Social Agent Emmeline Pankhurst Research Paper

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Social Change – Solutions to American Social Problems

This semester we have focused on American Social Problems. In each section, we have learned that solutions have been proposed for a variety of social problems, some effective and others less so. In addition to policies, some individuals have organized and mobilized groups to create social change across the nation – they changed the culture. This assignment will focus on that social change.

The research has one major goal: to communicate how social change happens in society through the autonomy of individuals. You will describe the dialectic relationship between individual troubles and social problems by including the following information:

  • Who is the person? And where did they come from? [Short Bio]
  • What Social Problem are they interested in solving? Why?
  • What did they do? What actions did they take? [Strategy]
  • What was the outcome? [Did this affect policy and/or the US culture? How?]

THE AGENT ASSIGNED TO ME WAS:

Emmeline Pankhurst - Suffragette



Between 4 pages (WITHOUT WORKS CITED), double spaced, normal 12-pt font. Use research sources and not Wikipedia or an online singe source. Apply the materials, theories and concepts from this class in your paper to make your arguments.

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Basic Concepts Social Stratification and Opportunities Stratification • Strata are segments in society. These strata are constructed, maintained and change by society. • Just like the earth’s strata, societies have many layers of groupings. – The most common human characteristics that are stratified: • race • class • gender • Stratification is the scientific word for inequality which directly results in differing resources for groups. Stratification Dimensions Sociologists measure inequality by looking at three dimensions of inequality: 1. Economic or Financial Stratification 2. Prestige Stratification 3. Power Stratification Economic Stratification I: Income • One example of economic stratification is income. • Income inequality is growing 2008 2018 Top 20 % 50 69.5 Fourth 20% 23 15 Third 20% 15 10 Second 20% 9 5 Bottom 20% 3 0.5 Data Source: US Census Bureau, 2018. Income Distribution 2008 and 2018 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Top 20 % Fourth 20 % Third 20 % 2008 2018 Second 20 % Bottom 20 % What is and Who has Income? • Do the super rich work? They often do not have to. They “earn” capital gains from wealth. They often inherited this wealth. • Do the unemployed earn money? Only if they have assistance (unemployment insurance or other program). • Income is earned by working or investments. • The previous graphic showed us that the top 20% of Americans earn more than half of the nation’s income. The top 40% of Americans earn 85% of the nation’s income. What does this mean for the bottom 20%? • How has this changed across the last decade? Distribution of Income 2018 • The top 1% of Americans, on average earn $16 billion annually. • The top 96-99%earn $4 billion. • The top 20% (taken together as a strata) earn on average about $16 billion. • The next 20% earns about $120,000. • The middle 20% earns about $ 60,000. • The lower 20% earns about $ 37,000. • The lowest 20% earns about $12,000. • (The Figure on the next slide is a histogram – bar graph – of the distribution listed above) Income Inequality Wealth • Another economic measure of inequality is wealth; total assets minus debt. – Wealth includes items such as homes, vehicles, land, property, planes, yachts, gemstones, jewelry, investments, financial products (stocks, bonds, etc). • How much wealth do YOU have? – Personally, I own a car and some cool guitars and a few household items like my appliances. My parents did not leave me a house. I am not wealthy. How many wealthy people are there in the US today? • The next slide shows that the number of billionaires is growing. – Keep in mind that the top 20 percent of American’s earn more than 3/4s of the nation’s income! – Today, there are even more. (The following slide shows the growth of billionaires in the USA between 2004-2018. The amount of wealth grew from 23 billion to 133 billion. The number of billionaires increased from 275 to 680.) Economic Stratification II: Wealth Growth of Billionires 2018, 133 2018, 680 2016, 75 2016, 540 2014, 78 2014, 492 2012, 70 2012, 425 2010, 53.5 2010, 404 2008, 62 2008, 470 2006, 32 2006, 350 2004, 23 2004, 275 Net Worth (in billions $) 2004 23 2006 32 2008 62 2010 53.5 2012 70 2014 78 2016 75 2018 133 # of Billionaires 275 350 470 404 425 492 540 680 Data Source: Forbes Magazine accessed 2018 Today More Billionaires • https://www.wealthx.com/report/the-wealthx-billionaire-census2018/?utm_campaign=billionaire-census2018&utm_source=press&utm_medium=refer ral&utm_term=bc-2018press&utm_source=press&utm_medium=refe rral We measure Global Inequality through the GINI INDEX https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient Historical Trends in Inequality • Income and Inequality Increasing Gini and Median Income by Year 60 58.5 57.2 56.9 55 53.3 50 