Penn State University Global Cooling and Warming Paper

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“What in the fake news is this” Introduction There are many issues going on in the world today. From police brutality, climate changes, political issues, to endangered species. We hear and see people discussing these issues and topics all over the world, in newspapers, magazines, on the tv, during speeches and coming out of out of the President’s Mouth. Unlike the past we are now living in a time where technology has taken over and we are now seeing it via social media: Twitter, Snapchat, Facebook, Instagram ect. These social Media outlets have a bigger effect and impact on the world. The information given out spreads so quick that sometimes you do not even realize false information is being spread. This brings me to the topic I would like to discuss. With all the “fake news” being spread throughout the world it is hard to determine the real from the fake. I would like to bring to light the “Fake news” about climate change and other geology news. Why is fake news generated? In an article written by John Nolte called “Scientists Prove Man-Made Global Warming Is a Hoax” talks about how he doesn’t believe humans are the cause of global warming because in a study that recently just came out it said that the currently our CO2 levels which has reached 410 parts per million (ppm) are about the same as they were 3 million years ago. He goes on to say that this cant is true because not only were humans not around 3 million years ago not in the same sense as we are today . Humans then were not driving cars or eating the meat that requires cow farts; we weren’t barbecuing or refusing to recycle or building factories; there was no Industrial Age, no plastic, no air conditioning, no electricity, no lumber mills, no consumerism, no aerosols. So how is it possible that we’ve caused climate change? He then talks about the Ice Ages and how according to the study, scientists also discovered that during this period of Global Warming “there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.” He is basically saying again if humans weren’t around when this happened don’t you think it’s the earth doing this on its own whether we live here or not. To debunk this article, I went to a website called Union of Concerned Scientist. In their article called “How Do We Know that Humans Are the Major Cause of Global Warming?” it states that every single year since 1977 has been warmer than the 20th century average, with 16 of the 17 warmest years on record occurring since 2001, and 2016 being the warmest year on recorded history. A study from 2016 found that without the emissions from burning coal and oil, there is truly little likelihood that 13 out of the 15 warmest years on record would all have happened. It also goes on to says that, though we know that warming and cooling has happened in the past, and long before humans were around. Many factors (called “climate drivers”) can influence Earth’s climate—such as changes in the sun’s intensity and volcanic eruptions, as well as heattrapping gases in the atmosphere. Its not what is causing the warming, but humans are the cause instead. It speaks about how different scientist have come to together with different methods to answer their questions. Meteorologists and oceanographers compare the climate patterns they observe with patterns developed using sophisticated models of Earth's atmosphere and ocean. By matching the observed and modeled patterns, scientists can positively identify the "human fingerprints" associated with the changes, and they can also attribute the proportion of those changes to human activities. Human fingerprints on Earth's climate are turning up in a diverse range of records and can be seen in the ocean, in the atmosphere, and on the Earth’s surface The Scientist are agreeing to say that humans putting too much carbon in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main heat-trapping gas largely responsible for most of the average warming over the past several decades. Humans are causing globe warming and climate change include heat-trapping emissions from burning coal, gas and oil in power plants and cars, cutting down and burning forests. According to our textbook “Foundations of Earth Science” For the past two centuries Earths industrialization has fueled the CO2 levels this includes burning fossil fuel, coal, natural gas and petroleum. The are the most prominent ways humans are adding co2 to the atmosphere. Excess Co2 is absorbed in plants or taken into the ocean. This type of human induced Global warming is causing sea levels to rise and with it will cause severe weather changes. Conclusion: In a world where fake news is so easily spread it is our job/duty to know what where are talking about before we are sharing information. This is not only harmful, but it could also be extremely dangerous. We cannot take everything we see on the news or internet for what it is, we have to do our own research and use factual information not just the words from a tweet, or 15 second Instagram video. It is our duty as human beings living on this plant to want to learn about the truth and find better ways to educate ourselves, share and pass on REAL NEWS and knowledge. Your research paper will focus on discussing provided examples of fake climate/geology news and comparing it with reviewed papers. Based on the recent studies 75% of the US population cannot tell the difference between a fact and someone's opinion that is not based on facts. (Links to an external site.) The topic of the paper should be focused on provided examples where scientific fraud is an issue. We will compare someones opinion describing the same process with the mainstream scientific view point and scientific data. The paper should be based on the information from multiple scientific sources such as: a library search, online search, or textbooks (you must use at least two different sources for each of the discussed statements). The paper is expected to be at least 4 pages long. Some examples of fake scientific topics that may be discussed: 1 "Every time you have that soil or rock or whatever it is that is deposited into the seas, that forces the sea levels to rise, because