesis /1M Discussed type of research method used strengths and weaknesses of the method? Discussed instruments, with name, author, and citation, to collect variables and theory Discussed data analysis strengths and weaknesses of the method? Discussed data primary/secondary with name and citation /4M /3M /4M /2M Discussed ethical issues, consent, IRB, concerns, pros and cons of collection method ? Which statistical techniques are most likely to be suitable for testing hypothesis? V. Reference page completed WITHOUT errors /5M /2M /5M VII. Failure to correct Present tense verbs /-2 Contraction /-2M Noun /-2M Outline /-2M Crime Prevention and Community Policing 1 LeMoyne-Owen College Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences An Investigation of Crime Prevention and Community Policing A Research Project Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of Investigation of Social Research for Criminal Justice 384 (CRJS384) By Breana Beason Dr. Calverta H. McMorris, Instructor April 30, 2020 Crime Prevention and Community Policing TABLE OF CONTENT I.Chapter 1 a. Introduction b. Statement of problem c. Significance of the study d. Need for the study e. Purpose of study f. Operational definitions g. Theory discussion II. Chapter II – Review of Literature a. Introduction b. Independent Variable c. Dependent Variable d. Theory e. Theory Discussion III. Chapter III – Research of Methodology a. Research Question b. Research design c. Selection of participants d. Procedure e. Instruments IV. References 2 Crime Prevention and Community Policing 3 Abstract Community-oriented policing is an innovation to law enforcement that started in the United States around the late 1980s entering the 1990’s; it focused on the needs of the community and building trust between the community members and peace officers. Community Policing addresses issues such as public safety, crime prevention, along with fear and social disorder (COPS, 2005). By addressing issues in law enforcement, they can implement organizational strategies, utilize partnerships, and direct people to more public resources. Also, they find and use problem-solving techniques while trying to ensure the rights of individuals and maintain transparency. Crime Prevention and Community Policing 4 Chapter 1 Introduction Crime prevention refers to the attempts made either by a society or any giving body with the sole intent of reducing victimization and to hamper work done by criminals. In addition to this, measures aimed at preventing and curbing criminal activities constitute crime prevention (Ekblom, Wyvekens & Council of Europe, 2004). Community policing, which is also termed as neighborhood policing, is a strategy of policing which is based on the notion that a community is supposed to either interaction or support initiatives that deterred criminal actives. Community policing is a philosophy that promotes the systematic use of problem-solving techniques and supports partnerships as a method to enforce collaborative efforts between Police Officers and the community, resulting in a which are geared toward the promotion of a productive relationship between the community and law enforcement agencies (Palmiotto, 2000). Statement of the Problem The problem is resolving issues of crime and disorder in the community by poor policecommunity relations, particularly in the African American community. The problem with community policing used to bolster the legitimacy of the police when they are undermined by protest and crisis; they also cannot solve the problems that cause crime, but can only displace them temporarily and is used as an excuse to expand funding and hiring (Abolition Research Group,2017). Significance of the Study What is remarkable about this study is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminal activity with the presence of community policing. . It is applied correctly to efforts made by Crime Prevention and Community Policing 5 governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice (BJA, August 1994, p. 4). Gives citizens more control over the quality of life in their community (Weitzer & Tuch, 2006, p. 45). Community policing is only as good as its community involvement. This also applies to community-based programs. “Community-based programs are important in the service delivery in many communities” (Mancini & Marek, 2004, p. 339). Officers deal with the criminal aspects of community policing, but some programs and projects are implemented by the citizens with the help of law enforcement that deters crime in their neighborhood. The list of programs implemented through community policing goes on and on. There are programs like “Neighborhood Watch, citizen police academies, citizen surveys, and the establishment of community policing unit” (Weisburd & Braga, 2007, Pp. 47-48), that have become a staple in a lot of communities to help steer crime away from residential areas. Programs like National Night Out symbolizes a neighborhood’s unison in fighting crime by leaving their outside lights on. Citizens can find a plethora of ways to get involved in community policing. It can be as simple as making sure that the elderly lady down the street makes it home safely from the grocery store to start your own Neighborhood Watch program. This study could provide further research that on the value of response strategies that ensured that the most urgent calls received the highest priority and promp dispatch. Studies of alternative responses to requests for service found that community residents would accept answers other than the presence of police immediately on the scene if they were well informed about the types of alternatives used (New York: Praeger. 