self actulaizers, psychology working paper

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pehm116

Humanities

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think about it! why do you get out of bed in the morning? most of you have to scramble through the morning routine: babies and work and homework and family and shopping and...... and then, on top of it all, you set your eyes on a college degree? if your answer is because you want to be the best that you can be (without going to the army:-) just in case that sounded like a commercial you know:-) and if you are trying to work hard to reach your potential.... then, according to maslow, and i agree, you are considered the one percent of the population that arrived at the highest human need that is on top of his hierarchy of needs: self actualization.

now that i got you exited (yes, there is a name for people like you, self actulaizers!!!!) lets explore the various theories that explain to us why we do the things we do. please explain to me how have instinct, drive, arousal, and incentive theorists deal with the question of motivation? how does Maslow's "pyramid" tie the different human needs together into a hierarchy? and why is all that important for our psychological wellbeing.

Due June 27 chapter 8

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Emotion and Motivation Chapter 8 ! ! Prepared by Dr. Melissa S. Terlecki, Cabrini College, PA Emotional Experience: The Feeling Machine • Emotion: a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity – Measured through multidimensional scaling – Two dimensions of arousal and valence • James-Lange theory: stimuli trigger activity in the ANS, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain • Cannon-Bard theory: a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the ANS and emotional experience in the brain • Two-factor theory: emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal Figure 8.3 Classic Theories of Emotion The Emotional Brain • The amygdala plays an important role in emotion; threat detector – Appraisal: an evaluation of the emotionrelevant aspects of a stimulus – Fast (thalamus  amygdala) and slow (thalamus  cortex  amygdala) pathways of fear in the brain Figure 8.6 The Fast and Slow Pathways of Fear Emotional Communication: MSGS w/o Wrds • Emotional expression: an observable sign of an emotional state – Observers can read our emotions; especially in our face (46 unique action units) • Universality hypothesis: emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; originally proposed by Darwin – People (even those who have never seen a human face) are generally good at judging and creating the same facial expressions. – There are six universal emotions expressed: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. • Facial feedback hypothesis: emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify Figure 8.7 Six Basic Emotions Figure 8.8
 The Facial Feedback Hypothesis Culture and Community • Is it what you say or how you say it? • Different cultures pay more attention to one than the other. • An experiment asked people of different cultures to pay attention to the meaning of words versus the tone they were spoken in. – Results showed that Americans paid more attention to the meaning of words while Japanese participants paid more attention to the tone of voice. The Conceptualization of Motivation • James called the natural tendency (innate) to seek a particular goal an instinct. • Drive: an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality – Homeostasis: the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state Basic Motivations and Hunger • Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) stated that people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs. • We are motivated to eat to convert food to energy. – Hunger signals (orexigenic, anorexigenic) are sent to and from the brain. – The hypothalamus (lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus) is specifically involved in hunger Figure 8.13
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Figure 8.14
 Hunger, Satiety, and the Hypothalamus Eating Disorders • Bulimia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging • Anorexia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake – Gender and cultural differences • Obesity (BMI of ≥ 30) is also a problem in our country – Causes include biochemical abnormalities, eating when we aren’t hungry, and nature having designed us to overeat – The human body resists weight loss because of added fat cells (which don’t decrease in number) and dieting decreases metabolism. • Metabolism: the rate at which energy is used by the body Motivation for Sex • Desire for sex is necessary for our survival (procreation). • The hormone DHEA appears responsible for the onset for sexual desire, while testosterone (more for men) and estrogen (more for women) are also involved. • Women’s sexual interest is independent of her menstrual cycle (which may keep the male around according to evolutionary theory). • Testosterone may be the root of sexual desire in both men and women. Sexual Activity • Men’s and women’s physiological responses during sex are similar. • Human sexual response cycle: the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity; as pioneered by Masters and Johnson (1966). – Excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, resolution phase. • There are many reasons why men and women engage in sexual activity. Kinds of Motivation • Intrinsic motivation: motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding. – Tend to be more satisfying • Extrinsic motivation: motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward – May undermine intrinsic rewards • Delaying gratification is something our species does well. • Threats or punishments can make the prohibited behavior more appealing.
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Running head: MOTIVATION

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Motivation
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MOTIVATION

According to Beck (2004), motivation refers to the things that drive someone to
act in some way. It is the reason behind someone’s behavior towards something. Motivation can
be boosted and it can be killed when someone gets demoralized. There are various theories that
explain how motivation comes into being.
Instinct theory of motivation
Going by this theory, theorists say that people are evolutionary programmed to act in
some ways. This means that their motivation comes from within and it does not necessary
require external factors for it to come into play. Although this theory has been challenged a lot
by people it can still be seen in organizations taking place from time to time. An example of this
is fear. Due to fear, of ...


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