Breana Beason
Social Sciences Research Second Draft Grade /100
I. Formatting Style /14T
15 pages or more /5M
Correct Paragraph space /1M
Numbered pages /1M
APA citations in-text correct /5M Centered section titles /1M Cover page /1M
II. Introduction Chapter One
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Introduction relevant, discussing current issues, describing/describing the importance of independent
variable, dependent variable, and unit of analysis, including consideration of discipline? /5
Problem, Significance, Need
Described the study in terms of how it fits with what is known. Include information about whether the
study is replicated, or how this work is different or similar research or different /9M
Describe how other Social scientists addressed the issue?
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Describe the research purpose, Independent/Dependent Variable, and unit of analysis?
Twenty quality discipline specific terms
Discussion of theory
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II. Literature Review Chapter Two
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Twenty scholarly references relevant to study with correct citations.
Discuss current literature regarding independent variable.
Discuss current literature regarding dependent variable.
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Discuss current literature regarding independent variable and dependent variable.
Discussion of theory
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Hypothesis
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Discussion of Theory and Dependent Variable 0 /3M
IV. Research Design Chapter Three /30T
Identify Data characteristics Where/How data collected When?
Research design:
2 /2M
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Purpose statement
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Research Question
1 /1M
Theory research question
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Theory hypothesis
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Discussed type of research method used strengths and weaknesses of the method?
Discussed instruments, with name, author, and citation, to collect variables and theory
Discussed data analysis strengths and weaknesses of the method?
Discussed data primary/secondary with name and citation
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Discussed ethical issues, consent, IRB, concerns, pros and cons of collection method ?
Which statistical techniques are most likely to be suitable for testing hypothesis?
V. Reference page completed WITHOUT errors
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VII. Failure to correct
Present tense verbs
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Contraction
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Noun
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Outline /-2M
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
1
LeMoyne-Owen College
Division of Social and Behavioral Sciences
An Investigation of Crime Prevention and Community Policing
A Research Project
Submitted in partial fulfillment
for the requirements of
Investigation of Social Research
for
Criminal Justice 384 (CRJS384)
By
Breana Beason
Dr. Calverta H. McMorris, Instructor
April 30, 2020
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
TABLE OF CONTENT
I.Chapter 1
a. Introduction
b. Statement of problem
c. Significance of the study
d. Need for the study
e. Purpose of study
f. Operational definitions
g. Theory discussion
II.
Chapter II – Review of Literature
a. Introduction
b. Independent Variable
c. Dependent Variable
d. Theory
e. Theory Discussion
III.
Chapter III – Research of Methodology
a. Research Question
b. Research design
c. Selection of participants
d. Procedure
e. Instruments
IV.
References
2
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
3
Abstract
Community-oriented policing is an innovation to law enforcement that started in the
United States around the late 1980s entering the 1990’s; it focused on the needs of the
community and building trust between the community members and peace officers. Community
Policing addresses issues such as public safety, crime prevention, along with fear and social
disorder (COPS, 2005). By addressing issues in law enforcement, they can implement
organizational strategies, utilize partnerships, and direct people to more public resources. Also,
they find and use problem-solving techniques while trying to ensure the rights of individuals and
maintain transparency.
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
4
Chapter 1
Introduction
Crime prevention refers to the attempts made either by a society or any giving body with
the sole intent of reducing victimization and to hamper work done by criminals. In addition to
this, measures aimed at preventing and curbing criminal activities constitute crime prevention
(Ekblom, Wyvekens & Council of Europe, 2004). Community policing, which is also termed as
neighborhood policing, is a strategy of policing which is based on the notion that a community is
supposed to either interaction or support initiatives that deterred criminal actives. Community
policing is a philosophy that promotes the systematic use of problem-solving techniques and
supports partnerships as a method to enforce collaborative efforts between Police Officers and
the community, resulting in a which are geared toward the promotion of a productive
relationship between the community and law enforcement agencies (Palmiotto, 2000).
Statement of the Problem
The problem is resolving issues of crime and disorder in the community by poor policecommunity relations, particularly in the African American community. The problem with
community policing used to bolster the legitimacy of the police when they are undermined by
protest and crisis; they also cannot solve the problems that cause crime, but can only displace
them temporarily and is used as an excuse to expand funding and hiring (Abolition Research
Group,2017).