1989: p.101). Crime Prevention and Community Policing 6 Need of the Study Traditional crime prevention strategies aimed at reducing crime and violence by changing criminal tendencies. Situational crime prevention (SCP) focuses on the more immediate opportunities for offending. Situational crime prevention seeks to reduce the harms caused by crime by altering direct or situational factors in the environments where crime regularly occurs (Situational Crime Prevention: Definition & Strategies, 2017). Purpose Statement Community policing emphasizes proactive problem-solving systematically and routinely. Rather than responding to crime after it occurs, community policing encourages agencies to proactively develop solutions to the immediate conditions contributing to public safety problems (Fennelly, 2012). To protect life and property, prevent crime, and reduce the fear of crime, we will provide service with understanding, response with compassion, performance with integrity and law enforcement with vision (Gravey,2004). Analysis is the heart of the problem-solving process. The objectives of the study are to develop an understanding of the dynamics of the problem, develop an understanding of the limits of current responses, establish correlation and develop an understanding of cause and effect (Brandl,2017, pg.27). As part of the analysis phase, it is essential to find out as much as possible about each aspect of the crime triangle by asking who, what, when, where, how, why, and why not about the victim, offender, crime? The research question for this study is dose Community Policing prevent crime? H0 Community Policing does prevent crime. H1 Community poling does not prevent crime. Crime Prevention and Community Policing 7 Operation Definition 1. Collaborative- is the process of two or more people or organizations working together to complete a task or achieve a goal (NCVO,2016). 2. Community policing- is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime (COPS,2005). 3. Crime- an illegal act for which the government can punish someone (COPS,2005). 4. Criminal- A person who has committed a crime (Harmon,2012). 5. Criminal Justice- Crime is an act committed to endanger, harm, or violate the rights of an individual or an entire community (Bell, 2010). 6. Crime Prevention- is an attempt to reduce deter crime and criminals. It is applied correctly to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice (Martzer,2013). 7. Cybersecurity- Cybersecurity refers to the body of technologies, processes, and practices designed to protect networks, devices, programs, and data from attack, damage, or unauthorized access (July,2019) 8. Decentralization- the dispersion or distribution of functions and powers (Field, 2013). 9. Delinquency- minor crime, especially that committed by young people (Weisslberg, 2009). 10. Empower- give (someone) the authority or power to do something (Laurin, 2010). 11. G.R.E.A.T Program- is an evidence-based and effective gang and violence prevention program built around school-based law enforcement officers instructed classroom curricula (Leo, 2009). Crime Prevention and Community Policing 8 12. Law enforcement- the department of people who enforce laws, investigate crimes and make arrests: the police (Redlich, 2007). 13. Neighborhood Watch- a program of systematic local vigilance by residents of a neighborhood to discourage crime, especially burglary (Drizin, 2009) 14. Sex-Offenders- a person who commits a crime involving a sexual act (Smith, 2012). 15. Victim- a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or action (Smith, 2012). 16. Police- the civil force of a national or local government, responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order (Green,2019). 17. Victimization- the action of singling someone out for cruel or unjust treatment (William, 2005). 18. Welfare- the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group (Chatman, 2018). Theory After various research, the theoretical framework used in this study strengthened the assumption of how and why community policing and crime prevention affect the community. Thus, the conceptual framework for this study incorporated all the necessary knowledge used to understand the purpose of the research better. The theory utilized due to the appropriateness of this study was the Community Policing theory (CP). This theory, in part amid to citizen involvement, problem-solving, and decentralization, they all are related, but citizen involvement is especially crucial because it is the basis of the theoretical foundation of community policing. Mainstream CP literature starts with a necessary observation which informs every theory throughout, i.e., in a democratic state run by the people, we must understand how common people conceive the nature of crime and the role of the police (Nigel., 2012). Crime Prevention and Community Policing 9 Chapter II Review of Literature In this study, Community Policing is my independent variable. Community Policing brings police and citizens together to prevent crime and solve neighborhood problems. With community policing, the emphasis is on stopping crime before it happens, not responding to calls for service after the crime occurs. Community policing gives citizens more control over the quality of life in their community. Police officers become part of the neighborhood, which helps the police get a better sense of resident’s needs and helps residents to develop greater trust in the police. The community joins the police department. Those “who believe that community policing is practiced in the neighborhood are more likely to express favorable opinions of the police.”