1. To maintain proper osmolarity of their internal body fluids, freshwater bony fish actively transport salt ions out across their gill surfaces. True False Question 2 Which of the following is not a function of the stomach? Absorption of carbohydrates Mechanical breakdown of food Secretion of one or more enzymes Secretion of HCl Question 3 The crop is an out-pocketing of the esophagus in birds that stores food, but is not a significant site of digestion. True False Question 4 The stomach muscularis contains_____muscle layers for additional mechanical churning ability, compared to the________layer(s) of the small intestine. four…two three…two three…one two…one Both organs contain the same number of muscle layers. Question 5 Which of the following changes in body conditions (stimuli) is incorrectly paired with the hormone which would be released to address its stimulus? High blood pressure: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) High blood pressure: Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) Low blood pressure: Aldosterone An increase in the osmolarity of blood: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Question 6 What type of mechanism does the following describe: "If conditions deviate too far from a set point (narrow range), the body initiates actions to change conditions back toward the set point" Positive feedback mechanism Negative feedback mechanism Internal fluctuation mechanism External fluctuation mechanism 7. A drug that inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorbtion at the ascending limb of Loop of Henle would result in _. less salt in the ascending limb higher osmolarity in the surrounding interstitial fluid less water reabsorbtion/reclamation from the collecting duct less salt in the descending limb Question 8 The parietal cells of the stomach secrete: Pepsinogen Pepsin HCl (gastric acid/hydrochloric acid) Vitamin B Question 9 Select movement of solutes out of the nephron filtrate, and back into the blood (peritubular capillaries) is referred to as: Excretion Secretion Reabsorption Filtration Question 10 Which of the following is true of peptide hormones: they are lipophilic they are not soluble in blood and therefore must carried via chylomicrons attach to receptors located on the outside of target cell’s plasma membrane attach to receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus Question 11 If the adrenal gland was physically damaged causing it to release unusually low levels of cortisol hormone into the blood, what would you expect the effect to be on ACTH levels in the blood? ACTH would likely become higher than normal ACTH would likely become lower than normal Question 12 Which statement does NOT correctly describe hormones that can directly enter a cell? Steroid hormones can enter directly into cells because of their lipophilic makeup. Water-soluble hormones can enter directly into cells because of their hydrophilic makeup. Steroid hormones dissolve poorly in the blood and are transported to target cells via special transport proteins. Once these hormones enter a cell, they bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm or the nucleus. Question 13 In regulatory systems, the phenomenon of negative feedback is the least common type of feedback mechanism. stimulates a return to set point (range). amplifies a response. disrupts homeostasis. None of these choices are correct Question 14 To test the hypothesis that mussels are osmoconformers, reseachers exposed mussels to water of varying osmolarities and then drew hemolymph (internal body fluid) samples from the mussels. Is the researchers' hypothesis supported by the data, shown below? Water Osmolarity Hemolymph Osmolarity 250 252 500 503 750 746 1000 997 Yes, the data supports the hypothesis No, the data does not support the hypothesis Question 15 The vast majority of digestion and absorption occurs in the: Stomach Large intestine Gall bladder Small intestine Question 16 To maintain proper osmolarity of their internal body fluids, marine (salt water) bony fish actively transport salt ions out across their gill surfaces. True False Question 17 Which of the following is NOT an enzyme that breaks down or digests proteins or peptides? Pepsin Trypsin Chymotrypsin Gastrin Question 18 If a tumor is present on the andrenal gland and causes unusually high levels of cortisol hormone to be released into the blood, what would you expect the effect to be on ACTH levels in the blood? ACTH would likely become higher than normal ACTH would likely become lower than normal No change in normal ACTH levels Question 19 Which of the following glands / structures consist of tissues derived from a combination of epithelial and nervous tissue? adrenal cortex pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid glands 20. The sweetness that you taste in your mouth if you keep chewing a piece of bread is due to the action of the enzyme maltase. pepsin lactase. amylase. Question 21 A viral infection that specifically interferes with the reabsorption of water from the nephron filtrate would likely attack cells located in the: Bowman's capsule Adrenal gland Glomerulus Collecting duct and/or distal convoluted tubule Question 22 Which of the following is the digestive hormone which triggers secretion of HCl and pepsinogen? Cholecystokinin (CCK) Secretin Gastrin Parietal peptide