Significance of the Study
What is remarkable about this study is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminal
activity with the presence of community policing. . It is applied correctly to efforts made by
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
5
governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice (BJA, August 1994,
p. 4). Gives citizens more control over the quality of life in their community (Weitzer & Tuch,
2006, p. 45). Community policing is only as good as its community involvement. This also
applies to community-based programs. “Community-based programs are important in the service
delivery in many communities” (Mancini & Marek, 2004, p. 339). Officers deal with the
criminal aspects of community policing, but some programs and projects are implemented by the
citizens with the help of law enforcement that deters crime in their neighborhood. The list of
programs implemented through community policing goes on and on. There are programs like
“Neighborhood Watch, citizen police academies, citizen surveys, and the establishment of
community policing unit” (Weisburd & Braga, 2007, Pp. 47-48), that have become a staple in a
lot of communities to help steer crime away from residential areas. Programs like National Night
Out symbolizes a neighborhood’s unison in fighting crime by leaving their outside lights on.
Citizens can find a plethora of ways to get involved in community policing. It can be as simple
as making sure that the elderly lady down the street makes it home safely from the grocery store
to start your own Neighborhood Watch program.
This study could provide further research that on the value of response strategies that
ensured that the most urgent calls received the highest priority and promp dispatch. Studies of
alternative responses to requests for service found that community residents would accept
answers other than the presence of police immediately on the scene if they were well informed
about the types of alternatives used (New York: Praeger. 1989: p.101).
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
6
Need of the Study
Traditional crime prevention strategies aimed at reducing crime and violence by changing
criminal tendencies. Situational crime prevention (SCP) focuses on the more immediate
opportunities for offending. Situational crime prevention seeks to reduce the harms caused by
crime by altering direct or situational factors in the environments where crime regularly occurs
(Situational Crime Prevention: Definition & Strategies, 2017).
Purpose Statement
Community policing emphasizes proactive problem-solving systematically and routinely.
Rather than responding to crime after it occurs, community policing encourages agencies to
proactively develop solutions to the immediate conditions contributing to public safety problems
(Fennelly, 2012). To protect life and property, prevent crime, and reduce the fear of crime, we
will provide service with understanding, response with compassion, performance with integrity
and law enforcement with vision (Gravey,2004). Analysis is the heart of the problem-solving
process. The objectives of the study are to develop an understanding of the dynamics of the
problem, develop an understanding of the limits of current responses, establish
correlation and develop an understanding of cause and effect (Brandl,2017, pg.27). As part of the
analysis phase, it is essential to find out as much as possible about each aspect of the crime
triangle by asking who, what, when, where, how, why, and why not about the victim, offender,
crime? The research question for this study is dose Community Policing prevent crime?
H0
Community Policing does prevent crime.
H1
Community poling does not prevent crime.
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
7
Operation Definition
1. Collaborative- is the process of two or more people or organizations working together to
complete a task or achieve a goal (NCVO,2016).
2. Community policing- is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the
systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the
immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and
fear of crime (COPS,2005).
3. Crime- an illegal act for which the government can punish someone (COPS,2005).
4. Criminal- A person who has committed a crime (Harmon,2012).
5. Criminal Justice- Crime is an act committed to endanger, harm, or violate the rights of an
individual or an entire community (Bell, 2010).
6. Crime Prevention- is an attempt to reduce deter crime and criminals. It is applied correctly to
efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice
(Martzer,2013).
7. Cybersecurity- Cybersecurity refers to the body of technologies, processes, and practices
designed to protect networks, devices, programs, and data from attack, damage, or
unauthorized access (July,2019)
8. Decentralization- the dispersion or distribution of functions and powers (Field, 2013).
9. Delinquency- minor crime, especially that committed by young people (Weisslberg, 2009).
10. Empower- give (someone) the authority or power to do something (Laurin, 2010).
11. G.R.E.A.T Program- is an evidence-based and effective gang and violence prevention
program built around school-based law enforcement officers instructed classroom curricula
(Leo, 2009).
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
8
12. Law enforcement- the department of people who enforce laws, investigate crimes and make
arrests: the police (Redlich, 2007).
13. Neighborhood Watch- a program of systematic local vigilance by residents of a
neighborhood to discourage crime, especially burglary (Drizin, 2009)
14. Sex-Offenders- a person who commits a crime involving a sexual act (Smith, 2012).
15. Victim- a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or
action (Smith, 2012).