54.2 53.3 49 45 45 46 47 47 48 43 40 35 40 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Gini (x100) 40 43 45 46 47 47 48 $ (in thousands) 49 53.3 53.3 58.5 56.9 54.2 57.2 Gini (x100) $ (in thousands) Data Source: US Census Bureau, 2016 Prestige Stratification in the U.S. • Status or esteem that often reflects the value others associate with the characteristics of a person, job, or an achievement – Deference (to show respect of someone’s prestige; for example, in your culture do you get up to let someone who is older sit down? If so, this is an example of deference) – Titles (Dr.; your honor; Professor – are all examples of titles that hold prestige) Power Stratification in the U.S. • The ability to make others do what one wants – Influence – Authority Influence • Remember this celebrity endorsement? (Image below is of 50cent with Vitaminwater bottles) Influence Do you think 50 makes this in his garage? LOL (I hope not!) • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2010/12/17/AR2010121705271.html Today, we also have Influencers. • https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2018/06/29/celebrityendorsements-are-becoming-a-thing-of-the-past-and-this-is-whatsreplacing-them/#8a966e63c37e Authority One example of authority is the police – they have authority over us. Below is an image from the infamous Rodney King beating by LAPD officers. Structured Inequality Indicators of stratification tend to go together. There are two ways to we measure variables of inequality (stratification). 1. Categorical Approach 2. Continuous Approach Structured Inequality: Categorical Approach • Discrete social Classes • Class members rank similarly on all stratification dimensions 1. Elite or Upper class 2. Middle class and working class • Often distinguish upper middle class and lower middle class 3. Poor class or underclass Social class members have similar lifestyles • The rich own and live in mansions • The Breakers, built 1892–1895 for Cornelius Vanderbilt II (Image above is of The Breakers mansion) • The middle-class generally have 1 home where a nuclear family lives (parents and children). (Image above is of a single-family house with attached garage) • People in the working class often rent, and many live in apartments. (Image above is of an multi-unit apartment complex) • The poor may stay with friends and family and many are homeless. (Image above is of three individuals sleeping on the streets of Los Angeles) Structured Inequality: Continuous Approach • Socioeconomic status (SES) – Discrete classes are difficult to identify – Class is an average of: • • • • Income Wealth Occupational Prestige Education Level Structured Inequality: Social Mobility • Sources of Economic and Social Position 1. Achieved characteristics – Individual merit, work, adherence to social norms 2. Ascribed characteristics – Race, ethnicity, gender, sexual preference, family structure Structured Inequality: Social Mobility • Types of Social Mobility 1. Individual upward mobility – More income, wealth and prestige than parents 2. Group upward mobility – Reduced barriers to mobility for minorities • 1950s and 1960s social movements Analytic Approaches 1. Positive statement – Statements of what is – These statement are true or false 2. Normative Statement – Statements of what should be Research Approaches 1. Descriptive – Describes phenomenon without identifying causes – Identifies facts, patterns and relationships 2. Causal – Attempts to identify when changes in one variable cause changes in another 3. Prescriptive – Identifies and evaluates strategies for altering relationships Conclusion • Significant social stratification exists within the US – Great wealth and great poverty coexist and the gap has widened in recent years – Inequality tends to be structured • Poverty varies significantly with other social dimensions Explaining Stratification Theories and Ideas Inequality through History (Image below shows a graph where the Y axis is structured inequality and the X axis is time, 100,000 to 250 years ago. As time increases, inequality becomes more structured.) Inequality Complex Industrial Simple Horticulture Simple Horticulture Hunter-Gatherer Years Ago Theories of Stratification • Functionalism – Davis and Moore – Talcott Parsons • Criticisms of Functionalism • Integration of Functionalism and Conflict • Marx’s Theory of Class Functionalism: Davis and Moore • Biological metaphor – Society is an organism • Rewards are allocated according to a person’s contribution to society – People are sorted into positions based on talent and skill https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Moore_ hypothesis Functionalism: Talcott Parsons • Biological metaphor • Rewards are allocated based on conformity to a value system – People are sorted into positions based on their conformity to dominant values https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Parsons Criticisms of Functionalism I: Power Differentials • How can society decide which positions are most important? – An organism needs all of its organs • Example in textbook: Garbage collection The social investment in garbage collection is highlighted