now you have less space in those oceans, because the bottom is moving up. Erosion plays a significant role in sea-level rise. California coastline and the White Cliffs of Dover tumble into the sea every year, and that contributes to sea-level rise. He also said that silt washing into the ocean from the world's major rivers, including the Mississippi, the Amazon and the Nile, is contributing to sea-level rise " Representative Mo Brooks (AL) 2 "To solve climate change challenges, we first need to acknowledge the uncertainties that exist," Smith said in his opening remarks. "Then we can have confidence that innovations and technology will enable us to mitigate any adverse consequences of climate change." Rep. Lamar Smith (TX) 3 "Scientists said in the 1970s that the Earth was cooling" Rep. Bill Posey (FL) 4 " Scientists Prove Man-Made Global Warming Is a Hoax" https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2019/04/09/nolte-scientists-prove-man-made-globalwarming-is-a-hoax/ (Links to an external site.) While working on the Paper start from1. Topic Selection and search for a fraudulent Science article (I would start from Breitbart News or a similar site run by Russian Government funded trolls, or fossil fuel industry funded trolls). 2. Search for Peer reviewed paper describing identical topic. 3. Prepare the Paper outline. 4. Write Introduction. 5. Write main body of the paper (describe the data used in both papers indicating how data was manipulated and distorted). 6. Write the Conclusion Section. Search for the author credentials on Linkedin or on Google. Add information about the Authors credentials in the conclusion of the Paper. Please read the following CNN link that describes how fake news is generated and why people believe it. http://money.cnn.com/interactive/media/the-macedonia-story/ (Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.) http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/13/opinions/why-dont-facts-matter-sharotopinion/index.html (Links to an external site.) How do you determine whether an article qualifies as being a peer-reviewed journal article? First, you need to be able to identify which journals are peer-reviewed. There are generally four methods for doing this 1. Limiting a database search to peer-reviewed journals only. Some databases allow you to limit searches for articles to peer reviewed journals only. For example, Academic Search Complete has this feature on the initial search screen - click on the pertinent box to limit the search. In some databases you may have to go to an “advanced” or “expert” search screen to do this. Remember, many databases do not allow you to limit your search in this way. 2. Checking in the database Ulrichsweb.com to determine if the journal is indicated as being peer-reviewed. If you cannot limit your initial search to peer-reviewed journals, you will need to check to see if the source of an article is a peer-reviewed journal. This can be done by searching the database Ulrichsweb.com. Go to the alphabetical listing of databases (Links to an external site.) and click on the “U”. Select Ulrichsweb.com. It helps to type in the exact title of the source journal including any initial A, AN, or THE in the title. If you don’t find the journal you are interested in, you may want to utilize Method 3 below. If your journal title IS displayed, check to see if the journal is indicated as being refereed by having the symbol next to the title. 3. Examining the publication to see if it is peer-reviewed. If by using the first two methods you were unable to identify if a journal (and an article therein) is peer-reviewed, you may then need to examine the journal physically or look at additional pages of the journal online to determine if it is peerreviewed. This method is not always successful with resources available only online. The following steps are suggested: 1. Locate the journal in the Library or online, then identify the most current entire year’s issues. 2. Locate the masthead of the publication. This oftentimes consists of a box towards either the front or the end of the periodical, and contains publication information such as the editors of the journal, the publisher, the place of publication, the subscription cost and similar information. 3. Does the journal say that it is peer-reviewed? If so, you’re done! If not, move on to step 4. 4. Check in and around the masthead to locate the method for submitting articles to the publication. If you find information similar to “to submit articles, send three copies…”, the journal is probably peer-reviewed. In this case, you are inferring that the publication is then going to send the multiple copies of the article to the journal’s reviewers. This may not always be the case, so relying upon this criterion alone may prove inaccurate. 5. If you do not see this type of statement in the first issue of the journal that you look at, examine the remaining journals to see if this information is included. Sometimes publications will include this information in only a single issue a year. 6. Is it scholarly, using technical terminology? Does the article format approximate the following - abstract, literature review, methodology, results, conclusion, and references? Are the articles written by scholarly researchers in the field that the periodical pertains to? Is advertising non-existent, or kept to a minimum? Are there references listed in footnotes or bibliographies? If you answered yes to all these questions , the journal may very well be peer-reviewed. This determination would be strengthened by having met the previous criterion of a multiple-copies submission requirement. If you answered these questions no, the journal is probably not peer-reviewed. 4. Find the official web site on the internet, and check to see if it states that the journal is peer-reviewed. Be careful to use the official site (often located at the journal publisher’s web site), and, even then, information could potentially be “inaccurate.” Helpful hint! If you have used the previous four methods in trying to determine if an article is from a peer-reviewed journal and are still unsure, speak to your instructor.
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Running head: THE COOLING OF THE EARTH

