Sample APA Writing Style Paper Purpose: This guide identifies relevant APA guidelines for students to assist them in utilizing The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association [APA] (5th ed., 2001) when writing essays and reports. The guidelines referenced in this paper were derived from a review of the APA 5th Edition manual. Scope: Note: The following does not modify in anyway the APA published - 5th addition. 1. Student papers must adhere to these standards, and students will be graded accordingly. Faculty will indicate in the course syllabus the type of writing expected (essay, reports, or research), format, and the weight given for grammar, punctuation, and format. 2. These guidelines are not meant to replace The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) rather these guidelines are meant to assist the student in the use of the APA. Applicability: This policy applies to the Augusta Campus only. Procedure: Format for All Papers and All Students (Except Where Noted) Margin Margins for all required assignments will be 1 inch on top, bottom, left, and right of paper. Type all papers on 8 1/2" X 11", white bond paper. (APA, 2001, p. 286-287) Type Face (Font) Acceptable fonts for all written assignments (graduate and undergraduate) include: Arial, Courier, Courier New, Times, Times Roman, or Times New Roman. All written assignments will be typed in 12-point type size regardless of font format (Times New Roman, etc.). The preferred font as listed in the APA Manual (2001) is 12-point Times Roman or Courier. (p. 285) Page 1 Sample APA Writing Style Paper Spacing All papers will have ragged (uneven), right margin. The first word of each new paragraph will be indented 1/2" (to the first tab), which is generally 5 spaces. Double-space all body text including between paragraphs. Double-space tables and figure titles. Doublespace references when in draft format for grading or editing. When final research papers are submitted for binding individual references must be single spaced and double-spaced between each new entry. Use a hanging indent (first word of each new entry) flush with margin and indent additional lines 5 spaces. (APA, 2001, p. 286 & 326) Single-space long quotes of 40 words or more and indent 1/2" (5 spaces) and omit quotation marks. (APA, 2001, p. 292) Submitting Papers All papers (not including masters-level projects for graduate students) will be stapled in the upper left-hand corner. Page Header Use a shortened version of the title plus the page number at the top right of the page. Type 5 spaces between the header title and the page number. The last digit of the page number should align with the 1" margin on the right side of the paper. (APA, 2001, p. 288) Page Numbers Number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals from the title page through the last page. Exception for action research papers only: table of contents, verification/approval page, abstract, and acknowledgement are numbered using small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.) at the center of the bottom of each page. (APA, 2001, pp. 288 & 326) Paper Set-Up (Final Paper to Be Submitted to Instructor) Title Page The title page will be set up double-spaced and in the center of the page. The title page will include in this order: NOTE: This Title Page set-up is designed for the Augusta Campus only and differs from the APA sample paper. • Page Imbedded Header Top Right Hand Side of Page Page 2 Sample APA Writing Style Paper • Title • Student Name • Group Number • Course/Class Number • Facilitator’s Name • Date Paper Submitted Centered in the Middle of Page and Double-Spaced (APA, 2001, p. 296) Paper Order All papers will be organized in this fashion: • Title Page • Verification/Approval Page (if applicable) • Abstract (graduate capstone or action research projects only) • Acknowledgements (graduate capstone or action research projects only) • Table of Contents (graduate capstone or action research projects only) • Lists of Tables (if applicable) • Lists of Figures (if applicable) • Body of the Paper • References • Appendices (if applicable) (APA, 2001,p. 306- 320) Setting up headers using MS WORD 97-2003 These are the steps to set up headers in Microsoft WORD documents: 1. Open View on the main tool bar 2. Select Headers and Footers 3. Type in the one-or-two word title 4. Create five spaces (space bar 5-times) 5. Select first icon on the headers tool bar (insert page number) 6. Place cursor to the left of all you have typed Page 3 Sample APA Writing Style Paper 7. On the main tool bar select the Align Right icon 8. Close all tool bars. Headers is set See attached APA Sample paper for setting up headers in MS WORD 2007 For Masters-Level Projects, the verification/approval page, abstract, acknowledgements, and table of contents are numbered using small Roman numerals i, ii, iii, etc. that are placed in the middle of the bottom of each page. All other papers are numbered using Arabic numbers and are noted as part of the page header that appears in the upper right corner of each page. Chapter headings are centered to the page and noted with Roman numerals. Each chapter begins on a new page. Readability Tense Use present tense in student papers and essays. Final action research papers in which findings are presented must be written in the third party, past tense. Be sure the subject and verb tense agree. (APA, 2001, pp. 41-46) Punctuation Use semi-colons to separate two independent thoughts that can stand alone as sentences. Use them also when listing longer items. (APA, 2001, pp. 80 & 116) Place punctuation inside quotation marks with the exception of citations at the end of a sentence, and when quoted material is intended as a question. (APA, 2001, pp. 117-122) Format Headings Use headings to organize each paper. Headings lead readers into the particular topic to be discussed. The importance of each topic is determined by the level of its heading. For example, for all topics of equal importance, use the same level. In the APA style of writing, there are five levels of headings. Most Standard Assignments Page 4 Sample APA Writing Style Paper For most papers (except Capstone and Action Research projects) headings are organized with three-levels of heading formatted as follows for three-level headings: Centered, Level One Heading Flush Left, Level Two Heading (italicized) Indented, Level Three Heading (Italicized and indented as part of the paragraph) (APA, 2001, pp. 114-115 & 290) Masters-Level Project Papers Only For Masters-Level projects headings are organized with up to five-levels of heading formatted as follows for five--level headings:: CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING (Level 5) Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 1) Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 2) Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading (Level 3) Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 4) (APA, 2001, pp. 113 & 290) Direct Quotes A direct quote is “material directly quoted from another author’s work or from one’s own previously published work…” (APA, 2001, p. 117). Quotations can be used in your papers in three ways: 1. If the sentence contains the author’s name, cite the quotation with the year in parentheses and the page number in parentheses between the closing quotation mark and the period. Example: In his book Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Peter Drucker (1985) defines innovation as “the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or different kind of service” (p. 20). Page 5 Sample APA Writing Style Paper 2. If you do not use the author’s name in the sentence, but instead you use a pronoun such as “he” or “she”, cite the author’s name, the year, and the page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. Example: He defines innovation as “the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or a different service” (Drucker, 1985, p. 20), but he does not explain whether the term can be applied to reorganization and refocusing of corporations. 