here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6LzB6rMDtA • Powerful actors restrict access to their positions – we do not have access to all positions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TThKMwzdf8E Criticisms of Functionalism II: Unequal Opportunities • Functionalist theory: – Society allocates the most skilled people to the best positions • Conflict theory: – Opportunities to develop and use skills are unequal Criticism of Functionalism III: Restricted Labor Movement • Functionalist theory: – People are sorted in and out of positions where they can best contribute to society • Conflict theory: – People cannot move in and out of jobs freely • Power differences that restrict access to jobs maintain unequal wages Criticisms of Functionalism IV: Investment in Skills • Functionalist theory: – People should be compensated for the investments they make into their skills • Conflict theory: – Investment in skills is rooted in parental wealth rather than their child’s ability Criticisms of Functionalism V: Is Inequality Necessary? • Functionalist theory: – Inequality sorts people into the positions that best benefit society by providing motivation and compensation • Conflict theory: – Inequality is either unnecessary or too high – Rather than motivate or fairly compensate, inequality: 1. Causes social strife 2. Decreases motivation Marxist Theory I: Historical Materialism Image below is a model of how the substructure affects the superstructure and then affects the substructure. Religion, Ideology Superstructure Government , Family, Mode of Production Substructure Means of Production Relations of Production Historical materialism, also known as the materialist conception of history, is a methodology used by some communist and Marxist historiographers that focuses on human societies and their development through history, arguing that history is the result of material conditions rather than ideals. Marxist Theory II: Classes • Two classes in all modes of production 1. Bourgeoisie – Control the means of production – Control the surplus value of labor 2. Proletariat – Sell their labor A video that explains The Means of Production: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzGOR21eYHU A video that discusses Marxism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0GFSUu5UzA Marxist Theory III: Class Conflict Marx saw the proletariats as rising against the bourgeoisie in rebellion. Why is rebellion rare? 1. Capitalists create the terms of employment 2. Membership in the capital class and government overlap – The capitalist class is also a ruling class 3. The ruling class influences ideology – False-consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amv4Ed15YMY Marx’s Model of Social Change From Private, to Public to No Ownership of Resources Capitalism=private ownership of capital (like Malibu houses on the beach with no access to the public) Socialism=public ownership of capital (like the libraries, parks, police and fire departments) Communism=no ownership of capital like “take a book, leave a book” boxes Communism Socialism Capitalism Weberian Theory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rilzNT4CXpc Multidimensional Stratification I: Class • Class 1. Common life chances 2. Common economic interests 3. Common conditions in the labor market • Inclusive of all resources not just wealth Weberian Theory Multidimensional Stratification II: Status • Honor, prestige or respect – Based in lifestyle: • Consumption, culture, social interest – Status community: • May reinforce and perpetuate inequality Weberian Theory Multidimensional Stratification III: Party • Political Power – Influence over political decisions and outcomes Weberian Theory Multidimensional Stratification IV: Bureaucracy • Bureaucracy: – Specialized – Hierarchy of offices – Technical competence – Impersonal and require full capacity – Written communication and rules Weberian Theory Multidimensional Stratification V: Authority • Sources of Authority 1. Traditional Authority 2. Rational-legal Authority • Positions in a bureaucracy 3. Charismatic Authority https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcgAzq1DjoU Integrating Marx and Weber: Dahrendorf • Impersonal organizations dominate modern capitalist life – Imperatively coordinated associations • Positions in these organizations determine class interests – either to : – Maintain authority – Undermine authority Conclusion • Macro theories help us focus our studies on how society S – creates norms, values and inequality by using functionalism. – rank certain groups higher than others, give power, prestige and financial advantages unequally by powerful groups by using conflict theory Understanding Social Stratification Methods of Evaluation Research Design 1. Research Question 2. Unit of Analysis 3. Key Concepts 4. Variables 5. Hypotheses 6. Sample Selection 7. Research Method 8. Statistical Analysis 9. Write Results A short and helpful video on Sociological analysis. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwhKiEyXYA Identify A Research Question • Establish a causal relationship – Positive versus Normative orientation This video uses the word economics when explaining positive and normative statements. Sociology and economics use many of the same methods. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODYE_KaLjA0 Specify the Unit of Analysis • Unit of analysis: the population on which the study is focused – What type of population (eg. Individuals, organizations) • Research findings must only be applied to the unit of analysis: – Ecological Fallacy A short video on units of analysis and ecological fallacy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eh5qkPzUUzo Specify Key Concepts • Concept – Widely shared but abstract idea • Conceptualization – Identifying and naming a concept Specify Variables • Variable – Indicator of a concept • Precise, concrete and measurable • Operationalization – Identification of variables that correspond to concepts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3YpPhEC7og State Hypotheses • Hypothesis – Statement that establishes a logical connection between variables • Frequently multiple hypotheses • Simplest to evaluate when stated clearly https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHnHIot88Rc Select a Sample • Sample – A subset of the unit of analysis – Saves time and resources • Must be sufficient size – Typically between 1000-3000 people – Allows inference about the entire population https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTuj57uXWlk Four Common Sampling Techniques I: Simple Random Sample Simple Random Sample • Enumerate all people in a population • Choose a number of them with equal probability – No inclusion bias Four Common Sampling Techniques II & III: Stratified and Cluster Sample Stratified Sample • Divide the population into groups • Sample from the groups – Ensures enough respondents from each group Cluster or (Multistage) Sample • Divide the population into geographic groups • Exhaustively sample a small number of groups Four Common Sampling Techniques IV: Convenience Sample Convenience Sample • Any sample selected because it is readily available – Conclusions are likely to be biased Choose an Appropriate Research Method • Survey research • Self-reported variables • Field research • In-depth interviews; how or why a relationships exists • Secondary data • Publically collected datasets – Generally not collected for the researcher’s specific problem Carry Out Statistical Analysis & Write and Distribute the Results 1. Present results graphically 2. Describe them in text • Scientific review process Statistics I: Variables • Statistics – A set of techniques for collecting, organizing and interpreting numerical information or data • Variables – Dependent Variable • The variable research is trying to explain – Independent Variable • The variable that effects the dependent variable Statistics I: Variables (con’t) • Variable characteristics 1. Continuous Variable – Can take on any value 2. Discrete Variable – Can only take on some values • Categories or whole numbers Descriptive Statistics I: Distributions • Distribution – The placement of values for a single distribution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgQhefFOXrM • Frequency Distribution – Show the frequency of each value in a distribution – Represented by: • Histograms • Frequency tables https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKWStqSbdXE Descriptive Statistics II: Percentages, Proportions, and Percentiles • Percentages – Range from 0 to 100 and indicate share of the whole • Proportions – Range from 0 to 1 and are calculated by dividing the percentage by 100 • Percentile – The point on a distribution that has a given percent of the whole • Decile: divide a distribution into 10 equal parts • Quartile: divide a distribution into 4 equal parts • Quintile: divide a distribution into 5 equal parts Descriptive Statistics III: Central Tendency • Central Tendency – A value that indicates the midpoint of a distribution • Mode – The most frequent value in a distribution • Median – The middle value in a distribution • Mean – The average value in a distribution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DYtC7lrVuY Descriptive Statistics IV: Variation Variation measures summarize the average distance from the center of the distribution • Range – The difference between the highest and lowest values of a variable • Variance – The averages squared distance of each value of a variable from the mean of that variable • Standard Deviation – The square root of the variance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKk-MJew7ew Descriptive Statistics V: Skew Skew measures the symmetry of a distribution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSSRrVMOqlQ The image below shows a positive, negative and no (symmetrical) distribution. Descriptive Statistics VI: Scatterplots • Each point is an observation’s intersection of the x and y variable. Descriptive Statistics VII: Gini Coefficient • Gini Coefficient (from Chapter ) – Measure of inequality ranging from 0 to 1 • 0 indicates 0% of the variable must be redistributed to reach equality • 1 indicates 100% of the variable must be redistributed to reach equality Descriptive Statistics VIII: Correlations 1 • Direct (or positive) relationship – As the value of one