Amenability of Research Topic to Scientific Study, psychology homework help

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Quantitative Research Experimental Experimental Research  Cause and effect relationships are established by manipulating the INDEPENDENT variable(s) and observing the effect on the DEPENDENT variable.  Research design must control for the possible effects of extraneous variables that could mask, enhance, or in some way alter the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Example: General study description: Recruited obese participants will spend 3 weeks in a tightly controlled laboratory setting Dependent Variable: Weight Loss Independent variable: food intake Independent variable: exercise regimen Internal & External Validity  Internal Validity: determined by the degree to which the observed effects of the independent variable (IV) are REAL and not caused by extraneous factors  Alternative explanations for the effect of the independent variable (IV) on the dependent variable (DV) threaten internal validity  KEY: controlling for the possible effects of extraneous variables Internal & External Validity  External Validity: determined by the ability to generalize the study results beyond the study sample Threats to Internal Validity alternate      History Maturation(children) Testing Instrumentation Selection bias explanations    Mortality/attrition Hawthorne Placebo   blind vs. double blind Implementation  fidelity Control Strategies Threats to Internal Validity  Randomly select participants from a well-defined study population  Randomly assign selected participants to groups  Include non-treatment control groups in the research design Final Point on Int/Ext Validity  External validity can not exist without internal validity  If the results of the study are not internally valid, there is nothing to generalize.  Researchers should be always be concerned about ensuring internal validity first. Choosing a Design  Identify and use a design that…  Controls as many extraneous variable as possible  Will still be practical and feasible to implement Experimental Designs    X =independent variable (the treatment) X2 or Y = additional treatments O = measurement of the dependent variable (an observation)  Each observation or measurement is numbered indicating order (O1, O2, O3 )  R = random assignment  Hawthorne effect Examples of Types of Randomization (Jacobsen, 2012, figure 13-6) Non-experimental Designs  Survey research designs   Cross –sectional Longitudinal  Trend studies –track population changes over time   Cohort study – follow a particular group or subgroup over time   Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/pdf/us_injury_trend_yrbs.pdf National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/design Panel study – examine the same group of people over time at the individual level  Panel Study of American Religion and Ethnicity (PS-ARE) http://www.psare.org/index.asp Framework for a Cohort Study (Jacobsen, 2012, figure 12-2) Non-experimental Designs  Correlational study  Identifies relationships and the degree or closeness of those relationships  A correlation exits if, when one variable increases another variable either increases or decreases in a somewhat predictable way.  What is the relationship between participation in intramural sports and BMI among WOU students?  What is the relationship between religiosity and age of sexual initiation in seventh grade students? Types of Relationships   Linear relationships  Positive: both variables move in the same direction (one variable increases as the other increases)  Negative: one variable moves in the opposite direction of the other (one variable increases while the other decreases) Curvilinear relationships Assessing correlation  Rough measure = scatter plot  Statistic = correlation coefficient or r (describes a sample of paired values from two different variables)     Measures the closeness with which the pairs of values fit a straight line Range of values for r = +1.0 to -1.0 When r = 0, there is no correlation 1.0 = perfect correlation Interpreting a Scatter Plot  Line of best fit  http://staff.argyll.epsb.ca/jreed/math9/strand4/scatterPlot.h tm Relationships cause & effect  Correlation of ice cream sales and death by drowning (r = +.86)  In the months when ice cream sales go up, so do deaths by drowning and likewise when ice cream sales go down, so do deaths by drowning  A.) Does ice cream consumption cause drowning deaths to increase? or B.) Do drowning deaths cause surviving family members and friends to eat more ice cream?
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Running Head: AMENABILITY OF A RESEARCH TOPIC
Amenability of Research Topic to Scientific Study
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AMENABILITY OF A RESEARCH TOPIC

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When a research topic that is said to be amenable to scientific study, it means that the
given topic under investigation is submissive and can be subjected to the various scientific
techniques. The research topic must be able to respond to the various research techniques and
methods that are included in the study to produce given yields. An amenable research topic to
scientific study can be controlled by the scientific study that is used to study it during the
research process. When a research topic is amenable to the scientific study, it will respond to the
various scientific techniques intended to study it and its outcome will produce some outcome
regarding the body of reasoning under investigation regardless of the contribution it provides
whether positive or negative (Ghauri & Grønhaug, 2005). A research topic that is not amenable
to scientific study will not respond or be affected by the various techniques of scientific study
and will not be able to produce any reasonable evidence regarding any particular body of
reasoning.
For a research topic to be studied or investigated during the research process, the
researcher need to be certain that the research topic will be responsive to the scientific techniques
he wi...


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