(Weitzer & Tuch, 2006, p. 45) Together, in partnership, the community and police department work to achieve a common goal of a safer, better place to live. It is “democracy in action.” (BJA, August 2012, p. 4). Community policing is seen as an effective way to promote public safety and to enhance the quality of life in a community. Community policing plays a pivotal role in the two defining elements of policing, that is police-community relations and problem-solving. “First, it should broaden police organization goals; second, it should alter the way police are organized to accomplish their goals” (Weisburd & Braga, 2007, p. 47). Active participation is required from the local government to the average citizen for community policing to work. Everyone is responsible for safeguarding the welfare of the neighborhood. Unlike traditional policing methods, the goals of policing are expanded, and the perception of community is changed. Traditional policing assumes that the problems of society are not within the realm of the police department (Forman, Autumn 2002, p. 1). Traditional police departments are strictly reactive Crime Prevention and Community Policing 10 and don’t look beyond efficiently resolving the immediate incident at hand. Police officers are tied to the dispatcher and rarely have time to do more than answer one call after another. The police department, as an organization, separates itself from the city’s infrastructure and city services. As previously stated,, community policing plays a significant part in police-community relations and problem-solving (Thacher, 2001, p. 608). To develop a partnership with the community, first, the police must form a great relationship with the neighborhood. The police must try to involve the area in its pursuit to control crime. Most community concerns and solutions are identified through problem-solving (Mancini & Marek, July 2004, p. 339). The objective is to lessen crime and disorder by diligently examining the attributes of concerns in communities and then applying the most suited problem-solving solutions. With any method of policing, there are going to be advantages and disadvantages. One of the main benefits of community policing is that it reduces fear in the community (Rhudy, K. 2014, July). With an increase in police presence in the neighborhood, the residents feel more secure. This feeling of security helps the police establish trust within the community. As citizens become more active in taking care of their community, they start to understand what officers do on a day-to-day basis (Jackson, 2010). This improves police-community relations. Ultimately, the quality of life for the city develops, and crime is reduced. Another advantage is that community policing is flexible and capable of changing. The solutions and strategies change as the community changes (Rushing,2011, p.162). If a plan works in one community, it doesn’t mean that it will work in all communities. Community policing allows the community to come up with solutions that will work within their neighborhood and to change or eliminate those that do not work. Community policing can be implemented in a limitless number of ways. This is also true of problem-solving. One’s imagination only limits them both. Community policing Crime Prevention and Community Policing 11 offers a myriad of benefits, according to Howard (2017). Making effective use of the talents and resources available within communities will help extend severely strained police resources. Also, reduced of levels crime will allow more police resources to be allocated to services that have the most significant impact on the quality of community life. A significant disadvantage is that the only way that community policing is with community involvement. There must be an established partnership between the police officers and the community. Without the trust and participation of the city, any attempts at community policing will fail. “Police and their would-be partners do not always value the same, or even compatible, things” (Thacher, 2001, p. 766). Useful community policing requires a long-term commitment from everyone involved. It is not a quick fix. Ongoing relationships must be established and maintained. Another disadvantage to community policing is making sure that the right people are heading up the project. The focus should be on improving the community and not using the program to advance their career or agendas. Also, programs like community policing can be regressive (Livi,2009, pp.850-900). Frequently when there is a problem that requires help from the community, it seems like the same people always step forward. These are usually the homeowners that have longstanding ties to the community. Community policing requires everyone’s involvement, not just the homeowners (p.39). Different strategies can be used to keep the community safe, and that can reduce crime, one is a neighborhood watch (Wooley,2011). A neighborhood watch program is a group of people living in the same area who want to make their neighborhood safer by working together and in conjunction with local law enforcement to reduce crime and improve their quality of life. Neighborhood watch groups have regular meetings to plan how they will accomplish their specific goals and leaders with assigned responsibilities. Neighborhood watch is homeland Crime Prevention and Community Policing 12 security at the most local level (Watanabe, T. (2013, November). It is an opportunity to volunteer and work towards increasing the safety and security of our homes and our homeland. Neighborhood Watch empowers citizens and communities to become active in emergency preparedness, as well as the fight against crime and community disasters (Wang,2014). Officers in school systems have diverse roles. School-based officers’ assignments in schools may vary depending on the school district, but there are typical responsibilities such as mentoring, teaching, creating partnerships, building relationships, and ensuring school safety. Time spent at the school also varies hours assigned can be full-time, part-time, or on an on-call basis only. Officers often play a blended role in schools, depending on the unique characteristics of the school. Essential things for school-based officers to know are what their part is and how to best engage with students, parents, administrators, teachers, and staff while on campus. Another community-oriented program is the D.A.R.E. Program. It is “designed to make youths feel good about the police…in the hope that they will later provide useful information about crime (Weisburd & Braga, 2007, p. 57)”. It gives young people with the necessary skills to make well-informed choices and to