obesity and alcoholism, political science homework help

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Comparative Public Policy Obesity and Alcoholism Obesity is defined as having weight higher than it is considered healthy for a particular height and this as a result of excessive and high amounts of body fat. In order to determine whether someone is obese or not one must have their Body Mass Index calculated and the comparative measure of their weight against their height determines whether their weight is within a healthy range. Obesity is considered detrimental to both young people and adults because it increases the probability of illness and medical complications (Frieden et al, 2010). To most countries, governments seek to deal with obesity in order to ensure a healthy population in order to reduce money allocated to health care and at the same time increase productivity (Yeomans, 2010). Policies have been widely explored regarding child and adult obesity in order to counter the effects resulting from obesity. Children struggle with obesity when they are overweight and suffer from illness that result from obesity. One of the major illness that result from obesity is diabetes and hypertension that are reported by many that suffers from obesity. America has over two-thirds of its adults obese and the rate is consistently increasing over the years. This fact is also true to child obesity and is currently increasing over the years as well. Policies in regards to obesity are concerned with public health campaigns with the purposes of creating awareness about importance of healthy eating, exercising and increase of physical activities and importance of seeking professional help. America comparatively to Japan, Japan has lower obesity cases in its population whereas in America the statistics show that overweight cases are on the rise. Japan is globally known as one of the countries with the lowest percentages of obesity in their population. Japan is known for its traditional habits dietary that most of the population eat (Yeomans, 2010). These traditional meals are healthy and consists of balanced diet that nourish them with required nutrients and lead them to take over 150 calories lower than the American citizens on average. Japan have a policy of increased cost in driving an automobile that encourage most Japanese to use public means of transportation together with walking increasing their physical activity. Japan’s ministry of health propagated a ‘metabo’ law which is a policy that has primary role of fighting obesity and its associated illness such as diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. ‘Metabo’ law it seeks to measure country’s waistline and it is radical in its measures requiring men to maintain a waist of less than 33.5 inches whereas women should maintain a waist line of less than 35.4 inches (Dixon, 2010). In America, Early care and Education policy is a policy that has been adopted in order to reduce childhood obesity and also propel prevention strategies. This policy is keen to highlight actions in the ECE programs with licensing regulations, child care demographics and state legislation to comprehensively work to prevent child obesity (Frieden et al, 2010). This policy also seeks to find approaches upon which it can raise healthy communities. The strategies seeks to find suitable policies, systems, and environmental ways upon which the community can be encouraged to live in a healthy manner (Yeomans, 2010). School health policy is the other policy that includes guidelines on how schools can prevent obesity in students. This policy contains regulations and laws that give a set bar of standards and resolutions on how the goal of preventing obesity can be achieved. School policy ensures that parents are ensured as well as school staff and it shows that the school can get a legal protection from that policy. Other policies that have contributed to the issue of obesity is nutrition policy and physical activity policy. Nutrition policy is keen to advise and encourage people to be mindful of their choice of foods and how often they take meals. People are advised to consider taking healthier meals as opposed to taking foods with high cholesterol, high fat amounts and junk foods. It is advisable that people consider eating balanced diets and at least three meals a day to nourish one’s body with sufficient nutrients (Dixon, 2010). The other policy is the physical activity policy. This policy highlights the benefits of healthy living through exercising and how this improves one’s health. People who exercise are fit and benefit from frequent exercises that they do. One of the important things to learn from increased but sufficient physical activity is that it allows one to burn calories on their body and reducing unnecessary fats on the body. In Japan, people have higher physical activities than in America and this is considered as one of the reasons as to why they have fewer obese cases in their population. Policies encourage that a healthy community be nurtured through all possible ways such as ensuring quality physical activity is availed to students, that taxes are reduce or eliminated on healthy foods awhile increasing taxes on unhealthy foods, regulating the advertisement of unhealthy foods, ensuring foods availed to students in vendor machines or school menus are healthy and much more. Poverty association with obesity is connected because low-income people have little money to spare after paying their mandatory bills and this only allows them to buy unhealthy foods which are generally cheaper than healthy foods (Frieden et al, 2010). Policies in some countries should seek to increase the minimum wage bar to allow the lowincome citizens to at least be able to afford healthy foods. Policies also seeks to encourage healthy lifestyle because money on Medicare by the government to obesity related illness is always rising and if the trend goes on it will not be sustainable in the future . Alcoholism is addiction of excessive consumption of alcohol leading one in to becoming dependent on alcohol that may be as a result of compulsive behavior attributed to mental illness. This dependency on alcohol could be either physical or psychological and it is also viewed as alcohol poisoning. Japan alcohol