Running head: EARTH SCIENCE 1 My Original Post: Meteorology is one of the sciences associated with Earth science (Tarbuck, Lutgens, and Tasa, 2018). It involves the analysis of the atmosphere and processes, causing weather and climate. An example of a biblical scripture of perspectives that concern the atmosphere was Mathew 16:2 when Jesus had a conversation with the Pharisees and Sadducees. They demanded Christ to show them a sign from heaven. Jesus responded to them, stating that during the evening, the weather will be fair since the sky is red while in the morning, the weather will be foul due to the threatening sky (Bible, 2013). Jesus accused them of being hypocrites who were capable of discerning the sky but not the signs of the times. The people during this era were capable of distinguishing different weather conditions such as rainstorms of thunder based on the changes in the color of the sky. It is a clear illustration that in this period, there was the study of earth science in terms of understanding the weather and climate. References Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., & Tasa, D. (2018). Earth science. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Bible, H. (2013). The New King James Version. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. Posts to respond to: Post #1 – Ela Although Genesis 19 may be of interest primarily for theological and legal studies (Lytton, 2002), this passage describes an event that influenced meteorology and geology. A “rain” of “fire and brimstone” (Gen. 19:24, KJV) was not only unusual but must have had EARTH SCIENCE 2 far-reaching effects on the water cycle and related meteorological phenomena. Fire passing through the atmosphere must have increased temperature, consumed oxygen, and reduced moisture. Since weather occurs in systems, these changes would have influenced weather patterns for far more than just the region directly surrounding the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. The substances surviving the “furnace” of destruction (Gen. 19:28) provide opportunity for interesting geologic study. Even though David Neev and K. O. Emery may include “frail inference” in their connections between theology and natural phenomena, their geological observations can still be helpful (Marsh, 1997). Neev and Emery (1995) discuss the influence of fault lines on the region, and the “pillar of salt” (Gen. 19:26) brings an interesting mineralogical note to the narrative. The other rocks and minerals remaining after the catastrophic destruction of the inhabitants must have been marked by the violent changes described in Genesis 19. References Lytton, T. (2002). "Shall Not the Judge of the Earth Deal Justly?": Accountability, Compassion, and Judicial Authority in the Biblical Story of Sodom and Gomorrah. Journal of Law and Religion,18(1), 31-55. doi:10.2307/1051493 Neev, D. and K. O. Emery. (1995). The Destruction of Sodom, Gomorrah, and Jericho: Geological, Climatological, and Archaeological Background. Oxford. Marsh, B. (1997). Geographical Review, 87(3), 441-442. doi:10.2307/216053 Post #2 – Jacob In the Holy Bible, earth science and the geology that is encompassed in it are throughout the Holy Bible. In the book of Genesis, as our Lord is creating everything that we know, including us, EARTH SCIENCE 3 He is creating our planet and the geology within it. The scripture in Genesis 2:11-12, “The name of the first is the Pishon. It is the one that flowed around the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. And the gold of that land is good; bdellium and onyx stone are there,” shows us that God not only knows everything, including geology and earth science, but the effects it has on each other. In the creation of earth, God created and emplaced precious metals, stones and minerals throughout His creation, including near the waterways that He created. Our Lord also implemented the significance of these items near water. As He made the water tributaries noted in this scripture identified in Genesis, He is showing us that the water flowing through the land is washing away the dirt and soil surrounding these metals, stones, and minerals for us to identify and find them for our use. This could even be said to be a set of instructions for us on how to perform panning procedures and other ways to find these items for usage in our daily lives. References The Holy Bible ESV (2001). Crossways Publishing. Genesis 2:11-12. Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Genesis 1:1 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. God and nature • In Christian Theology: An Introduction, 2001, Alister E. McGrath says: God, in other words, is to be seen as the Primary Cause, and various agencies within the world as the associated secondary causes. • The forces in nature (or, we may refer to the Laws of Nature) are properly called Secondary Cause(s). They owe their existence to God’s sustaining power. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Three Meanings of the Word Science • The knowledge base – Facts – Questions – Hypotheses – Theories • What is a theory? Distinguish hypothesis from theory. • The scientific method • The scientific establishment © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Hierachy • Smaller = more numerous = more exclusive • Larger = less numerous = less exclusive Small Many Size © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Large Few © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Geologic Time Long © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Short © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Systems © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Surely there is a vein for the silver, and a place for gold where they fine it. 2 Job 28:1 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Matter and Minerals © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. MINERALS © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Requirements for a Substance to be a Mineral • Must be Naturally occurring (must occur in nature; synthetic rubies are excluded) • Must be Inorganic (not made of organic compounds) • Must be Crystalline (have a crystal structure – ordered array of component atoms) • Must be Solid (minerals are not gases and liquids; ice fits but water does not) • Must have Definite physical properties and Definite chemical composition. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Elements • Each element is composed of atoms all of which have the same distinctive chemical properties. • Atoms are the smallest units of matter that exhibit chemical properties, forming chemical compounds. • Atoms are distinguished by a nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by orbiting electrons. Normally, protons balance electrons. The number of electrons determines the chemical reactivity of an atom. The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in each nucleus. • Atoms with more than 82 protons or varying numbers of neutrons (called isotopes) have inherently unstable nuclei, and undergo radioactive decay, releasing fast particles and energetic rays. • Elements combine in chemical compounds via their atoms sharing or transferring electrons, forming covalent and ionic bonds, respectively. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. How do we identify minerals? – 1 • By color: a red mineral is most likely not gold (which has a shiny gold color) or biotite (which has a black color). Impurities produce great color variety; hence, color is not always a good way to identify a mineral. • By luster: the luster of a mineral describes how shiny it looks under illumination (silver has a metallic luster while pure quartz has a glassy luster). Options – metallic, submetallic, vitreous or glassy, pearly, silky, resinous, dull. • By streak color (or powder color): What color is the streak when a mineral is rubbed on an unglazed porcelain plate? • By hardness: How hard is the mineral? (The Mohs hardness scale uses numbers to describe hardness.) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. How do we identify minerals? – 2 • By crystal form: angles the crystal faces make with each other; these define crystal type and atomic symmetry. Crystals may be minute, poorly formed, and complicated by impurities. A more general feature of “crystal form” is crystal shape or “habit.”36 • By cleavage: whether, and in what manner, the mineral breaks along weak internal bonds, yielding one or more planar surfaces at certain angles to one another.38 - Table • By fracture: minerals not exhibiting cleavage will fracture. Types – irregular, conchoidal (smooth curved surfaces), splinters, fibers. • By specific gravity: density (ρ ) relative to water. Density ρ is mass/volume. Au - 20. PbS – 7.5. Most rocks – between 2 and 3. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Silicates Igneous minerals. About 600 known. Make up 95% of lithosphere and upper mantle. Classification based on Si–O arrangement: The most abundant are: Feldspar 50% of Earth’s crust Quartz SiO2 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Ores are nonrenewable © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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