variable increases, the other increases • Indirect (or negative) relationship – As the value of one variable increases, the other decreases Correlations Direct or Positive (both increase): Chile, Mexico, Turkey, USA, New Zealand, Estonia, UK, Canada, Poland, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Finland. Indirect of Negative (as 1 increases, the other decreases): Japan, Spain, Korea, Italy, Australia, Sweden, Switzerland, France. Descriptive Statistics VIII: Correlations 2 Correlation: a statistic that describes how closely two variables are related • Direction – Positive – Negative – Zero – One • Strength Inferential Statistics I: Normal Distribution Image below is of a normal distribution Inferential Statistics II: Probability Probability: The number of times E occurs the total number of possible E Inferential Statistics III: Using Probability • Sampling – Is a sample representative? • Hypothesis testing – Are observed differences statistical evidence? Sociology is Scientific • While you will not be required to compute any statistics in this class, you should be aware of how we determine the findings presented by sociologists. • We publish in sociology journals and books. – https://guides.lib.uw.edu/c.php?g=341375&p=2303554 • The textbook analyses are updated in my lecture notes. (Yes, I still publish and LOVE science!) – https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=darby+e+so uthgate&oq=darby+e+sou The Upper Class and the Elite The Richest Rich Income Inequality The Richest Rich • If we created a pie chart of the wealth distribution in the US, it would like the image to the left – which resembles a pie with only a line (not a slice). Identifying the Upper Class • Public Rosters – Samuel Ward McAllister’s registry of upper-class families in NY • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Hundred_(189 2) – The Wealthy 100 • https://www.geni.com/projects/The-Wealthy100/32947 – Forbes 400 • https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/#4871ac5f7e2f Mobility • Forbes 400 • Technology and Retail: “Self-Made” wealth – 25% turnover in 2 years – 42% turnover in 12 years “Old” versus “New” Money and Middle-Class Millionaires • Old Money – Made their fortunes during the Gilded Age • New Money • Middle-Class Millionaires – Net worth between $1M and $10M Let’s compare society to the top 10% The next set of images compare society in 25 percentiles to the top 10 percent. Wealth of the Rich Types of Wealth I • Financial Assets Types of Wealth II • Real Assets Debts of the Rich Income and Jobs • Winner-Takes-All Markets create stratified societies more than cooperative markets – CEOs – Athletes – Movie Stars Consumption I • Conspicuous consumption – More recently “Luxury Fever” • “The demonstration of wealth and social position through the purchase of extraordinary goods and services measured by either quality or quantity” Consumption II • Reasons for conspicuous consumption – “Keeping up with the Joneses” – Distinction Consumption III • Consumption and happiness: “Affluenza” – Excessive consumption is a disease • Loneliness • Debt • Bankruptcy • Environmental degradation “Affluenza” is a concept used by sociologists, but recently a lawyer claimed it as a real “disease” as a defense for his wealthy client: – https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/02/us/ethan-couch-affluenzajail-release/index.html Philanthropy • Wealthy families make up the majority of charitable donations each year • Reasons for giving – Noblesse oblige – Obligation to tradition – Reproduction of privilege – “culture of philanthropy” Wealth and Power: Elite Theories I: The Power Elite (image is of the cover of Wright’s book) • Power elites are members of the “political, economic, and military circles which as an intricate set of overlapping cliques share decision having at least national significance.” C. Wright Mills [1956], The Power Elite. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_Elite Wealth and Power: Elite Theories II: The Ruling Class • Membership in the economic upper class is the route to power in business, politics and cultural sectors – The ruling class is: • A cohesive social group • Has a high degree of class unity and consciousness A case of upper class cohesion: Bohemian Grove • Please read the section on Bohemian Grove by Sociologist William Domhoff: https://whorulesamerica.ucsc.edu/power/bohe mian_grove.html (their workers went on strike in 2018 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhcgxSEQGFQ as they earn such low wages) Wealth and Power: Elite Theories III: Institutional Wealth • Oligarchic model of national policy making – Argues wealth need not mean power – Less emphasis on informal social cohesion, more emphasis on business and political influence Wealth and Power: Elite Theories IV: The Justified Elite • The relationship between wealth and power is beneficial – Provides social continuity • 3 groups – The elite • Lead and make business decisions – The upper class • Old Money – The establishment • Both elites and upper class Wealth and Power: Elite Theories V: Strategic Elites • Multiple, fragmented elites • Strategic elites maintain an institution, its roles and norms • 4 factors that explain the emergence: 1. 