empower them to say no when they are tempted to use alcohol, tobacco, or drugs. Another component of DARE helps students to recognize the dangers of violence in their schools and community. D.A.R.E. “humanizes” the police. That is, young people can begin to relate to officers as people. It allows students to see officers in a helping role, not just an enforcement role (Roth et al., 2000, p. 183). It also opens the lines of communication between law enforcement, and youth Officers can serve as conduits to provide information beyond drug-related topics. Benefits of having the G.R.E.A.T. Program in your community assists in building morepositive relationships between law enforcement and other parts of your community, teaches Crime Prevention and Community Policing 13 children to deal more effectively with serious issues affecting their behavior and the community, such as bullying, peer pressure, managing anger, and making right decisions (CRJS Crime Prevention is an attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It is applied correctly to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice(Whitaker,2010). Crime prevention enhances the quality of life of all citizens. It has longterm benefits in terms of reducing the costs associated with the formal criminal justice system, as well as other social costs that result from crime. The evolution of crime prevention is what generates our country safe. It’s vital as a law enforcer that when it comes to citizens, safety comes first. Over time the quality of crime prevention has risen. Crime rates are continuing to drop, and it’s a reason so (Kassin,2011). There are becoming more ways to prevent crime, such as programs, patrolling, homeland security, and cybersecurity. All these methods are found effect and something that wasn’t thought of fifty years ago. According to the National Crime Prevention Council website, the reason why the evolution of crime prevention occurred is because thirty years ago, people felt powerless in their communities. There was a Crime Prevention Campaign that led off in 1979. This made people aware that thing is going to be different. More emphasis was being put on to finding new sources to prevent crime. Of course, there were problems before this, but this is when things start changing (Perillo, 2011). Also, when looking at the evolution of crime prevention, you must look at the concept of policecommunity partnerships. This method has been found useful as law enforcers build relations with members of the community to disturb criminal activity. As crime keeps evolving, so does crime prevention strategies (Howard, 2016). According to Watanabe, the purpose of crime prevention is to address the issues regarding criminal activity for public safety in a significant manner (2013). One of the core segments of Crime Prevention and Community Policing 14 crime prevention that I want to generate focus on is the history behind all of it. This is important because it’ll give us a better idea of how our country evolved when looking further into crime prevention. There are many ways to prevent crime from happing in your community such as working with your local public agencies and other organizations neighborhood-based or community-wide on solving everyday problems, set up a Neighborhood Watch or a community patrol, working with police, make sure your streets and homes are well lit, report any crime or suspicious activity immediately to the police(Watanabe, T. 2013). There’s even a free app for that: McGruff Mobile, available on iTunes or the Google Play store. The app is powered by AlertID, a national online and mobile service, and includes a virtual neighborhood watch where you can share photos and info about activity with neighbors, police, and even Homeland Security. It also shows you an interactive map of crimes and sex offenders in your neighborhood, and you can receive alerts and information via email or mobile device (Smith, 2017). If you own a dog, be a part of your local Dog Walker Watch crime awareness program (sponsored by the National Association of Town Watch) and serve as “extra eyes and ears” for local law enforcement agencies in ongoing crime prevention efforts (Finn, P., Townsend, M., Shively, M., & Rich, T. 2013). Volunteer to help clean up your community. Call your city offices or local waste management company and schedule a dumpster for the event. Show you care about where you live and each other. Organize to help clean and improve parks in your area. Well-kept play equipment and a new park can attract enough people to discourage illegal activities. Insist that your local government maintains the parks, immediately repairing vandalism or other damage (Rich,2013). Help students, faculty, and staff promote a sense of community through your involvement in a wide range of programs and activities. As Rich stated, work with the school to establish drug-free, gun-free zones if they don’t already exist—Mentor Crime Prevention and Community Policing 15 young people who need positive support from adults through programs like Big Brothers and Big Sisters. Create a community anti-violence competition. Include speech, dance, painting, drawing, singing, musical instrument acting, and other creative arts. Get young people involved to plan it and suggest prizes. Make it a fun, local celebration; you can hold it in a local park, and even include an old-fashioned potluck. Support organizations that help make communities safer, like the National Crime Prevention Council (Ferriss, S.2012). The theory utilized due to the appropriateness of this study was the Community Policing theory (CP). This theory, in part amid to citizen involvement, problem-solving, and decentralization, they all are related, but citizen involvement is especially crucial because it is the basis of the theoretical foundation of community policing (Nigel., 2012). Mainstream CP literature starts with a necessary observation which informs every theory throughout, i.e., in a democratic state run by the people, we must