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Dear Mr. Hakim,
Thirteen years ago when we first moved to the Bay area, our friends told us about your restaurant. Since then, we have been
regular customers. We love your food, restaurant atmosphere, and all the people who work there. We are so fond of the following
food items: kitfo and shekla tibs. Kitfo is your Ethiopian steak tartar seasoned with purified and herbed butter sauce, and we like
it raw! Shekla tibs is strips of meat that arrive at our table roasting on a clay pot over hot coals -- dramatic and delicious!
Whenever there is a celebration in our family, we go to Zimbere. On April 11th, my husband found out that he was promoted, and
now we can afford that Hawaiian trip we have always wanted. Moreover, the weather was perfect San Jose weather. Well, for
these reasons we decided to eat out.
When we arrived at 6:00 pm to your restaurant, as usual, there was a long line, so we wrote our name and waited for 45 minutes.
When it was our turn to be seated, a waitress named Humeya (her name tag told us her name) told us to wait. There were three
tables empty, but she did not seat us. When we asked her the reason, she told us if she could seat us, she would. She told us that
we needed to wait a bit, so she could see where she could seat us. After making us wait 20 more minutes, she with an unhappy
face showed us to a table. Anyway, we let it pass. We were there to celebrate, right?
When she brought us our check, we realized that it was for $143 for the usual meal we always eat there. Usually we pay around
$85 for 5 people, so we looked at the check and realized that she wrote two of the items two times and added two bottles of beer.
Tam enclosing a copy of the check (we took a picture of it before she snatched it from us-advantage of cell phone, huh?) for your
review. She did not even apologize; she snatched the check from my hand and did not return for 20 minutes. FYI, we did not leave
any tip for her.
I would like to bring this matter to your attention, and make a complaint and maybe get a free dinner. You have run a decent
business so far, so if you want to stay in business, you need to do something about this waitress.
Thanks for your attention to this matter.
-Sherry Pine
Rhetorical Appeals: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
Ethos, Pathos, and Logos are modes (appeals] of persuasion used [by an author/s] to convince/persuade
audiences. They are also referred to as the three artistic proofs (Aristotle coined the terms) and are all
represented by Greek words.
Ethos or the ethical appeal, means to convince an audience of the author's credibility or character.
An author would use ethos to show to his audience that he is a credible source
Ethos
and is worth listening to. Ethos is the Greek word for "character." The word "ethic"
is derived from ethos.
Ethos can be developed by choosing language that is appropriate for the
audience and topic (this also means choosing the proper level of vocabulary),
making yourself sound fair or unbiased, introducing your expertise,
accomplishments or pedigree, and by using correct grammar and syntax.
During public speaking events, typically a speaker will have at least some of his
pedigree and accomplishments listed upon introduction by a master of ceremony.
Pathos or the emotional appeal, means to persuade an
audience by appealing to their emotions.
Pathos
Authors use pathos to invoke sympathy from an audience; to make
the audience feel what the author wants them to feel. A common use
of pathos would be to draw pity from an audience. Another use of
pathos would be to inspire anger from an audience, perhaps in order
to prompt action. Pathos is the Greek word for both "suffering" and
"experience." The words empathy and pathetic are derived from
pathos.
Pathos can be developed by using meaningful language, emotional
tone, emotion evoking examples, stories of emotional events, and
implied meanings.
Logos or the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason.
To use logos would be to cite facts and statistics, historical and
literal analogies, and citing certain authorities [& facts, case
studies, stories) on a subject [that show the author's claims,
conclusions and argument are reasonable/logical]. Logos is the
Greek word for "word," however, the true definition goes beyond
that, and can be most closely described as "the word or that by
which the inward thought is expressed" and, "the inward thought
itself" (1). The word "logic” is derived from logos.
OS
Logos can be developed by using advanced, theoretical or
abstract language, citing facts (very important), using historical
and literal analogies, and by constructing logical arguments.