16. Police- the civil force of a national or local government, responsible for the prevention and
detection of crime and the maintenance of public order (Green,2019).
17. Victimization- the action of singling someone out for cruel or unjust treatment (William,
2005).
18. Welfare- the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group (Chatman, 2018).
Theory
After various research, the theoretical framework used in this study strengthened the
assumption of how and why community policing and crime prevention affect the community.
Thus, the conceptual framework for this study incorporated all the necessary knowledge used to
understand the purpose of the research better. The theory utilized due to the appropriateness of
this study was the Community Policing theory (CP). This theory, in part amid to citizen
involvement, problem-solving, and decentralization, they all are related, but citizen involvement
is especially crucial because it is the basis of the theoretical foundation of community policing.
Mainstream CP literature starts with a necessary observation which informs every theory
throughout, i.e., in a democratic state run by the people, we must understand how common
people conceive the nature of crime and the role of the police (Nigel., 2012).
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
9
Chapter II
Review of Literature
In this study, Community Policing is my independent variable. Community Policing
brings police and citizens together to prevent crime and solve neighborhood problems. With
community policing, the emphasis is on stopping crime before it happens, not responding to calls
for service after the crime occurs. Community policing gives citizens more control over the
quality of life in their community. Police officers become part of the neighborhood, which helps
the police get a better sense of resident’s needs and helps residents to develop greater trust in the
police. The community joins the police department. Those “who believe that community policing
is practiced in the neighborhood are more likely to express favorable opinions of the
police.”(Weitzer & Tuch, 2006, p. 45) Together, in partnership, the community and police
department work to achieve a common goal of a safer, better place to live. It is “democracy in
action.” (BJA, August 2012, p. 4).
Community policing is seen as an effective way to promote public safety and to enhance
the quality of life in a community. Community policing plays a pivotal role in the two defining
elements of policing, that is police-community relations and problem-solving. “First, it should
broaden police organization goals; second, it should alter the way police are organized to
accomplish their goals” (Weisburd & Braga, 2007, p. 47). Active participation is required from
the local government to the average citizen for community policing to work. Everyone is
responsible for safeguarding the welfare of the neighborhood. Unlike traditional policing
methods, the goals of policing are expanded, and the perception of community is changed.
Traditional policing assumes that the problems of society are not within the realm of the police
department (Forman, Autumn 2002, p. 1). Traditional police departments are strictly reactive
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
10
and don’t look beyond efficiently resolving the immediate incident at hand. Police officers are
tied to the dispatcher and rarely have time to do more than answer one call after another. The
police department, as an organization, separates itself from the city’s infrastructure and city
services. As previously stated,, community policing plays a significant part in police-community
relations and problem-solving (Thacher, 2001, p. 608). To develop a partnership with the
community, first, the police must form a great relationship with the neighborhood. The police
must try to involve the area in its pursuit to control crime. Most community concerns and
solutions are identified through problem-solving (Mancini & Marek, July 2004, p. 339). The
objective is to lessen crime and disorder by diligently examining the attributes of concerns in
communities and then applying the most suited problem-solving solutions.
With any method of policing, there are going to be advantages and disadvantages. One of
the main benefits of community policing is that it reduces fear in the community (Rhudy, K.
2014, July). With an increase in police presence in the neighborhood, the residents feel more
secure. This feeling of security helps the police establish trust within the community. As citizens
become more active in taking care of their community, they start to understand what officers do
on a day-to-day basis (Jackson, 2010). This improves police-community relations. Ultimately,
the quality of life for the city develops, and crime is reduced. Another advantage is that
community policing is flexible and capable of changing. The solutions and strategies change as
the community changes (Rushing,2011, p.162). If a plan works in one community, it doesn’t
mean that it will work in all communities. Community policing allows the community to come
up with solutions that will work within their neighborhood and to change or eliminate those that
do not work. Community policing can be implemented in a limitless number of ways. This is
also true of problem-solving. One’s imagination only limits them both. Community policing
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
11
offers a myriad of benefits, according to Howard (2017). Making effective use of the talents and
resources available within communities will help extend severely strained police resources. Also,
reduced of levels crime will allow more police resources to be allocated to services that have the
most significant impact on the quality of community life.