understand how common people conceive the nature of crime and the role of the police (2012). After various research, the theoretical framework used in this study strengthened the assumption of how and why community policing and crime prevention affect the community (2015, January 16). Thus, the conceptual framework for this study incorporated all the necessary knowledge used to understand the purpose of the research better Crime Prevention and Community Policing 16 This paper did not discuss clearly community policing and crime preventions. The sentences were rambling not enough though was given to each sentence, thus not in the paper. Sentences were just added that did not make sense, had not connection, and was not clear. Remember, the first sentence in the paragraph is the thesis sentence. Each sentence must explain, support, illustrate, the thesis sentence. The last sentence of the paragraph should be a summary of the paragraph. It is clear that you did not get a mentor or anyone else to assist or read your work. This paper was rewritten in a hurry, you did not proof your own paper for error, clarity, to remove pronouns, to correct verbs for past tense, check nouns and correcting, or correct contractions. You must follow directions, for example take the outline, add information under heading or list included on outline. No headings were including in chapter two. The headings are critical. Prevalence and incidence data missing for community policing, crime preventions, types of crimes are prevented by CP, and the success of CP for crime prevention. Crime Prevention and Community Policing 17 Chapter III Methodology Purpose: This sample evaluated the qualitative study and explore knowledge regarding crime prevention as it relates to community policing. Research question: 1. Does community policing prevent crime? The Null Hypothesis: Community policing does prevent crime. The Alternative Hypothesis: Community policing does not prevent crime. Research Design: Qualitative Description of Sample: randomly selected 50, they were both male and female, 18 and up Procedure/ methods used to get data, primary or secondary? Primary data will be collected. Instrument: Demographics, dependent variable and the Community Policing theory surveys Crime Prevention and Community Policing 18 Reference Bahney, A., Daugirda, R., Firman, J., Kurash, A., & Rhudy, K. (2014, July). Law Enforcement’s leadership role in juvenile justice reform: Actionable recommendations for practice and policy. International Association of Chiefs of Police. California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (2001). School resource officer standardized core course curricula. Retrieved from http://lib.post.ca.gov/Publications/60700295.pdf. Community Policing as the Primary Prevention Strategy for Homeland Security at the Local Law Enforcement Level. (2015, January 16). Retrieved from https://www.hsaj.org/articles/183 Ferriss, S. (2012, June). L.A. school police, district agrees to rethink court citation of students. The Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved from http://www.publicintegrity.org/. Finn, P., Shively, M., McDevitt, J., Lassiter, W., & Rich, T. (2005). Comparison of program activities and lessons learned among 19 School Resource Officer (SRO) programs. (NCJ209272). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Finn, P., Townsend, M., Shively, M., & Rich, T. (2013). A Guide to Developing, Maintaining, and Succeeding with Your School Resource Officer Program. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Institute for Intergovernmental Research, U.S. Department of Justice, & Doj. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.great-online.org/Home/About/Benefits James, N., & McCallion, G. (2013). School resource officers: Law enforcement officers in schools. (CRS Report No. R43126). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43126.pdf. Crime Prevention and Community Policing 19 Kyritsis, Greg (2015, January). Senior Law Enforcement Consultant, CA Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST), Sacramento, CA. POST Career Pipeline Concept. https://www.post.ca.gov/ addressing-recruitment-challenges.aspx. Myers, P. (1972). Police in the schools: two troubled institutions meet. City, January-February: 27-31. Morgan, E., Salomon, N., Plotkin, M. & Cohen, R. (2014). The school discipline consensus report: Strategies from the field to keep students engaged in school and out of the juvenile justice system. U.S. Department of Education and Justice, The Council of State Governments. National Association of School Resource Officers. (2012). To protect & educate: The school resource officer and the prevention of violence in schools. Retrieved from https://nasro.org/. Prevention: Police Role - Community Crime Prevention. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://law.jrank.org/pages/1756/Prevention-Police-Role-Community-crimeprevention.html Raymond, B. (2010). Assigning Police Officers to Schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Thurau, L., & Bostic, J. (2012). The need for development competence for adults working with youth. Retrieved from http://youthtoday.org/2012/01/the-need-for-developmentalcompetence-for-adults-working-with-youth/. Watanabe, T. (2013, November). LAUSD issuing far fewer truancy tickets, report says. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/. Welcome to the National Neighborhood Watch. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nnw.org/ Crime Prevention and Community Policing 20 Wolff, R., & McDevitt, J. (2008). School/Police Partnerships: Best practices and lessons learned. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs. Teacher, Law. (November 2013). Advantages and Disadvantages of Community Policing. Retrieved from https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/criminology/advantages-anddisadvantages-of-community-policing.php?vref=1
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Running Head: COMMUNITY POLICING AND CRIME PREVENTION