consumption is blow the average mark of alcohol consumption in the world. Japan is one of the countries in the world where per capita alcohol consumption is decreasing whereas in other countries it seems to be on the rise (Dixon, 2010). In United States of America there are two famous policies that touch on alcoholism. These two policies are namely; general alcohol policy and the minimum legal age drinking age policy. The former policy seeks to deal with all matters such the manufacture, sell and also issues / problems resulting from alcohol consumption. Control over alcohol policies are instituted differently at different states either in local government or state government (Frieden et al, 2010). This two policies have a combination of local, federal and state laws that work together to ensure responsible consumption of alcohol. The minimum legal drinking age Act of 1984 stipulates that the minimum age of drinking all the citizens ought to abide to that. This law ensures that is a federal offence for anyone to sell alcohol to a person under the age of 21 (Frieden et al, 2010). These policies also touch on matters that may arise from alcoholism such as addiction. People with issues of addiction are encourage to seek help in order to have their lives on order again (Dixon, 2010). Every states seeks to reduce alcohol consumption levels in their country. In America, these policies have comprehensively sought to achieve this goal. One of the matters that policies seek to address is matters of beer and wine taxes. Increase on taxation levels increases the prices reducing people who can afford it (Yeomans, 2010). Taxation policies are effective I reducing the amount of alcohol that people can afford. Underage drinking policy explore all matters regarding possession of alcohol drinks, purchase ,hosting of underage drinking parties, driving under the influence of alcohol and false identification in order to purchase alcohol in disguise of being an adult. The other policies that explore alcohol issue is the Alcohol beverages Pricing policies that are keen to ensure that it is only available in the best possible prices. Policies also touch on blood alcohol concentration limits for someone who is driving since certain levels may endanger lives of other people on the road. In comparison of Japan and USA it is safe to conclude that the two countries can learn a lot from each other. This evident by learning how Japan has efficient policies that have aided the country though have fewer people with obese issues from their ‘metabo’ law. USA can learn and adopt some of its measures such as waistline measurements limits for men and women while also encouraging people to have increased physical activities. This can be achieved by building better sidewalks and ensuring cyclists have better places to ride on to encourage more exercising as well as increasing the cost of automobile usage. Japan on the other side, despite its low alcohol consumption, it is evident that it lacks comprehensive policies that touch on the alcohol regulation on traditional and non-traditional alcohol consumption (Dixon, 2010). The only law in japan that addresses the matter is the traffic law and that in itself is not sufficient in addressing matters that arise on excessive consumption on alcohol and future threats that arise from that. There is an epidemiological evidence in support of the link that exists between alcoholism and obesity. This is highly evident in women and occasionally in men. It is observed statistically that people with a family history of a close relative who had alcoholism problems are more likely to have obesity than those from a family that had no such alcoholism history. Knowing the danger that alcoholism possess on the future generation and increase of chances of obesity , alcoholism can be viewed as one of the root causes of obesity among other major factors that need to be addressed (Yeomans, 2010). The causal and effects analysis of the matter can only be escalated if the policies are keen to thoroughly deal with alcoholism and encourage the community to avoid excessive consumption of alcohol whereas keeping healthy by eating healthy meals, exercising and much more. References Dixon, J. B. (2010). The effect of obesity on health outcomes. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 316(2), 104-108. Yeomans, M. R. (2010). Alcohol, appetite and energy balance: is alcohol intake a risk factor for obesity?. Physiology & behavior, 100(1), 82-89. Frieden, T. R., Dietz, W., & Collins, J. (2010). Reducing childhood obesity through policy change: acting now to prevent obesity. Health Affairs, 29(3), 357-363. OPTION 1 - MICRO POLICY - As in the case of the other option, this assignment does NOT require a formal, 6-8 page memo accompanied by a 300 work abstract which can be distributed to other meticulously footnoted paper but each student should summarize his or her findings in a students via the Discussion Board and -- as noted above - will be the basis of class discussion during the final meeting days of this summer session. The final statement should be carefully proof-read and obviously each student's own. Each micro policy paper should indicate why the topic is an issue in the country or several countries if you prefer to do a comparative piece, the actors involved in the policy process, the progress that has been made addressing the issue, the current status of the matter, and whether the policy choices of the country you are studying might be "borrowed" by others facing the same issue or problem. Otherwise, the assignment is an open one, and the following list of possible topics is only offered as an example of what might be chosen. You are free to select other topics of this nature, but check with the instructor to insure that they fall within the framework of the assignment, anti-smoking policy in the European Union, especially in the new members homelessness, street people, and public policy; the right to die and public policy; genetic engineering and public policy; drug problems (including alcoholism) and public policy; obesity and alcholism feminist movements and public policy in Europe. consumer politics government corruption same sex marriages
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Comparative Public Policy