3. If a quotation is more than 40 words, set the quote “…in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks” (APA, 2001, p. 117). Example: Drucker (1985) defines innovation as: the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for different business or a different service. Entrepreneurs need to search purposefully for the sources of innovation, the changes and their symptoms that indicate opportunities for successful innovation. (p. 20) Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is identified as, “…referring to an idea contained in another work.” (APA, 2001, p. 121) This is different from directly quoting another’s words. You may cite information from a source in your own words. This is called “paraphrasing.” When you paraphrase, however, you must cite the reference in the body of the paper. You can make the citation when introducing the information or at the end of your discussion of that topic. Do not use footnotes. You need only use the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication. Failure to indicate your source is plagiarism. All citations must have a reference source listed on the reference page. (APA, 2001, pp. 349-350) Table of Contents (Masters-Level Project Papers only) Use a table of contents for papers of 5 pages of text or more. The table of contents includes the title “Table of Contents” centered on the page, then the headings for all sections of the paper and the page number on which each section begins. Do not list prefaced material, Page 6 Sample APA Writing Style Paper abstract, acknowledgements, etc. Do include the Chapter headings and the word “Introduction” or “Chapter I: Introduction”. Indent subtopic levels. (APA, 2001, pp.v-xiv) Abstract Business and education students may be required to include an abstract in documents containing 10 or more pages of text. The abstract is a short summary (no more than 120 words of the report or project that includes the pertinent information the reader can use to understand what has been studied, concluded, and recommended. It should be jargon free and include descriptors for related searches. The formatting of abstracts will be double-spaced, and center the word “Abstract” at the top of the page. (APA, 2001, pp. 12-15, 298 & 306) Figures and Tables Figures are graphs, charts, pictures, photos, drawings, or other depictions of information. Figures supplement text; therefore, in the text you must tell the reader what the figure describes and discuss its highlights. Place the title below the figure. “Tables communicate quantitative information in column form. Insert tables into the body of the paper right after they are introduced and briefly explain. Tables supplement the text; therefore, in the text you must tell the reader what to look for in the table and discuss its highlights or implications. Place the title above the table. Number figures and tables consecutively but in separate lists.” (APA, 2001, pp. 149-176 & 301-302) List of Figures Just as the table of contents acts as a roadmap to guide readers through the text of your document, the List of Figures is a roadmap to the drawings and pictures the document contains. A list of Figures is necessary if your document contains three or more figures. List of Tables The List of Tables is a roadmap to the quantitative data in your document. A List of Tables is necessary if your document contains three or more tables. Sources (Primary and Secondary) Primary sources are materials, research, and other information that you have gathered yourself. Secondary sources are materials collected by others that you use in your research. References Page 7 Sample APA Writing Style Paper References serve as a means for readers to locate and use your sources. Cite references in a list on a separate page at the end of your paper. Include only those references that you have cited in your paper. Place the word “Reference” centered at the top of the list. References will be double spaced with the second, and subsequent, lines of the same reference (if applicable) indented 5-spaces Alphabetize references according to the first letter of the author’s last name. Do not use the author’s first or middle name; use only the author’s initials. Alphabetize works by corporate authors by the first significant word. Alphabetize works with no author by the first letter of the first significant word of the title. Alphabetize author with more than one work by the earliest work first. If a primary author has worked with different secondary authors, alphabetize with the first name of the primary author, then by the name of the secondary author. When noting more than one publication in the same year by the same author/source add a lowercase letter after the year: 2000, 2000a, 2000b, etc. If the publication date is unknown indicate as (n.d.). When citing a work with no author, or an anonymous author indicate as (Anonymous, 2000). (APA, 2001, p. 221-299) Example: References Articles With No Author American Management Association (1992). PCs today. New York: Author. Published Book Harrison, P.R. (1989). The manager’s world. (F.G.Taylor, Ed.). Los Angeles; Business Press. Published Article With an Author and Title Matthews, Y.A. (1993). Electronic communication in large organizations. Technical Communications. 39 (2), 60-65. (APA, 2001, pp. 207-281 for electronic references) A Book Available on a University Program or Department Website Dessler, G.(2001). Management: Leading People and Organizations in the 21st Century, (2nd ed.) Page 8 Sample APA Writing Style Paper [University Custom Edition e-text]. Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing. Retrieved October 21, 2003, from University, Resource, MGT/330— Management: Theory, Practice, and Application Website: https://sample.apa/secure/resource/resource.asp An Electronic Text Found on a University Website University (ed.) (2004).Keys to College Studying Chapter 1. Retrieved January 1, 2004, from University, Skills for Professional Development Website:https://sample.apa Exception, on the final submitted bound copy of an action research project the individual references are single-spaced and double-spaced between each reference. Appendices An Appendix is used for detailed information on a particular material, tables and figures greater than one page in length, and when the material will interfere with the flow of the body of the paper. Some examples of what you might include in an appendix are supporting material for an issue, brochure, product, literature, correspondence, transcripts of interviews, a specific legislative bill that was discussed, resume for personnel (in a proposal), questionnaires, and surveys. (APA, 2001, pp. 205-206) Make an explanation in the body of the paper about the particular subject followed by a referral to the appendix for more detailed information. Make referrals in two ways. 1. Start off the sentence about the subject as “Appendix A includes a copy of ….” 2. End the sentence explaining the subject with (see Appendix A)”. (APA, 2001, p. 206) When citing a work with no author or an anonymous author, indicate as (Anonymous, 2000). If you have only one appendix, title it Appendix and refer to it as such in the text. When you have two or more appendices, letter each starting with the letter “A” for the first appendix (Appendix A), “B” for the second appendix (Appendix B), and so on. Page 9 Sample APA Writing Style Paper Place the title on a separate sheet of paper for each appendix, centered on the page. Include the appendix material behind the cover page after the Reference page. (APA, 2001, p. 28,205-206) Creating a List Within Text • Use lowercase letters in parentheses: (a), (b), etc. • Use commas, not semicolons after each point in the list. (APA, 2001, p. 84) Citing Personal Interviews Personal interviews, telephone conversations, e-mails, letters, or personal fax sources may be cited as personal communication within the text (personal communication, March 20, 2002), but do not cite on the reference page, as the material is not retrievable. (APA, 2001, p. 214) Sexism-Keeping It Out of Copy A revolution is underway in the use of language to overcome the impression existing in the English language that people in general are of the male gender and that certain roles are automatically sex-linked. To eliminate sexist words or references from your copy consider these possibilities: 1. Change the singular to plural whenever possible. Examples: • Poor: The student who enrolls at University can choose his future. • Better: Students who enroll at University can choose their futures. • Poor: The nurse has great influence on patients. She should be aware of this. • Better: Nurses have great influence on patients and should be aware of this. 2. Rephrase the sentence to eliminate the sexist reference. • Poor: Man’s search for meaning is basic to his happiness. • Better: The search for meaning is basic to human happiness. Page 10 Sample APA Writing Style Paper 3. • Change the copy to include the pronoun “she” as well as “he” by using “s/he.” Poor: Realistic financial planning is essential to the student. He should begin these plans with a financial counselor who will help him assess his financial situation. • Better: Realistic financial planning is essential to the student. S/he should begin these plans with a financial counselor who will help him/her assess his/her financial situation. Reference American Psychological Association. (2002). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (5th ed.). APA: Washington, D.C. Page 11 Welcome to the Purdue OWL This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA Formatting and Style Guide The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA eighth edition, including the list of works cited and in-text citations. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel. Creating a Works Cited list using the eighth edition MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source, to many different types of writing. But since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the same document may be found in several different sources, following a set of fixed rules is no longer sufficient. The current system is based on a few principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. While the handbook still gives examples of how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This process teaches writers a flexible method that is universally applicable. Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field. Here is an overview of the process: When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order: 1. Author. 2. Title of source. 3. Title of container, 4. Other contributors, 5. Version, 6. Number, 7. Publisher, 8. Publication date, 9. Location. Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication, and required punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses, and colons after issue numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (just commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics. Author Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period. Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994. Title of source The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks. A book should be in italics: Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999. A website should be in italics: Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_makevegetarian-chili.html.* A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) article should be in quotation marks: Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50. A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks: Beyoncé. "Pray You Catch Me." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/. *The eighth edition handbook recommends including URLs when citing online sources. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below. Title of container Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to containers, which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container. Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07. The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes. “94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010. The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works. Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27 Apr. 2009, www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526reviewed-interviews-craig. Accessed 15 Mar. 2009. In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books, or watched a television series on Netflix. You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used. “94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d36127cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962. Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009. Other contributors In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation. Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated. Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988. Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008. Version If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation. The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998. Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004. Number If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation. Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009. “94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010. Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980. Publisher The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/). Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006. Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006. Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015. Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, a website whose title is the same name as its publisher, a website that makes works available but does not actually publish them (such as YouTube, WordPress, or JSTOR). Publication date The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your use of it. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication. In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1999. This is the way to create a general citation for a television episode. “Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999. However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing. “Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999. Location You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location. An essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers. Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94. The location of an online work should include a URL. Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009. A physical object that you experienced firsthand should identify the place of location. Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York. Optional elements The eighth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The following is a list of select optional elements that should be part of a documented source at the writer’s discretion. Date of original publication: If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information. Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993. City of publication: The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name. Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863. Date of access: When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time. Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009. URLs: As mentioned above, while the eighth edition recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion. DOIs: A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL. Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1002/tox.20155. Creating in-text citations using the eighth edition The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted. It should properly attribute any ideas, paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct readers to the entry in the list of works cited. For the most part, an in-text citation is the author’s name and page number (or just the page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in parentheses: Imperialism is “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (Said 9). or According to Edward W. Said, imperialism is defined by “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (9). Work Cited Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994. When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35). Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide your reader with a reference without interrupting your text. Your readers should be able to follow the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra information. Final thoughts about the eighth edition The current MLA guidelines teach you a widely applicable skill. Once you become familiar with the core elements that should be included in each entry in the Works Cited list, you will be able to create documentation for any type of source. While the handbook still includes helpful examples that you may use as guidelines, you will not need to consult it every time you need to figure out how to cite a source you’ve never used before. If you include the core elements, in the proper order, using consistent punctuation, you will be fully equipped to create a list of works cited on your own. How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA Entire Website The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2016. Individual Resources Contributors' names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL. Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Russell, Tony, et al. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing Lab, 2 Aug. 2016. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered in chapter 6 of the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question. Basic in-text citation rules In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase. General Guidelines The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page. Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List. In-text citations: Author-page style MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information: Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967. In-text citations for print sources with known author For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation. Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited: Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations. In-text citations for print sources with no known author When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number if it is available. We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming"). In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows: "The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. http://www.climatehotmap.org/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009. We'll learn how to make a Works Cited page in a bit, but right now it's important to know that parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work. Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto. In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example: Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1). Citing authors with same last names Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example: Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46). Citing a work by multiple authors For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation: Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9). The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9). Corresponding works cited entry: Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.” Representations, vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1 For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, and replace the additional names with et al. According to Franck et al., “Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327). The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327). Corresponding works cited entry: Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333. Citing multiple works by the same author If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks. Citing two articles by the same author: Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17). Citing two books by the same author: Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking style" (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to "carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another" (A Writer Teaches Writing 3). Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers: Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63). Citing multivolume works If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.) . . . as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17). Citing the Bible In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter and verse. For example: Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures," each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10). If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you’re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation. Citing indirect sources Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example: Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259). Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source. Citing non-print or sources from the Internet With more and more scholarly work being posted on the Internet, you may have to cite research you have completed in virtual environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource), some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in your Works Cited. Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any sort of parenthetical citation at all. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines: Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name). You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview function. Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like CNN.com or Forbes.com as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com. Miscellaneous non-print sources Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo stars Herzog's long-time film partner, Klaus Kinski. During the shooting of Fitzcarraldo, Herzog and Kinski were often at odds, but their explosive relationship fostered a memorable and influential film. During the presentation, Jane Yates stated that invention and pre-writing are areas of rhetoric that need more attention. In the two examples above “Herzog” from the first entry and “Yates” from the second lead the reader to the first item each citation’s respective entry on the Works Cited page: Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982. Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002. Electronic sources One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo "has become notorious for its near-failure and many obstacles" (Taylor, “Fitzcarraldo”). The Purdue OWL is accessed by millions of users every year. Its "MLA Formatting and Style Guide" is one of the most popular resources (Russell et al.). In the first example, the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author’s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below). In the second example, “Russell et al.” in the parenthetical citation gives the reader an author name followed by the abbreviation “et al.,” meaning, “and others,” for the article “MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows: Taylor, Rumsey. "Fitzcarraldo." Slant, 13 Jun. 2003, www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/fitzcarraldo/. Russell, Tony, et al. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL, 2 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/. Multiple citations To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon: . . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21). Time-based media sources When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35). When a citation is not needed Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations or common knowledge. Remember, this is a rhetorical choice, based on audience. If you're writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, they'll have different expectations of what constitutes common knowledge. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA Formatting Quotations When you directly quote the works of others in your paper, you will format quotations differently depending on their length. Below are some basic guidelines for incorporating quotations into your paper. Please note that all pages in MLA should be double-spaced. Short quotations To indicate short quotations (four typed lines or fewer of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text. For example, when quoting short passages of prose, use the following examples: According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree. According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184). Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)? When short (fewer than three lines of verse) quotations from poetry, mark breaks in short quotations of verse with a slash, ( / ), at the end of each line of verse (a space should precede and follow the slash). Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember" (11-12). Long quotations For quotations that are more than four lines of prose or three lines of verse, place quotations in a freestanding block of text and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented ½ inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent the first line of the quotation by an additional quarter inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.) For example, when citing more than four lines of prose, use the following examples: Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78) When citing long sections (more than three lines) of poetry, keep formatting as close to the original as possible. In his poem "My Papa's Waltz," Theodore Roethke explores his childhood with his father: The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy. We Romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mother's countenance Could not unfrown itself. (qtd. in Shrodes, Finestone, Shugrue 202) When citing two or more paragraphs, use block quotation format, even if the passage from the paragraphs is less than four lines. Indent the first line of each quoted paragraph an extra quarter inch. In "American Origins of the Writing-across-the-Curriculum Movement," David Russell argues, Writing has been an issue in American secondary and higher education since papers and examinations came into wide use in the 1870s, eventually driving out formal recitation and oral examination. . . . From its birth in the late nineteenth century, progressive education has wrestled with the conflict within industrial society between pressure to increase specialization of knowledge and of professional work (upholding disciplinary standards) and pressure to integrate more fully an ever-widerning number of citizens into intellectually meaningful activity within mass society (promoting social equity). . . . (3) Adding or omitting words in quotations If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text. Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states, "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78). If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or words by using ellipsis marks, which are three periods ( . . . ) preceded and followed by a space. For example: In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78). Please note that brackets are not needed around ellipses unless adding brackets would clarify your use of ellipses. When omitting words from poetry quotations, use a standard three-period ellipses; however, when omitting one or more full lines of poetry, space several periods to about the length of a complete line in the poem: These beauteous forms, Through a long absence, have not been to me As is a landscape to a blind man's eye: .................... Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart; And passing even into my purer mind, With tranquil restoration . . . (22-24, 28-30) Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA Endnotes and Footnotes Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, most academic style guidelines (including MLA and APA, the American Psychological Association) recommend limited use of endnotes/footnotes; however, certain publishers encourage or require note references in lieu of parenthetical references. MLA discourages extensive use of explanatory or digressive notes. MLA style does, however, allow you to use endnotes or footnotes for bibliographic notes, which refer to other publications your readers may consult. The following are some examples: 1. See Blackmur, especially chapters 3 and 4, for an insightful analysis of this trend. 2. On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens 120-35; for a contrasting view, see Pyle 43; Johnson, Hull, Snyder 21-35; Krieg 78-91. 3. Several other studies point to this same conclusion. See Johnson and Hull 45-79, Kather 23-31, Krieg 50-57. Or, you can also use endnotes/footnotes for occasional explanatory notes (also known as content notes), which refers to brief additional information that might be too digressive for the main text: 4. In a 1998 interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: "I am an artist, not a politician!" (Weller 124). Numbering endnotes and footnotes in the document body Endnotes and footnotes in MLA format are indicated in-text by superscript arabic numbers after the punctuation of the phrase or clause to which the note refers: Some have argued that such an investigation would be fruitless.6 Scholars have argued for years that this claim has no basis,7 so we would do well to ignore it. Note that when a long dash appears in the text, the footnote/endnote number appears before the dash: For years, scholars have failed to address this point8—a fact that suggests their cowardice more than their carelessness. Do not use asterisks (*), angle brackets (>), or other symbols for note references. The list of endnotes and footnotes (either of which, for papers submitted for publication, should be listed on a separate page, as indicated below) should correspond to the note references in the text. Formatting endnotes and footnotes Endnotes Page MLA recommends that all notes be listed on a separate page entitled Notes (centered, no formatting). Use Note if there is only one note. The Notes page should appear before the Works Cited page. This is especially important for papers being submitted for publication. The notes themselves should be listed by consecutive arabic numbers that correspond to the notation in the text. Notes are double-spaced. The first line of each endnote is indented five spaces; subsequent lines are flush with the left margin. Place a period and a space after each endnote number. Provide the appropriate note after the space. Footnotes (below the text body) The 8th edition of the MLA Handbook does not specify how to format footnotes. See the MLA Style Center for additional guidance on this topic and follow your instructor's or editor's preferences. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format According to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. All entries in the Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text. Basic rules Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper. Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page. Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries. Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent. List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225250. Note that MLA style uses a hyphen in a span of pages. If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database, you should type the online database name in italics. You do not need to provide subscription information in addition to the database name. Additional basic rules new to MLA 2016 New to MLA 2016: For online sources, you should include a location to show readers where you found the source. Many scholarly databases use a DOI (digital object identifier). Use a DOI in your citation if you can; otherwise use a URL. Delete “http://” from URLs. The DOI or URL is usually the last element in a citation and should be followed by a period. All works cited entries end with a period. Capitalization and punctuation Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles (the, an), prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. Use italics (instead of underlining) for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles) Listing author names Entries are listed alphabetically by the author's last name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first name: Burke, Kenneth Levy, David M. Wallace, David Foster Do not list titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA, DDS, etc.) with names. A book listing an author named "John Bigbrain, PhD" appears simply as "Bigbrain, John"; do, however, include suffixes like "Jr." or "II." Putting it all together, a work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would be cited as "King, Martin Luther, Jr." Here the suffix following the first or middle name and a comma. More than one work by an author If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first: Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives. [...] ---. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...] When an author or collection editor appears both as the sole author of a text and as the first author of a group, list solo-author entries first: Heller, Steven, ed. The Education of an E-Designer. Heller, Steven, and Karen Pomeroy. Design Literacy: Understanding Graphic Design. Work with no known author Alphabetize works with no known author by their title; use a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical citations in your paper. In this case, Boring Postcards USA has no known author: Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations. [...] Boring Postcards USA. [...] Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...] Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA Works Cited Page: Books When you are gathering book sources, be sure to make note of the following bibliographic items: the author name(s), other contributors such as translators or editors, the book’s title, editions of the book, the publication date, the publisher, and the pagination. The 8th edition of the MLA handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, in using this methodology, a writer will be able to source a specific item that may not be included in this list. Remember these changes from previous editions: Commas are used instead of periods between Publisher, Publication Date, and Pagination. Medium is no longer necessary. Containers are now a part of the MLA process, in light of technology. Periods should be used between Containers. DOIs should be used instead of URLS when available. Use the phrase, “Accessed” instead of listing the date or the abbreviation, “n.d.” Below is the general format for any citation: Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs URL or DOI). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable). Basic Book Format The author’s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name format. The basic form for a book citation is: Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date. Book with One Author Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987. Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999. Book with More Than One Author When a book has multiple authors, order the authors in the same way they are presented in the book. The first given name appears in last name, first name format; subsequent author names appear in first name last name format. Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Allyn and Bacon, 2000. If there are three or more authors, list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for "and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names. (Note that there is a period after “al” in “et al.” Also note that there is never a period after the “et” in “et al.”). Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Utah State UP, 2004. Two or More Books by the Same Author List works alphabetically by title. (Remember to ignore articles like A, An, and The.) Provide the author’s name in last name, first name format for the first entry only. For each subsequent entry by the same author, use three hyphens and a period. Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. St. Martin's, 1997. ---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Southern Illinois UP, 1993. Book by a Corporate Author or Organization A corporate author may include a commission, a committee, a government agency, or a group that does not identify individual members on the title page. List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry. American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. Random House, 1998. When the author and publisher are the same, skip the author, and list the title first. Then, list the corporate author only as the publisher. Fair Housing—Fair Lending. Aspen Law & Business, 1985. Book with No Author List by title of the book. Incorporate these entries alphabetically just as you would with works that include an author name. For example, the following entry might appear between entries of works written by Dean, Shaun and Forsythe, Jonathan. Encyclopedia of Indiana. Somerset, 1993. Remember that for an in-text (parenthetical) citation of a book with no author, provide the name of the work in the signal phrase and the page number in parentheses. You may also use a shortened version of the title of the book accompanied by the page number. For more information see the In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author section of In-text Citations: The Basics. A Translated Book If you want to emphasize the work rather than the translator, cite as you would any other book. Add “translated by” and follow with the name(s) of the translator(s). Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988. If you want to focus on the translation, list the translator as the author. In place of the author’s name, the translator’s name appears. His or her name is followed by the label, “translator.” If the author of the book does not appear in the title of the book, include the name, with a “By” after the title of the book and before the publisher. Note that this type of citation is less common and should only be used for papers or writing in which translation plays a central role. Howard, Richard, translator. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. By Michel Foucault, Vintage-Random House, 1988. Republished Book Books may be republished due to popularity without becoming a new edition. New editions are typically revisions of the original work. For books that originally appeared at an earlier date and that have been republished at a later one, insert the original publication date before the publication information. For books that are new editions (i.e. different from the first or other editions of the book), see An Edition of a Book below. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. 1990. Routledge, 1999. Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993. An Edition of a Book There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than once in different editions and a book that is prepared by someone other than the author (typically an editor). A Subsequent Edition Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title. Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004. A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title with the label, "Edited by" Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Edited by Margaret Smith, Oxford UP, 1998. Anthology or Collection (e.g. Collection of Essays) To cite the entire anthology or collection, list by editor(s) followed by a comma and "editor" or, for multiple editors, "editors." This sort of entry is somewhat rare. If you are citing a particular piece within an anthology or collection (more common), see A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection below. Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, editors. Defining Visual Rhetorics. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004. Peterson, Nancy J., editor. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows: Last name, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection, edited by Editor's Name(s), Publisher, Year, Page range of entry. Some examples: Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One, edited by Ben Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24-34. Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer, edited by Steven Heller, Allworth Press, 1998, pp. 13-24. Note on Cross-referencing Several Items from One Anthology: If you cite more than one essay from the same edited collection, MLA indicates you may cross-reference within your works cited list in order to avoid writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. You should consider this option if you have several references from a single text. To do so, include a separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's name as below: Rose, Shirley K., and Irwin Weiser, editors. The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher. Heinemann, 1999. Then, for each individual essay from the collection, list the author's name in last name, first name format, the title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page range: L'Eplattenier, Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for Historical Work on WPAs." Rose and Weiser, pp. 131-40. Peeples, Tim. "'Seeing' the WPA With/Through Postmodern Mapping." Rose and Weiser, pp. 153-67. Please note: When cross-referencing items in the works cited list, alphabetical order should be maintained for the entire list. Poem or Short Story Examples: Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems, edited by Philip Smith, Dover, 1995, p. 26. Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07. If the specific literary work is part of the author's own collection (all of the works have the same author), then there will be no editor to reference: Whitman, Walt. "I Sing the Body Electric." Selected Poems. Dover, 1991, pp. 12-19. Carter, Angela. "The Tiger's Bride." Burning Your Boats: The Collected Stories. Penguin, 1995, pp. 154-69. Article in a Reference Book (e.g. Encyclopedias, Dictionaries) For entries in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the piece as you would any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher information. Also, if the reference book is organized alphabetically, as most are, do not list the volume or the page number of the article or item. "Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary. 3rd ed., 1997. A Multivolume Work When citing only one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the work's title, or after the work's editor or translator. Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980. When citing more than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work. Also, be sure in your in-text citation to provide both the volume number and page number(s). (See Citing Multivolume Works on the In-Text Citations – The Basics page, which you can access by following the appropriate link at the bottom of this page.) Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980. 4 vols. If the volume you are using has its own title, cite the book without referring to the other volumes as if it were an independent publication. Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. Dodd, 1957. An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword When citing an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword, write the name of the author(s) of the piece you are citing. Then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be italicized or enclosed in quotation marks; in italics, provide the name of the work and the name of the author of the introduction/preface/foreword/afterword. Finish the citation with the details of publication and page range. Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture, by Farrell, Yale UP, 1993, pp. 1-13. If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work, then write the full name of the principal work's author after the word "By." For example, if you were to cite Hugh Dalziel Duncan’s introduction of Kenneth Burke’s book Permanence and Change, you would write the entry as follows: Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose, by Kenneth Burke, 1935, 3rd ed., U of California P, 1984, pp. xiii-xliv. Other Print/Book Sources Certain book sources are handled in a special way by MLA style. Book Published Before 1900 Original copies of books published before 1900 are usually defined by their place of publication rather than the publisher. Unless you are using a newer edition, cite the city of publication where you would normally cite the publisher. Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863. The Bible Italicize “The Bible” and follow it with the version you are using. Remember that your in-text (parenthetical citation) should include the name of the specific edition of the Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book, the chapter and verse(s). (See Citing the Bible at In-Text Citations: The Basics.) The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998. The Bible. The New Oxford Annotated Version, 3rd ed., Oxford UP, 2001. The New Jerusalem Bible. Edited by Susan Jones, Doubleday, 1985. A Government Publication Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise, start with the name of the national government, followed by the agency (including any subdivisions or agencies) that serves as the organizational author. For congressional documents, be sure to include the number of the Congress and the session when the hearing was held or resolution passed as well as the report number. US government documents are typically published by the Government Printing Office. United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on the Geopolitics of Oil. Government Printing Office, 2007. 110th Congress, 1st session, Senate Report 111-8. United States, Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should Do More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs. Government Printing Office, 2006. A Pamphlet Cite the title and publication information for the pamphlet just as you would a book without an author. Pamphlets and promotional materials commonly feature corporate authors (commissions, committees, or other groups that does not provide individual group member names). If the pamphlet you are citing has no author, cite as directed below. If your pamphlet has an author or a corporate author, put the name of the author (last name, first name format) or corporate author in the place where the author name typically appears at the beginning of the entry. (See also Books by a Corporate Author or Organization above.) Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006. Your Rights Under California Welfare Programs. California Department of Social Services, 2007. Dissertations and Master's Theses Dissertations and master's theses may be used as sources whether published or not. Cite the work as you would a book, but include the designation Dissertation (or MA/MS thesis) followed by the degreegranting school and the year the degree was awarded. If the dissertation is published, italicize the title and include the publication date. You may also include the University Microfilms International (UMI) order number if you choose: Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the IUPUI Comprehensive Campaign. Dissertation, Purdue University, 2002. UMI, 2004. Bile, Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward a Dialectical Partnership. Dissertation, Ohio University, 2005. UMI, 2006. AAT 3191701. If the work is not published, put the title in quotation marks and end with the date the degree was awarded: Graban, Tarez Samra. "Towards a Feminine Ironic: Understanding Irony in the Oppositional Discourse of Women from the Early Modern and Modern Periods." Dissertation, Purdue University, 2006. Stolley, Karl. "Toward a Conception of Religion as a Discursive Formation: Implications for Postmodern Composition Theory." MA thesis, Purdue University, 2002. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA Works Cited: Periodicals Periodicals include magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals. Works cited entries for periodical sources include three main elements—the author of the article, the title of the article, and information about the magazine, newspaper, or journal. MLA uses the generic term “container” to refer to any print or digital venue (a website or print journal, for example) in which an essay or article may be included. Use the following format for all citations: Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publisher Date, Location (pp.). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Pub date, Location. Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the article's author, putting the title of the article in quotations marks, and italicizing the periodical title. Follow with the date of publication. Remember to abbreviate the month. The basic format is as follows: Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical, Day Month Year, pages. Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time, 20 Nov. 2000, pp. 70-71. Buchman, Dana. "A Special Education." Good Housekeeping, Mar. 2006, pp. 143-48. Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article, but note the different pagination in a newspaper. If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper), identify the edition after the newspaper title. Brubaker, Bill. "New Health Center Targets County's Uninsured Patients." Washington Post, 24 May 2007, p. LZ01. Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York Times, 21 May 2007, late ed., p. A1. If the newspaper is a less well-known or local publication, include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper. Behre, Robert. "Presidential Hopefuls Get Final Crack at Core of S.C. Democrats." Post and Courier [Charleston, SC], 29 Apr. 2007, p. A11. Trembacki, Paul. "Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team." Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette, IN], 5 Dec. 2000, p. 20. A Review To cite a review, include the title of the review (if available), then the phrase, “Review of” and provide the title of the work (in italics for books, plays, and films; in quotation marks for articles, poems, and short stories). Finally, provide performance and/or publication information. Review Author. "Title of Review (if there is one)." Review of Performance Title, by Author/Director/Artist. Title of Periodical, Day Month Year, page. Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It Living." Review of Radiant City, directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown, New York Times, 30 May 2007, p. E1. Weiller, K. H. Review of Sport, Rhetoric, and Gender: Historical Perspectives and Media Representations, edited by Linda K. Fuller. Choice, Apr. 2007, p. 1377. An Editorial & Letter to the Editor Cite as you would any article in a periodical, but include the designators "Editorial" or "Letter" to identify the type of work it is. "Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Street Journal, eastern edition, 24 Oct. 2003, p. A14. Hamer, John. Letter. American Journalism Review, Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007, p. 7. Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first, and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical. "Business: Global Warming's Boom Town; Tourism in Greenland." The Economist, 26 May 2007, p. 82. "Aging; Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare." Women's Health Weekly, 10 May 2007, p. 18. An Article in a Scholarly Journal A scholarly journal can be thought of as a container, as are collections of short stories or poems, a television series, or even a website. A container can be thought of as anything that is a part of a larger body of works. In this case, cite the author and title of article as you normally would. Then, put the title of the journal in italics. Include the volume number (“vol.”) and issue number (“no.”) when possible, separated by commas. Finally, add the year and page numbers. Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal, Volume, Issue, Year, pages. Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50. Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3, 1994, pp. 127-53. An Article in a Special Issue of a Scholarly Journal When an article appears in a special issue of a journal, cite the name of the special issue in the entry’s title space, in italics. Add the descriptor “special issue of” and include the name of the journal, also in italics, followed by the rest of the information required for a standard scholarly journal citation. Web entries should follow a similar format, and should include a URL, DOI, or permalink. Burgess, Anthony. "Politics in the Novels of Graham Greene." Literature and Society, special issue of Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 2, no. 2, 1967, pp. 93-99. Case, Sue-Ellen. “Eve's Apple, or Women's Narrative Bytes.” Technocriticism and Hypernarrative, special issue of Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 43, no. 3, 1997, pp. 631-50. Project Muse, doi:10.1353/mfs.1997.0056. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications) It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information, when possible. It is good practice to print or save web pages or, better, use a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference. Most web browsers will include URL/electronic address information when you print, which makes later reference easy. Also, you might use the Bookmark function in your web browser in order to return to documents more easily. MLA uses the phrase, “Accessed” to denote which date you accessed the web page when available or necessary. It is not required to do so but especially encouraged when there is no copyright date listed on a website. Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources. However, MLA only requires the www. address, so eliminate all https:// when citing URLs. Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL. Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL. Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources If page numbers are not available, use par. or pars. to denote paragraph numbers. Use these in place of the p. or pp. abbreviation. Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases) Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every Web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible both for your citations and for your research notes: Author and/or editor names (if available) Article name in quotation marks. Title of the website, project, or book in italics. Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.). Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date. Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.). URL (without the https://) DOI or permalink. Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed)—While not required, it is highly recommended, especially when dealing with pages that change frequently or do not have a visible copyright date. Remember to cite containers after your regular citation. Examples of containers are collections of short stories or poems, a television series, or even a website. A container is anything that is a part of a larger body of works. Use the following format: Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable). Citing an Entire Web Site It is a good idea to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and information available on one date may no longer be available later. When using the URL, be sure to include the complete address for the site except for the https://. Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable). The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008. Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006. Course or Department Websites Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title. Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England. Purdue U, Aug. 2006, web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/241/241/Home.html. Accessed 31 May 2007. English Department. Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/. A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites. If the publisher is the same as the website name, only list it once. "Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview." WebMD, 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-andtreatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview. Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_makevegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015. An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph) Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access. Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado, www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlosiv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006. Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006. If the work is cited on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author. Adams, Clifton R. “People relax beside a swimming pool at a country estate near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/. An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, URL, and the date of access. Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009. An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication. Include a URL, DOI, or permalink to help readers locate the source. Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, indicate the URL or other location information. Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009. Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article. Provide the URL and the date of access. Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009. An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service) Cite online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database italicized before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish. Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi:10.1002/tox.20155. Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009. E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom to message was sent with the phrase, “Received by” and the recipient’s name. Include the date the message was sent. Use standard capitalization. Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000. Neyhart, David. "Re: Online Tutoring." Received by Joe Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016. A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets. Editor, screen name, author, or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site, Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), URL. Date of access. Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?” BoardGameGeek, 29 Sept. 2008, boardgamegeek.com/thread/343929/beststrategy-fenced-pastures-vs-max-number-rooms. Accessed 5 Apr. 2009. A Tweet Begin with the user's Twitter handle in place of the author’s name. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a period. Include the date accessed if you deem necessary. @tombrokaw. "SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign." Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m., twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320. @PurdueWLab. "Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week." Twitter, 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m., twitter.com/PurdueWLab/status/176728308736737282. A YouTube Video Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploaded, cite the author’s name before the title. “8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs. McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E. A Comment on a Website or Article List the username as the author. Use the phrase, Comment on, before the title. Use quotation marks around the article title. Name the publisher, date, time (listed on near the comment), and the URL. Not Omniscent Enough. Comment on "Flight Attendant Tells Passenger to ‘Shut Up’ After Argument After Pasta." ABC News, 9 Jun 2016, 4:00 p.m., abcnews.go.com/US/flight-attendant-tellspassenger-shut-argument-pasta/story?id=39704050. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. MLA Works Cited: Other Common Sources Several sources have multiple means for citation, especially those that appear in varied formats: films, DVDs, T.V shows, music, published and unpublished interviews, interviews over e-mail; published and unpublished conference proceedings. The following section groups these sorts of citations as well as others not covered in the print, periodical, and electronic sources sections. Use the following format for all sources: Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs URL or DOI). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable). An Interview Interviews typically fall into two categories: print or broadcast published and unpublished (personal) interviews, although interviews may also appear in other, similar formats such as in e-mail format or as a Web document. Personal Interviews Personal interviews refer to those interviews that you conduct yourself. List the interview by the name of the interviewee. Include the descriptor Personal interview and the date of the interview. Smith, Jane. Personal interview. 19 May 2014. Published Interviews (Print or Broadcast) List the interview by the full name of the interviewee. If the name of the interview is part of a larger work like a book, a television program, or a film series, place the title of the interview in quotation marks. Place the title of the larger work in italics. If the interview appears as an independent title, italicize it. For books, include the author or editor name after the book title. Note: If the interview from which you quote does not feature a title, add the descriptor, Interview by (unformatted) after the interviewee’s name and before the interviewer’s name. Gaitskill, Mary. Interview with Charles Bock. Mississippi Review, vol. 27, no. 3, 1999, pp. 129-50. Amis, Kingsley. “Mimic and Moralist.” Interviews with Britain’s Angry Young Men, By Dale Salwak, Borgo P, 1984. Online-only Published Interviews List the interview by the name of the interviewee. If the interview has a title, place it in quotation marks. Cite the remainder of the entry as you would other exclusive web content. Place the name of the website in italics, give the publisher name (or sponsor), the publication date, and the URL. Note: If the interview from which you quote does not feature a title, add the descriptor Interview by (unformatted) after the interviewee’s name and before the interviewer’s name. Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27 Apr. 2009, www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526reviewed-interviews-crai...
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