Laboratory 8 Procedure: Radiation The impact of the radiocarbon dating technique on modern man has made it one of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century. No other scientific method has managed to revolutionize man’s understanding not only of his presentbut also of events that already happened thousands of years ago. Archaeology and other human sciences use radiocarbondating to prove or disprove theories. Over the years, carbon-14 dating has also found applications in geology, hydrology, geophysics, atmospheric science, oceanography, paleoclimatology and even biomedicine. Radiocarbon (carbon-14) is an isotope of the element carbon that is unstable and weakly radioactive. The stable isotopes are carbon-12 and carbon-13.Carbon-14 is continually being formed in the upper atmosphere by the effect of cosmic ray neutrons on nitrogen-14 atoms. It is rapidly oxidized in air to form carbon dioxide and enters the global carbon cycle.Plants and animals assimilate carbon-14 from carbon dioxide throughout their lifetimes. When they die, they stopexchanging carbon with the biosphere and their carbon-14 content then starts to decrease at a rate determined by the law of radioactive decay.See the following reference for more information:Team, ESRL Web. “ESRL Global Monitoring Division - Education and Outreach.” NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, 1 Oct. 2005, www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/education/isotopes/decay.html.The number of nuclei disintegrating per unit of time is called the rate of radioactive decay, and can be calculated from the following formula:Rate = k NtFigure 1. Equation for the rate of radioactive decay, where Nt is the number of radioactive nuclei at the time t, and k is the decay rate constant for radioactive decay or decay constant.Another important term is a half-life of a radioactive nucleus, that is defined as the time it takes for one –half of the nuclei in the sample to decay. The half-life is independent of the amount of the sample.T1/2= 0.693 / kFigure 2. Equation for the half-life of a radioactive nucleus, where k is a decay constant. Figure 3. Example of Radioactive Decay curve.There are couple of objectives of this lab:To enhance your ability to understanding of the radioactive decay and a half-lifeTo familiarize you with the half-life curve.Pre-Lab Questions:Analyze Figure 3. Radioactive Decay curve presented and answer the following questions.What property is listed on x-axis?What time corresponds to the decay of the half of the sample?2.What property is listed on y-axis?3.What is the total mass of the sample?4.What is the mass of the half of the sample?6.What is the half-life of the sample? Procedure:Read pages 698 –704 of your textbook prior to completing the procedure.Collecting Data – Part IFrom the course home page, access the simulation environment by clicking on the Radioactive Dating Game.1.After the simulation environment loads, click on the “Half-Life” Tab.2.Select carbon-14 from the right menu.3.Inspect the graph and record its estimated half-time below.4.Select 10 carbon-14 atoms from the bucket and move them to the white workspace. The goal is to measure how many of them undergo the decay process up until they reach the carbon-14’s half-life. Record the number of atoms that decay prior to the half-life in the table below. (Nt)5.Repeat your measurements for 20, 30, and 40 atoms.6.Repeat steps 1-5 for uranium-238.7.Calculate the average Nt value for each radioactive element and enter the values in the ‘Average’ column in the first table below.8.Using the equation in Figure 2, calculate the decay constant and enter the values in the table below.9.Using equation in Figure 1, calculate rate of the radioactive decay and enter the values in the table below.NtEstimated t1/2 (years)10 atoms20 atoms30 atoms40 atomsAverageCarbon-14Uranium-238 Decay ConstantRate of DecayCarbon-14Uranium-238Collecting Data – Part II1.Select the “Dating Game” tab at the top of the simulation. For this part of the simulation, you will collect data in an effort to determine the age of various types of matter using carbon dating. The table below contain the samples that will be tested.2.Click and drag the probe to the ‘Living Tree’ near the animal skull. Notice that a dialog box will pop up once the probe is properly located over the sample. Record the percentage of carbon remaining in the table below. 3.Predict the age of the sample and record this in the table below. Check your answer in the dialog box.4.Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the remaining samples.5.Finish the lab by preparing a report.Sample% Carbon RemainingAge of SampleLiving TreeAnimal SkullWooden CupBoneFish bonesRock 5 NotesThis section should include notes about any observations or calculations of data collected during the lab.Report RequirementsThis section contains key information that must be included in your typed report.Define the problem in a manner that is clear and insightful.Clear hypothesis statement and other potential solutions that identify any relevant contextual factors (i.e. real-world costs).Clearly stated results and discussion of possible improvements to the procedure.Conclusive statements arguing in favor of your findings.2.Identify the strategies and procedures used during the lab.4.Clear presentation of data including any tables or other figures that are relevant to understanding your stated conclusions at the end of the report. Include any relevant calculations performed during the lab.Note: All reports will be graded using the rubric embedded within the course.Here are some questions to consider as you write your report:Does my problem statement make sense?Have I summarized my strategies/procedures well enough to be replicated by an outsider?Do my tables and/or graphs make sense?Did I thoroughly summarize my laboratory experience in a concise, factual way such that the reader can understand my processes and findings in the conclusion section alone?2.Did I have a valid hypothesis at the start of the lab? Have I expressed this in my report?4.Are my conclusions valid based on my supplied data?

Please complete the lab report template exactly as stated by using all of the attachments provided. Experiment and date are included in the attachments. Thank you.

Discussions1This week we are focusing on a way to remember a term that we find difficult to remember. For example, there are several terms for the different types of fractures that can occur in the body. One example of a fracture is a greenstick fracture and this type of fracture is an incomplete fracture that occurs in children as their bones are more flexible than adults. One way to remember this is to think about the term green - we use it to imply that someone is new to something (such as green on the job). You can think of children as being new or green.What I would like you to do is to list a term that you find difficult and a trick that you use to remember this term.Discussions2This week, I would like you to focus again focus on a term that is difficult to remember. One example might be angina pectoris, the chest pain that is sometimes felt when blood flow to the heart muscle is restricted during a myocardial infarction. The term 'pectoris' looks similar to pectoral, which refers to the chest. The term 'angina' is slightly more difficult but it may be helpful to remember it as "Gina had chest pain" so that you use a familiar name, such as Gina, and apply it to this term. I hope this helps, please post your suggestions for remembering terms here.