2. 3. 4. Population growth Occupational specialization Growth of formal organizations Expansion of moral diversity Race, Nationality, and Religion • Protestant groups are over-represented in the elite • Increasing numbers of women, Catholics, Jews and African Americans • New entrants quickly assimilate into the elite Upper-Class Women • Women continue to be under-represented in business, political and military organizations – Women fill only 15% of board memberships in the Fortune 500 (though women are 51% of the general population) • Upper-class women have social power – Important role in philanthropy and social organizations Business Cycles and Inequality • The upper-class: – Benefits disproportionately during economic expansions – Recessions and economic crises devalue stocks and disproportionately harm the upper-class • Reduce inequality Conclusion • The upper class is a cohesive group with high levels of class consciousness. • The majority of elites inherit wealth • Wealth creates income and capital gains is how the uppers earn the majority of income in the nation • The uppers are mostly white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant men. • Inequality is due to a winner-take-all market enforced by consumption and production patterns and social relations The Middle Class and Workers Theories of the Middle Class I: Karl Marx’s Conflict Perspective Materialism review Religion, Ideology Superstructure Government , Family, Mode of Production Substructure Means of Production Relations of Production Theories of the Middle Class I: Karl Marx’s Conflict Perspective Dialectic Process Stage 1 Stage 2 owners owners Original Conflict New Conflict workers workers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B03z12nd_g Theories of the Middle Class I: Karl Marx’s Conflict Perspective Historical Stages of Society Primitive Communism No Divisions Slavery Feudalism Owners Aristocracy Bourgeoisie Socialism State Slaves Vassals Proletariat Citizens Capitalism Surplus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIh0oPO9PXA Communism No Divisions Capitalism Bourgeois Proletariat Petit Bourgeois Theories of the Middle Class I: 1st Major Criticism • Lack of class consciousness – Class distinctions are not salient in America • 90% of Americans identify as “Middle” or “Upper Middle” class • Rooted in relative economic position rather than objective position in the means of production Theories of the Middle Class I: 2nd Major Criticism • Joint-stock ownership: – Conflates the distinction between “Worker” and “Owner” – Ensuing rise in the managerial class: • Involved in decision-making process • Paid more than minimum wages Theories of the Middle Class I: 3rd Major Criticism • Trade unions – Collective bargaining ameliorates the drive for revolution • Membership decline since the 1980s • Trade Unions while declining have a positive economic affect for most workers in the US (see next slide). Union to Non-Union Weekly earnings by Sex (2019) 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 White Men Women Black Men Women Union Asian Non-Union Men Women Latinx Men Women Theories of the Middle Class II: Max Weber Class – Not just relation to production • Also principles of consumption – Best indicator of class is lifestyle (Max Weber) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rilzNT4CXpc Theories of the Middle Class II: Max Weber • Status – Status groups: • People with similar social standing • Multiple and overlapping • Explains lack of class consciousness (Marx’ term to explain why the Proletariat does not know s/he in a low social class) Theories of the Middle Class II: Max Weber • Party – Formed by status groups – Political action on behalf of status groups • i.e. unions, political parties, voluntary associations Functionalist Perspective • Class divisions are positions on an occupational hierarchy – Continuum of occupations rather than discrete classes • Often represented by the Duncan Socioeconomic Index • The middle class is characterized by similar degrees of prestige and status • Prestige is allocated by expertise and ability The Origins of the Middle Class • “Older middle class” versus “new middle class” – Less class solidarity among the new middle class • C. Wright Mills The Origins of the Middle Class: The Industrial Revolution • Propelled mainly by changes in the occupational structure – Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft • Community to society – Shift from domestic production to industrial production – Decline of cottage industries and agriculture The Origins of the Middle Class: Domestic Life • The role of children: – Economically advantageous – Previously small bodied workers • protections in 1941 Lewis Hines and protecting children from work: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddiOJLuu2mo The Origins of the Middle Class: Domestic Life • Women in the home: – Cult of Domesticity throughout the 19th century • Second income for consumption goods and safety net in the 20th • Contrast with economic role of women in the lower classes Cult of Domesticity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUZis01JaQo