Community Policing and Crime Prevention
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Date

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COMMUNITY POLICING AND CRIME PREVENTION

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Abstract
This paper seeks to investigate and establish the role of community policing in combating
crime. The paper will also focus on some of the challenges and the future of the community in
various parts of the country to prevent crime. This paper can be helpful to the government across
the world who would like to adopt community policing as one of the ways of preventing crime.
The paper makes use of both primary and secondary data to understand the above-mentioned
issues fully. The qualitative approach was used in analyzing data that was collected from
numerous sources, both published and unpublished. Community-oriented policing is an
innovation to law enforcement that started in the United States around the late 1980s entering the
1990's; it focused on the needs of the community and building trust between the community
members and peace officers. Community policing addresses issues such as public safety, crime
prevention, along with fear and social disorder (COPS, 2005). By addressing issues in law
enforcement, they can implement organizational strategies, utilize partnerships, and direct people
to more public resources. Similarly, they find and use problem-solving techniques while trying to
ensure the rights of individuals and maintain transparency.
Chapter one
Introduction
Crime refers to any form of wrongdoing that is classified by either the congress or
state as a felony. Crime is, therefore, an offense against the public law and is punishable
by law. Crime can cause economic, wellbeing, health, and sometimes physiological
effects on both the victims and even the society in general. According to the Us Justice
department's office of Community Oriented policing services, community policing refers
to the adoption of a policy that promotes numerous organizational approaches that