A significant disadvantage is that the only way that community policing is with
community involvement. There must be an established partnership between the police officers
and the community. Without the trust and participation of the city, any attempts at community
policing will fail. “Police and their would-be partners do not always value the same, or even
compatible, things” (Thacher, 2001, p. 766). Useful community policing requires a long-term
commitment from everyone involved. It is not a quick fix. Ongoing relationships must be
established and maintained. Another disadvantage to community policing is making sure that the
right people are heading up the project. The focus should be on improving the community and
not using the program to advance their career or agendas. Also, programs like community
policing can be regressive (Livi,2009, pp.850-900). Frequently when there is a problem that
requires help from the community, it seems like the same people always step forward. These are
usually the homeowners that have longstanding ties to the community. Community policing
requires everyone’s involvement, not just the homeowners (p.39).
Different strategies can be used to keep the community safe, and that can reduce crime,
one is a neighborhood watch (Wooley,2011). A neighborhood watch program is a group of
people living in the same area who want to make their neighborhood safer by working together
and in conjunction with local law enforcement to reduce crime and improve their quality of life.
Neighborhood watch groups have regular meetings to plan how they will accomplish their
specific goals and leaders with assigned responsibilities. Neighborhood watch is homeland
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
12
security at the most local level (Watanabe, T. (2013, November). It is an opportunity to volunteer
and work towards increasing the safety and security of our homes and our homeland.
Neighborhood Watch empowers citizens and communities to become active in emergency
preparedness, as well as the fight against crime and community disasters (Wang,2014).
Officers in school systems have diverse roles. School-based officers’ assignments in
schools may vary depending on the school district, but there are typical responsibilities such as
mentoring, teaching, creating partnerships, building relationships, and ensuring school safety.
Time spent at the school also varies hours assigned can be full-time, part-time, or on an on-call
basis only. Officers often play a blended role in schools, depending on the unique characteristics
of the school. Essential things for school-based officers to know are what their part is and how to
best engage with students, parents, administrators, teachers, and staff while on campus.
Another community-oriented program is the D.A.R.E. Program. It is “designed to make
youths feel good about the police…in the hope that they will later provide useful information
about crime (Weisburd & Braga, 2007, p. 57)”. It gives young people with the necessary skills to
make well-informed choices and to empower them to say no when they are tempted to use
alcohol, tobacco, or drugs. Another component of DARE helps students to recognize the dangers
of violence in their schools and community. D.A.R.E. “humanizes” the police. That is, young
people can begin to relate to officers as people. It allows students to see officers in a helping role,
not just an enforcement role (Roth et al., 2000, p. 183). It also opens the lines of communication
between law enforcement, and youth Officers can serve as conduits to provide information
beyond drug-related topics.
Benefits of having the G.R.E.A.T. Program in your community assists in building morepositive relationships between law enforcement and other parts of your community, teaches
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
13
children to deal more effectively with serious issues affecting their behavior and the community,
such as bullying, peer pressure, managing anger, and making right decisions (CRJS
Crime Prevention is an attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It is applied
correctly to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal
justice(Whitaker,2010). Crime prevention enhances the quality of life of all citizens. It has longterm benefits in terms of reducing the costs associated with the formal criminal justice system, as
well as other social costs that result from crime. The evolution of crime prevention is what
generates our country safe. It’s vital as a law enforcer that when it comes to citizens, safety
comes first. Over time the quality of crime prevention has risen. Crime rates are continuing to
drop, and it’s a reason so (Kassin,2011). There are becoming more ways to prevent crime, such
as programs, patrolling, homeland security, and cybersecurity. All these methods are found effect
and something that wasn’t thought of fifty years ago. According to the National Crime
Prevention Council website, the reason why the evolution of crime prevention occurred is
because thirty years ago, people felt powerless in their communities. There was a Crime
Prevention Campaign that led off in 1979. This made people aware that thing is going to be
different. More emphasis was being put on to finding new sources to prevent crime. Of course,
there were problems before this, but this is when things start changing (Perillo, 2011). Also,
when looking at the evolution of crime prevention, you must look at the concept of policecommunity partnerships. This method has been found useful as law enforcers build relations
with members of the community to disturb criminal activity. As crime keeps evolving, so does
crime prevention strategies (Howard, 2016).
