ethics in health, assignment help

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1 Running Head: THE CONSTANT GARDENER The Constant Gardener Research Study Meghan Mesler Miami Dade College THE CONSTANT GARDENER 2 ABSTRACT This paper explores the importance of research studies in global health. It discusses the ethical aspects involved in research studies as well as examples of unethical healthcare studies that have happened in real life. In addition, this essay suggests ways in which nurses can be advocates for ethical healthcare in healthcare research. THE CONSTANT GARDENER 3 Introduction Research studies are essential to global health. It is necessary to conduct research studies to identify and classify new health problems, determine risk factors for diseases and develop and test new treatments. However, it is critical that health care professionals and researchers to strive to apply ethical principles to their research and do what is best to “secure optimal health outcomes for individuals and populations,” (WHO, 2015). 1) Could studies such as the one depicted in the Constant Gardener happen in reality? Throughout history and even in our modern healthcare world, there are many examples of unethical research studies that exist that resulted in harmful or fatal consequences for the human subjects involved. The film, The Constant Gardener (2005) is a fictional story about a research study conducted by a large pharmaceutical company on poor Kenyans in Africa that resulted in fatal consequences on its research participants followed by a subsequent attempt by the corporation to cover up any evidence of their culpability in the tragedy. Although the plot was fictional, it loosely references the real-life unethical research study conducted in 1996 by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer of an experimental anti-meningitis antibiotic called Trovan on poor children living in Kenya which resulted in widespread death and permanent disability (Britton, 2007). Various reasons exist why unethical research studies like these can be cited throughout history. Powerful corporations such as Pfizer, the largest pharmaceutical drug company in the world; are equipped with infinite resources, wealth and political influence that allow them THE CONSTANT GARDENER 4 greater freedom from regulation and legal protection when conducting their research studies. Much of the world depends on corporations like Pfizer for their life-saving medications. Despite the development of legal and ethical guidelines regarding medical research in our modern healthcare world, cases of vulnerable populations such as the Kenyan children in 1996 continue to have their human rights violated in research studies. 2) Give Another Example of an Unethical Research Study that Occurred? Another famous example of an unethical research study that has occurred is the Nuremberg Trials of 1947 which were a series of violent, inhumane medical experiments conducted by the Nazis on various vulnerable populations in World War II. In concentration camps, Nazi medical professionals forced their captives including children into participating in violent experiments, without gaining any consent. The experiments resulted in death and permanent disability in the majority of its’ participants. 3) What Safeguards Are in Place to Prevent this? Many regulating organizations and literature exists that detail guidelines and ethical standards that must be adhered to when conducting research studies. The American Medical Association has an Ethics Group that is “responsible for helping establish ethical policies, developing educational programs and pursuing scholarly research of ethical issues in medicine that practicing physicians are likely to encounter in their training and daily practice” (AMA, 2016). The World Health Organization’s Global Network of Collaborating Centers for Bioethics published Global Health Ethics Key Issues which are a set of guidelines that discuss the relationship between health ethics and the law as well as key issues and challenges involved THE CONSTANT GARDENER 5 in health ethics, health research and global health. WHO states that research studies must thoroughly cite which individuals will benefit from the particular research, how the subgroups of the population are being treated fairly and how the researchers plan to protect the rights and wellbeing of the individual research participants. 4) Can the Nurse be an Advocate for Ethical Healthcare in this Type of Situation? Nurses have the unique and rewarding opportunity to act as an advocate for their patients and community. Clinical research nurses and nurses involved in healthcare-related research studies have many opportunities to act as an advocate for the individual participants of the study. Nurses help design research studies and can use established ethical principles and guidelines to ensure the best health outcomes for their patients. Nurses make sure that the study volunteers are well-informed and consenting individuals. They establish trusting, caring relationships with their patients and can monitor every detail and response occurring in the study to ensure that the health and rights of their participants are being protected. Conclusion In conclusion, research studies are proven to be essential in our efforts to improve the health care system and make an impact in global health. However, health care professionals should be knowledgeable about various unethical research studies that have occurred throughout history to remind themselves how critical it is to adhere to ethical principles, guidelines and regulations when conducting research studies so that they can protect the health and human rights of the populations being studied. Nurses have many unique and important opportunities to act as patient advocates to the participants involved in a research studies. THE CONSTANT GARDENER 6 References: AMA Code of Medical Ethics. (2016, September). Retrieved July 17, 2016, from http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics.page Britton, A (2007) 'The Constant Gardener', Policy & Practice: A Development Education Review, Vol. 5, Autumn, pp. 97-99. W. (2016, January). WHO Ethics Programs. Retrieved July 17, 2016, from http://www.miami.edu/index.php/ethics/projects/WHO/ Instructions for response of final Response to one classmate using college level English grammar and spelling; In-text citations and references applying the correct APA Format. Minimum of one additional in-text citation and reference other than your original. Your comment(s) must be substantial. Do not just stay "I agree" or "Good point", indicate the name of classmate you are responding to, minimum 200 - 250 words. NOTE: Classmate wrote their paper with these instructions: Questions re: The Constant Gardener: Use headlines and sub-headlines as indicated in each of the questions below: 1. 2. 3. 4. Do you think this kind of study could happen in reality? Why or why not? What safeguards are in place to prevent this? Give an example of an unethical healthcare study that has been conducted? Can the nurse be an advocate for ethical healthcare in this type of situation? Why or why not? Respond to their paper with thoughts and views
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I agree with the post and illustration of the two cases where nursing and medical staff along
with legal procedures to carry out the day-to-day operations of their profession by directly
evaluating and undertaken decision that govern with code of Ethics. By reviewing the post, it
is concluded that the ethical issue involved in this scenario is multifaceted in nature which
becomes a reason of the unbalanced approach towards providing higher satisfaction levels in
the patients. Specifically, the ethical issue involved is the providing the best healthc...


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