Student's Name
Institution Affiliation
Course
Lecture's Name
Date

1

THE COOLING OF THE EARTH

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Introduction

Today, it is like facts do not matter anymore. It has turned out that the human mind's
influence of evidence is diminishing and that it is being controlled through the beliefs that come
up in all that we hear or see maybe from the various media platforms. People who have turned out
to be less influenced by evidence maybe because of ignorance. For instance, when it comes to the
issue of global warming evidence has been cited on various basis in trying to prove the case but
still, this has failed in persuading individual’s minds on the cause of the cooling and warming of
the earth. You will be surprised to find people paying keen attention to those petty things that they
find attached on walls such as those indicated on wellness and health and they go ahead to
undermine the scientifically proven methods for the provision of the same.
The cooling of the earth in the 1970s
The major fake implication is whereby scientists said that the earth was cooling in the
1970s by Bill Posey. They tried to prove the case that this form of cooling would have been caused
by the extensive glaciation after the aerosols have cooled as well as through the orbital forcing.
This was the implication of various press reports and videos in the 1970s although they had no
accurate scientific evidence that talked about warming out of the greenhouse effects. The only
supportive evidence that we have states that in the 20th Century, the earth experienced global
warming which will continue with time ("In the 70s, they said there'd be an Ice Age | NOAA
Climate.gov", 2020). This is contrary to the implications that were being made by scientists on
global cooling.
(Peterson et al., 2008) researched on “The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific
Consensus”. This peer-reviewed article tries to prove the case that this implication has no scientific

THE COOLING OF THE EARTH

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support in predicting the possibility of global cooling. Based on this research, it has been proven
that as a result of the CO2, the earth would result in warming. With this contradiction, the US
National Academy of Sciences report concluded that there is a limitation of quantitative
comprehension on climate change prediction (2020). Based on the implication of Crichton (2004),
scientists had the belief that there would be the onset of ice age which led to their inference on
earth's cooling. Additionally, Balling (1992) stated that the possible cause of scientific implication
on earth's cooling would have been the cold winters experienced in the late 1970s which signaled
a return to the ice age. Further, Michaels (2004) stated that it was the influence of human beings
upon the weather that would cool the earth rather than the rising release of CO2 that would cause
increased greenhouse gases and thus global warming. The above researchers surveyed to determine
the number of publishes articles that supported this issue of climate change as indicated below.

Figure 1: The Number of Papers Thought to Support Global Warming (Red), cooling (Blue),
and the Neutral case (Yellow) (Peterson et al., 2008).
As supporting evidence, (Vogel & Lazar, 2010) researched on “Global Cooling: Science
and Myth". The researchers indicated this as mere speculation by skeptics. There was the
implication by the World Meteorological Organization on the case that since 1998, there has been
a trend of cooling but after 2008, the years were the warmest which has been supported by the

THE COOLING OF THE EARTH

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rising concentrations of greenho...


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Just the thing I needed, saved me a lot of time.

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