Name: Class: The Forgotten Man By President Franklin D. Roosevelt 1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945), also commonly known as FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until 1945. Roosevelt was president for a majority of the Great Depression as well as World War II. In this 1932 radio address, Roosevelt discusses America’s economy and how he would like to improve it. As you read, take notes on the plan that Roosevelt proposes and how it would improve the economy. [1] Although I understand that I am talking under the 1 auspices of the Democratic National Committee, I do not want to limit myself to politics. I do not want to feel that I am addressing an audience of Democrats or that I speak merely as a Democrat myself. The present condition of our national affairs is too serious to be viewed through partisan eyes for partisan purposes. Fifteen years ago my public duty called me to an active part in a great national emergency, the World War. Success then was due to a leadership 2 whose vision carried beyond the timorous and futile gesture of sending a tiny army of 150,000 "61-389" by FDR Presidential Library & Museum is licensed under trained soldiers and the regular navy to the aid of CC BY 2.0. our allies. The generalship of that moment conceived of a whole Nation mobilized for war, economic, industrial, social and military resources gathered into a vast unit capable of and actually in the process of throwing into the scales ten million men equipped with physical needs and sustained by the realization that behind them were the united efforts of 110,000,000 human beings. It was a great plan because it was built from bottom to top and not from top to bottom. In my calm judgment, the Nation faces today a more grave emergency than in 1917. 3 It is said that Napoleon lost the battle of Waterloo because he forgot his infantry — he staked too 4 much upon the more spectacular but less substantial cavalry. The present administration in Washington provides a close parallel. It has either forgotten or it does not want to remember the infantry of our economic army. 1. 2. 3. 4. guidance or support fearful soldiers marching or fighting on foot soldiers fighting on horseback 1 [5] These unhappy times call for the building of plans that rest upon the forgotten, the unorganized but the indispensable units of economic power, for plans like those of 1917 that build from the bottom up and not from the top down, that put their faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid. Obviously, these few minutes tonight permit no opportunity to lay down the ten or a dozen closely related objectives of a plan to meet our present emergency, but I can draw a few essentials, a beginning in fact, of a planned program. It is the habit of the unthinking to turn in times like this to the illusions of economic magic. People 5 suggest that a huge expenditure of public funds by the Federal Government and by State and local governments will completely solve the unemployment problem. But it is clear that even if we could raise many billions of dollars and find definitely useful public works to spend these billions on, even all that money would not give employment to the seven million or ten million people who are out of work. 6 Let us admit frankly that it would be only a stopgap. A real economic cure must go to the killing of the bacteria in the system rather than to the treatment of external symptoms. How much do the shallow thinkers realize, for example, that approximately one-half of our whole population, fifty or sixty million people, earn their living by farming or in small towns whose existence immediately depends on farms. They have today lost their purchasing power. Why? They are receiving for farm products less than the cost to them of growing these farm products. The result of this loss of purchasing power is that many other millions of people engaged in industry in the cities cannot sell industrial products to the farming half of the Nation. This brings home to every city worker that his own employment is directly tied up with the farmer's dollar. No Nation can long endure half bankrupt. Main Street, Broadway, the mills, the mines will close if half the buyers are broke. I cannot escape the conclusion that one of the essential parts of a national program of restoration must be to restore purchasing power to the farming half of the country. Without this the wheels of railroads and of factories will not turn. [10] Closely associated with this first objective is the problem of keeping the home-owner and the farm7 owner where he is, without being dispossessed through the foreclosure of his mortgage. His 8 relationship to the great banks of Chicago and New York is pretty remote. The two billion dollar fund which President Hoover and the Congress have put at the disposal of the big banks, the railroads and the corporations of the Nation is not for him. His is a relationship to his little local bank or local loan company. It is a sad fact that even though the local lender in many cases does not want to evict the farmer or home-owner by foreclosure 9 proceedings, he is forced to do so in order to keep his bank or company solvent. Here should be an objective of Government itself, to provide at least as much assistance to the little fellow as it is now giving to the large banks and corporations. That is another example of building from the bottom up. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. the action of spending funds a temporary way of dealing with a problem the action of taking possession of someone’s ownership of a property due to their inability to keep up with payments Remote (adjective): distant able to pay one’s debts 2 10 One other objective closely related to the problem of selling American products is to provide a tariff policy based upon economic common sense rather than upon politics, hot-air, and pull. This country 11 during the past few years, culminating with the Hawley-Smoot Tariff in 1929, has compelled the world to build tariff fences so high that world trade is decreasing to the vanishing point. The value of goods internationally exchanged is today less than half of what it was three or four years ago. Every man and woman who gives any thought to the subject knows that if our factories run even 80 percent of capacity, they will turn out more products than we as a Nation can possibly use ourselves. The answer is that if they run on 80 percent of capacity, we must sell some goods abroad. How can we do that if the outside Nations cannot pay us in cash? And we know by sad experience that they cannot do that. The only way they can pay us is in their own goods or raw materials, but this foolish tariff of ours makes that impossible. What we must do is this: revise our tariff on the basis of a reciprocal exchange of goods, allowing other Nations to buy and to pay for our goods by sending us such of their goods as will not seriously throw any of our industries out of balance, and incidentally making impossible in this country the 12 continuance of pure monopolies which cause us to pay excessive prices for many of the necessities of life. [15] Such objectives as these three, restoring farmers' buying power, relief to the small banks and homeowners and a reconstructed tariff policy, are only a part of ten or a dozen vital factors. But they seem to be beyond the concern of a national administration which can think in terms only of the top of the social and economic structure. It has sought temporary relief from the top down rather than permanent relief from the bottom up. It has totally failed to plan ahead in a comprehensive way. It has waited until something has cracked and then at the last moment has sought to prevent total collapse. It is high time to get back to fundamentals. It is high time to admit with courage that we are in the midst of an emergency at least equal to that of war. Let us mobilize to meet it. “The Forgotten Man” by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) is in the public domain. 10. 11. 12. a tax or duty to be paid on certain imports or exports a policy that resulted in the second-highest tariffs in the U.S. in 100 years Monopoly (): complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a service in a certain area or market 3 Text-Dependent Questions Directions: For the following questions, choose the best answer or respond in complete sentences. 1. PART A: What is the meaning of the word “partisan” as it is used in paragraph 1? A. B. C. D. 2. 3. B. C. D. B. C. D. [RI.2] The strategy pursued by the United States during wartime would be even more effective during times of peace. The economic problems faced by the United States require the same concerted efforts that have proved effective in the past. United States citizens dealing with economic hardship often refuse to believe that their government can help them achieve prosperity. The problems faced by farmers have had direct repercussions to the world economy as a whole. PART B: Which sentence most closely reflects the answer to Part A? A. [RI.1] “under the auspices” “addressing an audience” “merely as a Democrat” “condition of our national affairs” PART A: Which sentence best states a central idea of “The Forgotten Man”? A. 4. supporting a group or cause desirous of success altered by education pleasurably entertained PART B: Which phrase from paragraph 1 clarifies the meaning of “partisan”? A. B. C. D. [RI.4] [RI.1] “Although I understand that I am talking under the auspices of the Democratic National Committee, I do not want to limit myself to politics.” (Paragraph 1) “Fifteen years ago my public duty called me to an active part in a great national emergency, the World War.” (Paragraph 2) “These unhappy times call for the building of plans that rest upon the forgotten, the unorganized but the indispensable units of economic power, for plans like those of 1917 that build from the bottom up and not from the top down, that put their faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid.” (Paragraph 5) “The result of this loss of purchasing power is that many other millions of people engaged in industry in the cities cannot sell industrial products to the farming half of the Nation.” (Paragraph 8) 4 Discussion Questions Directions: Brainstorm your answers to the following questions in the space provided. Be prepared to share your original ideas in a class discussion. 1. How does the text explore America’s changing economy? How does the economy in America continue to change? Cite examples from the text, your own experience, and other literature, art, or history in your answer. 2. How does the text explore the connection between money and happiness? To what degree do you think a person’s happiness is dependent on how much money they have? What would be FDR’s answer to this question? 3. How is Franklin Roosevelt’s address the beginning of change for the United States’ economy? Do you agree that his objectives will improve the United States’ economy? Why or why not? 5 
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