Obesity and Alcoholism

Obesity is defined as having weight higher than it is considered healthy for a particular height
and this as a result of excessive and high amounts of body fat. In order to determine whether
someone is obese or not one must have their Body Mass Index calculated and the comparative
measure of their weight against their height determines whether their weight is within a healthy
range. Obesity is considered detrimental to both young people and adults because it increases the
probability of illness and medical complications (Friedenet al, 2010). To most countries,
governments seek to deal with obesity in order to ensure a healthy population in order to reduce
money allocated to health care and at the same time increase productivity (Yeomans, 2010).

Weight gain in America has multiplied in few decades from 15 percent of the populace in 1970s
to around 30% in 21st century. Individuals with higher weight – have increased hazard for
hypertension, diabetes, coronary illness, stroke and various tumors. “Quite a bit of what we eat
these days contains a higher number of calories than the nourishment we ate few decades ago,
however it additionally contains the different forms of salts especially a blend of sugar, salt and
fat that engage what are generally called trigger response from cerebrum," says Grucza, an
assistant professor of psychiatry. "Liquor and medications influence those same parts of the
cerebrum, and our reasoning was that on the grounds that the same mind structures are being
invigorated, overconsumption of those nourishments may be more prominent in individuals with
an inclination towards dependence."
Moreover, Because of hereditary contrasts, way of life propensities and different elements,
individuals differ in the measure of weight addition they can endure before getting to be
intolerant to insulin and developing Type 2 diabetes. In the same manner, when individuals pass
a specific edge as far as high weight and low action level, be that as it may, the pancreas can't

deliver enough insulin to keep the levels of glucose and blood fat (cholesterol) under typical
control. NAFLD seems to result when the liver, which typically forms and manages the measure
of sugar and fat in the blood, gets to be overpowered too, and begins depositing abundance fat in
its own particular liver cells.

Policies have been widely explored regarding child and adult obesity in order to counter
the effects resulting from obesity. Children struggle with obesity when they are overweight and
suffer from illness that result from obesity. One of the major illness that result from obesity is
diabetes and hypertension that are reported by many that suffers from obesity. America has over
two-thirds of its adults obese and the rate is consistently increasing over the years. This fact is
also true to child obesity and is currently increasing over the years as well. Policies in regards to
obesity are concerned with public health campaigns with the purposes of...


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