The Middle Class (Image below is of a pyramid showing the proportion of middle class membership) 15% 30% 40% Upper Middle Class Lower-Middle Class Working Class The Middle Class (Image below shows the relationship between annual wage, autonomy (freedom at work) and middleclass membership ) Thousands USD 150 Upper-Middle Class/ Professionals 100 Lower-Middle Class/SemiProfessionals 50 Working Class 10 High Low Autonomy The Middle Class: The Military • Salaries based on: – Rank – Years of service • Range from $16 794 - $102 157 • Most are within the middle class • Other benefits: – Extra pay for specialized training and hazardous conditions – G.I. Bill https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0J3Vtm6OB7c Middle-Class Ideology • The American Dream – Two parents, material comfort • Emerged and became dominant in 1975 • From an analysis of syndicated comic strips – Not a realistic portrayal but idealized ideology • Individualism – In-group/out-group contradictions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CW7aWKXB5J4 Middle-Class Squeeze • Bifurcation of wage and wealth structure – Wages fall behind inflation Data Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-60aWKKwl8 Middle-Class Squeeze: Increased Consumption Lifestyle and Decreased Income https://www.oecdilibrary.org/sites/e2352f43en/index.html?itemId=/content/comp onent/e2352f43-en Middle-Class Squeeze: Increased Debt – Increased cost of housing • https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/why-housingappreciation-is-killing-housing/ – Credit card terms • In response 2009 Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility and Disclosure Act • https://www.marketwatch.com/story/us-consumer-debt-isnow-breaching-levels-last-reached-during-the-2008financial-crisis-2019-06-19 – Cost of college has increased • Costs borne disproportionately by the middle class • https://www.businessinsider.com/why-is-college-soexpensive-2018-4 Bankruptcy Highest after the Recession slight increase in 2019. https://www.uscourts.gov/news/2019/10/29/bankruptcy-filings-increase-slightly Conclusion • Most Americans consider themselves “middle class” • Dialectic materialism explains how innovation and technology create social change • Middle class is based on ideology and perspective • The middle class lacks class consciousness and is a heterogeneous population • Middle-class members are workers • The middle class is shrinking
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Okay, here it is. I'm not sure what the max length is, so if you need me to condense it or otherwise revise it, let me know. Also, it is showing up "plagiarized". This is twice in two days that this has shown it. It is picking up quotes that are in the quoted portion. Yesterday it did it on a suffrage movement paper and now today it is too. There IS NOT any plagiarism. If we need to remove the quotes for your professor or to pass your checker at school, because this is showing 24%, but it's quotes. let me know and I will take them out, but I felt they were important.. So bizarre. Never has happened and now twice, both with suffrage history stuff. Karre

Emmeline Parkhurst: Privileged Suffragist
Name
Institution

The United States and British women had many similarities and hardships during the
women’s suffrage movement. Suffrage included class, race, country, religion and gender. The
suffragists were outside of the establishment in both countries. Neither had much support from
national leaders, political parties or the public in general. Overwhelmingly, the suffragists in both
countries were white and middle class and their demands reflected that obvious class position. In
the beginning, both campaigns focused on equality and they felt their unique place should allow
for that equality. The vote was sought for the white privileged woman, not working class or
colonized women. Further excluded from this movement was voting privilege for the workingclass men who did not own property. And voting for women in Britain meant propertied women.
(Winslow, n.d.)
Though many suffragists were of the privileged upper class white British women and
their focus was on voting rights for propertied and married women, made huge strides for both
women and men to be able to vote. They took actions that were not only unseemly, but illegal, in
order to achieve voting rights. One such privileged suffragist was Emmeline Pankhurst, who was
the leader of the British suffragette movement and campaigned diligently and fervently so that
women could gain the right to vote. Pankhurst energized women as they fought to be provided
the same electoral privileges as men. After peaceful protests for the enfranchisement by the
suffrage movement was shown to be unsuccessful, Pankhurst moved women to a more militant
form of protest and formed the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) and then organized
demonstrations under that label. The media created a derogatory term, “suffragette” to describe
these women....


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Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

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