Logos
ttps://pathosethoslogos.com/ethos Retrieved 1/10/2020
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Rhetorical Modes (Strategies)
Since most of the reading (and writing!) you'll do throughout your college career falls into the "academic
writing" category, this is a good point to slow down and examine the building blocks of academic writing more
closely.
Rhetoric is the study of writing, and the basic types of academic writing are referred to as rhetorical modes.
N
to pur items in categories
to clarity comparison of items in a category
classification/division
to divide items by characteristics
narration
to lead from one item in another
cause/effect
to argue logic of evidence of action
process
to give details
description
to create a picture
Choosing Paragraph Patterns
15 daty or care
example/illustration
no suonance
to draw distinctions between items
comparison /contrast
to find common ground
Compare scrios
to clarify meaning
analogy
to compare to settled outcom
to set foundation of argomeri
definition
is compare one event to another different one
to give background
As you can see in the chart above, different styles of non-fiction writing serve different purposes. It's quite
possible that a single text or even a single paragraph—will contain multiple rhetorical modes, each used to
serve a distinct purpose in support of the article's thesis.
Consider nine of the most common types of rhetorical modes. What might lead an author to select one type of
writing over another? How might each be used differently to serve the purpose of a text?
1. Narration The purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an event. Narration is an especially useful tool
for sequencing or putting details and information into some kind of logical order, usually chronological.
Literature uses narration heavily, but it also can be useful in non-fiction, academic writing for strong impact.
2. Description The purpose of description is to recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or
action so that the reader can picture that which is being described. It is heavily based on sensory details:
what we experience through our five senses.
3. Example It's common to see examples used in all kinds of situations-an idea can be considered too
general or abstract until we see it in action. An exemplification essay extends this idea even further: it carries
one or more examples into great detail, in order to show the details of a complex problem in a way that's easy
for readers to understand.
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4. Definition In the vocabulary section we talked about word definitions in depth. A definition essay takes the
concept of "definition" more broadly, moving beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine a word or
concept as we actually use and understand it.
5. Process Analysis Analyzing a process can also be thought of as "how-to" instruction. Technical writing
includes a lot of process analysis, for instance. Academic writing can incorporate process analysis to show
how an existing problem came to be, or how it might be solved, by following a clear series of steps.
6. Division/Classification Classification takes one large concept and divides it into individual pieces. A nice
result from this type of writing is that it helps the reader to understand a complex topic by focusing on its
smaller parts. This is particularly useful when an author has a unique way of dividing up the concepts, to
provide new insight into the ways it might be viewed.
7. Comparison/Contrast Comparison focuses on similarities between things, and contrast focuses on
their differences. We innately make comparisons all the time, and they appear in many kinds of writings. The
goal of comparison and contrast in academic essays is generally to show that one item is superior to another,
based on a set of evaluations included as part of the writing.
8. Cause/Effect If narration offers a sequence of events, causeleffect essays offer an explanation about why
that sequence matters. Cause/effect writing is particularly powerful when the author can provide a cause/effect
relationship that the reader wasn't expecting, and as a result see the situation in a new light.
9. Problem/Solution This type of academic writing has two equally important tasks: clearly identifying a
problem, and then providing a logical, practical solution for that problem. Establishing that a particular situation
IS a problem can sometimes be a challenge-many readers might assume that a given situation is "just the way
it is," for instance.
LICENSES AND ATTRIBUTIONS
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-englishcomposition1/chapter/text-rhetorical-modes/ Retrieved
1/10/2020
CC LICENSED CONTENT, ORIGINAL
Text: Rhetorical Modes. Provided by: Lumen Learning. License: CC BY: Attribution
CC LICENSED CONTENT, SHARED PREVIOUSLY
Image of Choosing Paragraph Patterns. Authored by: GrinnPidgeon. Located
at: https://flic.kr/p/a9oILS. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
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