According to Watanabe, the purpose of crime prevention is to address the issues regarding
criminal activity for public safety in a significant manner (2013). One of the core segments of
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
14
crime prevention that I want to generate focus on is the history behind all of it. This is important
because it’ll give us a better idea of how our country evolved when looking further into crime
prevention. There are many ways to prevent crime from happing in your community such as
working with your local public agencies and other organizations neighborhood-based or
community-wide on solving everyday problems, set up a Neighborhood Watch or a community
patrol, working with police, make sure your streets and homes are well lit, report any crime or
suspicious activity immediately to the police(Watanabe, T. 2013). There’s even a free app for
that: McGruff Mobile, available on iTunes or the Google Play store. The app is powered by
AlertID, a national online and mobile service, and includes a virtual neighborhood watch where
you can share photos and info about activity with neighbors, police, and even Homeland
Security. It also shows you an interactive map of crimes and sex offenders in your neighborhood,
and you can receive alerts and information via email or mobile device (Smith, 2017).
If you own a dog, be a part of your local Dog Walker Watch crime awareness program
(sponsored by the National Association of Town Watch) and serve as “extra eyes and ears” for
local law enforcement agencies in ongoing crime prevention efforts (Finn, P., Townsend, M.,
Shively, M., & Rich, T. 2013). Volunteer to help clean up your community. Call your city
offices or local waste management company and schedule a dumpster for the event. Show you
care about where you live and each other. Organize to help clean and improve parks in your area.
Well-kept play equipment and a new park can attract enough people to discourage illegal
activities. Insist that your local government maintains the parks, immediately repairing
vandalism or other damage (Rich,2013). Help students, faculty, and staff promote a sense of
community through your involvement in a wide range of programs and activities. As Rich stated,
work with the school to establish drug-free, gun-free zones if they don’t already exist—Mentor
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
15
young people who need positive support from adults through programs like Big Brothers and Big
Sisters. Create a community anti-violence competition. Include speech, dance, painting, drawing,
singing, musical instrument acting, and other creative arts. Get young people involved to plan it
and suggest prizes. Make it a fun, local celebration; you can hold it in a local park, and even
include an old-fashioned potluck. Support organizations that help make communities safer, like
the National Crime Prevention Council (Ferriss, S.2012).
The theory utilized due to the appropriateness of this study was the Community Policing
theory (CP). This theory, in part amid to citizen involvement, problem-solving, and
decentralization, they all are related, but citizen involvement is especially crucial because it is the
basis of the theoretical foundation of community policing (Nigel., 2012). Mainstream CP
literature starts with a necessary observation which informs every theory throughout, i.e., in a
democratic state run by the people, we must understand how common people conceive the nature
of crime and the role of the police (2012). After various research, the theoretical framework used
in this study strengthened the assumption of how and why community policing and crime
prevention affect the community (2015, January 16). Thus, the conceptual framework for this
study incorporated all the necessary knowledge used to understand the purpose of the research
better
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
16
This paper did not discuss clearly community policing and crime preventions. The sentences
were rambling not enough though was given to each sentence, thus not in the paper. Sentences
were just added that did not make sense, had not connection, and was not clear. Remember, the
first sentence in the paragraph is the thesis sentence. Each sentence must explain, support,
illustrate, the thesis sentence. The last sentence of the paragraph should be a summary of the
paragraph. It is clear that you did not get a mentor or anyone else to assist or read your work.
This paper was rewritten in a hurry, you did not proof your own paper for error, clarity, to
remove pronouns, to correct verbs for past tense, check nouns and correcting, or correct
contractions. You must follow directions, for example take the outline, add information under
heading or list included on outline. No headings were including in chapter two. The headings are
critical. Prevalence and incidence data missing for community policing, crime preventions, types
of crimes are prevented by CP, and the success of CP for crime prevention.
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
17
Chapter III
Methodology
Purpose: This sample evaluated the qualitative study and explore knowledge regarding crime
prevention as it relates to community policing.
Research question:
1. Does community policing prevent crime?
The Null Hypothesis: Community policing does prevent crime.
The Alternative Hypothesis: Community policing does not prevent crime.
Research Design: Qualitative
Description of Sample: randomly selected 50, they were both male and female, 18 and up
Procedure/ methods used to get data, primary or secondary? Primary data will be collected.
Instrument: Demographics, dependent variable and the Community Policing theory surveys
Crime Prevention and Community Policing
18
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