Question 23 Which of the following is NOT true in regards to glucose digestion, absorption and transport? Glucose is transported into epithelial cells via active transport Glucose is transported through epithelial cells to a blood vessel (capillary) Glucose is transported through epithelial cells to a lacteal (lymphatic vessel) Glucose travels to the liver via the hepatic portal vein (circulatory system) Question 24 Which of the following physiological control mechanisms is a response to a rise in core body temperature? Slower heart rate Increased blood flow to the skin (vasodilation) Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin Contraction of muscles Question 25 Gallbladder removal is a common surgery. What factor makes the removal of the gallbladder a viable surgical option? The gallbladder is a vestigial organ from ancestors with a specialized diet. Proteins produced by the gallbladder are also produced in the small intestines, making the gallbladder redundant. Our modern low-fat diet trends have rendered the gallbladder unnecessary. The liver produces bile and can directly deliver it to the small intestine via bile ducts. The pancreas can increase hormone secretions to compensate for the lack of gallbladder support. Question 26 Which of the following is a digestive hormone which stimulates the gall bladder to contract? Cholecystokinin (CCK) Pepsinogen Gastrin Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) Question 27 Birds and reptiles excrete their excess nitrogenous waste as: Uric acid Urea Ammonia Compounds containing deaminated protein Question 28 Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by low pH. chyme. enterokinase. trypsinogen. amylase from the salivary glands. Question 29 Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized (made) in the adrenal cortex posterior pituitary anterior pituitary hypothalamus adenohypophysis Question 30 Which of the following is the first capillary bed encountered in the renal portal system? Renal corpuscle Afferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Glomerulus Question 31 Which pair of hormones have actions which play a role in the regulation of salt and/or water: Angiotensinogen and Gastrin Aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Aldosterone and Pepsin CCK and Renin Question 32 Nearly all components of blood are filtered into the nephron from the glomerulus, with the exception of what? Salts / electrolytes Large plasma proteins Blood Cells Large plasma proteins and blood cells All of the answers are correct Question 33 The upper temperature limit at which cells can function is determined by the boiling point of water. melting point of water. melting point of fats. denaturation point of proteins. Question 34 This hormone is secreted by the right atrium in response to increased blood volume / pressure. ADH Erythropoietin Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic hormone Question 35 The primary function of the Loop of Henle is to reabsorb glucose set up a gradient of increasing osmolarity in the kidney tissues set up conditions for the reabsorbtion of penicillin set up a low salt concentration in extracellular fluid inside the glomerulus Question 36 Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? Selective reabsorbtion and secretion of hydrogen ions Regulation of osmolarity Maintenance of individual ion balances Production of aldosterone Question 37 An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when the core body temperature of a runner rises rapidly from 37 degrees C to 45 degrees C when dietary salt levels rise to high levels in the blood, excess salt is secreted into the nephron filtrate the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume the level of glucose in the blood is abnormally high whether or not a meal has been eaten Question 38 Which of the following hormones is NOT released into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system? Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHrH) Prolactin-releasing peptide Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Question 39 To maintain proper osmolarity of their internal body fluids, freshwater fish produce large amounts of dilute urine. True False Question 40 The reason that the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body is that only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors non-target cells convert aldosterone into a hormone to which they do respond only its target cells get exposed to aldosterone non-target cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect Question 41 Which of the following statements is true with regard to homeostasis: Homeostasis helps keep the body within a set range for blood glucose concentrations Homeostasis helps keep the body within correct temperature range for proper enzyme functioning Homeostasis involves constant monitoring and adjustments within the body All of the choices describe homeostasis Question 42 The mechanisms of homeostasis maintain a relatively constant internal physiological environment regardless of the changes in the external environment. keep vital organs working at their maximum potential at all times. keep all cells working at the same metabolic rate. keep the body's temperature absolutely constant in varying environmental temperatures. 
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