COMMUNITY POLICING AND CRIME PREVENTION

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encourages the systematic practice of partnerships as well as other problem-solving
tactics to proactively tackle different issues that lead to public safety concerns including
social disorder, crime as well as fear of crime. Not like traditional policing that concerns
itself with punishing offenders in an attempt to combat crime, community policing seeks
to encourage models that aim at building strong relationships between the law
enforcement officers and the people they serve or society to fight crime.

Studies indicate that crime is a grave social problem that tends to impact
negatively on not only the life of individuals but also the community as a whole.
Remarkably, the police are the highly recognized institution that is devoted and supported
by other governmental agencies in fighting crime day in day out. Therefore the primary
role of the police is to detect and apprehend people who commit crimes so they can be
charged in a court of law. However, scholars have established that fighting crime without
engaging community has been an uphill task for police officers, and their effort does not
seem to bear much fruits. For instance, Palmiotto (2000) is convinced that it is impossible
for the police to succeed in fighting or solving crime without actively engaging the
community on the same. Therefore, for crime rates to be reduced, there is a need to
involve the community. This fact, therefore, stresses the need for incorporating the
police, local government, and, more importantly, the community to work collaboratively
to fight this menace that tends to hinder the progress of individuals and the society in
general. Consequently, community policing has become one of the major issues in many
parts of the world. Numerous studies conducted on crime prevention have all in one way
or the other termed community policing as the most appropriate method of policing and

COMMUNITY POLICING AND CRIME PREVENTION

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that there is an urgent need for governments all the world to establish this kind of
partnership between the police and communities and crime will be reduced significantly.
Statement of the problem
Studies have revealed that in the recent past, there has been an increase in the
number of reported cases of crime in various parts of the world. Notably, a quick analysis
of the crimes reported shows that the criminals are becoming smart, and they are trying
anything to outsmart the law enforcement agencies as the recent crimes were a little bit
diversified and complex. There is also a surge in the number of serious crimes recorded
compared to yesteryears. Moreover, the police and the local governments have identified
various causes of the increased crime rates, such as unemployment, drug abuse, a high
number of street families, as well as the rapid urbanization rate in various parts of the
world. It has been established that criminals are continually coming up with new tactics,
thereby making crimes a bit hard for the police and other relevant authorities tasked with
combating crime to understand and stop crime in many regions fully. Some of the notable
crimes that were increasing day in day out include but not limited to domestic violence,
burglary, property theft, drug abuse, group fights, sexual offenses, among other social
disorders.
However, in the recent past, the fight against crime and other societal disorders
has increased compared to the past, and this has been through improved police-society
partnerships, although the complexity and crime rates have increased significantly. This
shows that despite the police efforts to control and regulate crime in the communities
they serve fully, things are still getting worse as the number of [police officers is
relatively small to control the society effectively. Additionally, the poor socio-economic

COMMUNITY POLICING AND CRIME PREVENTION

5

status of the communities leads to an increased crime rate. The irrational behavior of
some members and the fact they are hesitant in reporting and exposing criminals and
even worse hiding them when pursued by police officers lead to an increase in the crime
rate (Singh, 2016). Moreover, a good number of officers lack the necessary skills
required to implement community policing effectively. This is because a majority of the
crime prevention officers are not even involved during the formulation of community
policing policies and also have not been adequately trained for the same. Furthermore,
even the officers who have undergone pieces of training do not comprehend various
theoretical concepts regarding community policing as well as its practical aspects. A
number of scholars in this field have alluded to some community policing plans as mere
plans on papers as police may not understand how to apply them effectively.
Therefore, one may wonder whether community policing strategies are being
fully implemented to combat crime. Increasing evidence indicates that community
policing strategy needs to be thoroughly researched to evaluate the extent to which the
continued use of community policing plays a role in combating crime and the challenges
associated with its implementation.

Significance of the study
The results of the study are quite important as they are helpful in addressing the
various gaps that exist between the police mandated to prevent crime and the community
they serve. The study centers on ways of improving the engagements between the society
and the government agencies for policing as they attempt to combat crime. Improved

COMMUNITY POLICING AND CRIME PREVENTION

6

partnerships between police and society make the public have trust with them, and thus
more cases regarding criminal activities are reported.
Similarly, the study is of importance to the police as they are able to understand
the effectiveness of community policing strategies, and they can, after that, identify areas
that require their attention and also the areas that need improvement. Some of the areas
that the government agencies need to emphasize on include the organization structure
networking and operations. On the other hand, they should ensure that there are increased
patrols to make the public feel their presence and their commitment to fighting crime.
Moreover, the study provides meaningful insights regarding security management
and other police studies in promoting community policing. Based on this study, the
security agencies can carefully analyze it and come up with other strategies that can fill
the gaps that exist in a society that hinders them from efficiently participating in
community policing. Furthermore, the study helps gover...


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