Sexuality and Society Exam 4

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My class is Sexuality and society
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Weitzer (2009) The oppression paradigm holds that sex work is a quintessential expression of what? “Prostituted” indicates that prostitution is what and that prostitution is not something that can be what? Weitzer contends that within the oppression literature there are abundant serious violations of the canons of scientific inquiry. Specifically he notes what with regard to anecdotes, sampling, and counterevidence? The empowerment perspective focuses on the way in which sexual commerce does what? Empowerment theorists tend to highlight _____ and neglect sex workers who have had _____. The polymorphous paradigm holds that there is a constellation of what? The most consequential division in the prostitution stratification model is between what? In the U.S., Britain, and Australia street work is _____ common than indoor work. Most research has been done on what type of prostitution? Street workers are _____ likely to engage in risky behavior (drugs; unprotected sex) and ____likely to be victimized by others. The idea that 13-14 is the typical age of entry into prostitution is a myth/fact? Street prostitutes are _____ than indoor sex workers to exhibit psychological disorders. Indoor workers differ _____ in self-esteem and mental health from non-prostitutes. Whereas middle-range independent call girls earn _____ per hour, higher-tier providers charge between _____ per hour or per session. Why do escort agency, brothel, and massage parlor employees make considerably less? What kinds of valuable services do indoor workers believe they provide to persons in need or society more generally? What makes it easier for escorts and call girls to disassociate themselves from the work? The General Social Survey reports in eight polls from 1991 to 2006 that _____ of American men say they have paid for sex at some time in their lives; _____ figures are reported for Australia and Europe. What benefit and downside are associated with providing a GFE? Workers expect managers to do what? Pimps are very concerned with what? In places where prostitution is legalized regulations vary but a common objective is what? Brothels employ what kinds of safety precautions that reduce the likelihood of abuse by customers? Legal status for prostitution is intended to shift the role of the police from _____ to _____. Pruitt and Krull (2011) Regularities in findings across a triangulation of methods ensures what? What does research show with regard to the common assumption that many men who pay for sex do so because they are not currently partnered or have difficulty attracting sexual partners due to unattractiveness or social ineptness? Several studies have shown that _____ of men in their samples were currently involved in relationships or had other persons in their lives with whom they were involved in casual sex relationships. Some studies have found that men who are paying for sex don’t “want to deal with someone _____.” What is problematic for nearly all studies of male clients? What are “lurkers”? What is an advantage of studying escort advertisements rather than directly surveying escorts themselves? In these data what was the most commonly listed service provided by the women? What does research consistently show regarding the purchase of specialty services from prostitutes? Are these results consistent with previous studies? What types of indirect offerings of companionship are found in these advertisements? How is GFE defined in one of the ads? To what do “Greek,” “French,” and “bbbj” refer? Pruitt (2016) M4F sex work, like sex work involving M4M escort, is not seen as being as problematic in terms of what? Phua and Caras (2008) remarked that online escorts’ marketing of themselves is likely to be a function of what? Pruitt’s (2005) analysis showed what with regard to penis size and the mentioning of this in ads? In general MSM ads seem to be comparatively ____. It appears that advertising as a bottom _____and that, comparatively, sex workers are most likely to _____. What is one benefit of analyzing website advertisements? All M4F escorts identified as _____. What difference was found between the two types of escorts with regard to their reporting involvement in pornography? What difference was found with regard to escorts’ stressing their masculinity? Only small percentages of either group advertise what? What is found with regard to escorts posting face pics of themselves in which their identity is clearly discernible? What overall pattern of differences is found with regard to the posting of ads that contain butt pics, penis pics, suggestive dress, and suggestive poses? What makes M4F ads seem somewhat more akin to personal ads? Halikitis, Green, and Wilton (2004) noted what? What did Phua proffer with regard to the use of the term masculine in personal ads? What did Phua and Caras argue with regard to the inclusion of references to masculinity in M4M ads? The inclusion of masculinity as an attributed in M4M but not M4F ads is reflective of what two facts? In this brief lecture we will examine UCR arrest data for prostitution. Let’s begin by noting that in the UCR there is a category of criminal activity labeled “Prostitution and Commercialized Vice.” Individuals who are arrested for any of the offenses listed below are lumped together within this category. As we see, acts other than solicitation (i.e., agreeing to involvement in sexual services, either as a customer or provider, for money of something of value) are also placed within this category, including acts by third-party individuals (persons who are not sex workers or clients) involved in facilitating prostitution. For the exam, know the name of the category and that, in addition to arrests for solicitation, arrests for offenses related to the facilitation of prostitution are included within this category of arrest data. • “Prostitution and commercialized vice—The unlawful promotion of or participation in sexual activities for profit, including attempts. To solicit customers or transport persons for prostitution purposes; to own, manage, or operate a dwelling or other establishment for the purpose of providing a place where prostitution is performed; or to otherwise assist or promote prostitution.” Next, let’s look at trends in arrest data covering the years 2004-2018. • 2004-2018 trends • Total arrests (Table 29) • • Males (Table 42) • • 87,872—31,147 (-64.6%) 19,297—8,456 (-56.2%) Females (Table 42) • 43,145—15,243 (-64.7%) Know the rounded percentage decrease in total arrests, male arrests, and female arrests. When I ask students what might explain this significant decline in arrests, students generally surmise that it is likely to be largely attributable to a decline in street prostitution and the growth (until recently, and the topic of another lecture) of online sex work. Those who work outdoors (street prostitution) are significantly more likely to be arrested for involvement in prostitution than those who work indoors, with those working online being less likely to face arrest than those working in indoor settings such as massage parlors. Street work is easily surveilled by law enforcement and is also likely to be viewed as a nuisance by both residents and business owners who may pressure law enforcement to take a more proactive role. Comparatively, online prostitution is largely out of the public eye and not as readily surveilled by law enforcement. Last, let’s look at arrest data by sex and race. • 2018 arrests by sex—23,649 (Table 42) • Males—35.7% • Females—64.3% • 2018 arrests by race—23,502 (Table 43a) • White—55.0% • Black—38.8% • American Indian or Alaskan Native—0.4% • Asian—5.6% • Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander—0.3% Know the approximate percentages of arrests by sex. Also know that, comparatively, the arrest data for females comprise a significantly higher percentage of providers (sex workers). There are very few female clients arrested for involvement in prostitution. Some females who facilitate prostitution (e.g., madams of brothels, escort service operators, managers of strip clubs or massage parlors where prostitution occurs) are included in the data, but these types of arrests are rather rare. The data on men who are arrested for involvement in prostitution are much more diverse, including male customers of female providers, male customers of male providers, males who provide services to female customers (very rare), males who provide services to male customers, pimps, and males who facilitate prostitution in manners similar to those mentioned above. Know that the disproportionate percentage of arrests of blacks (39%) compared to the percentage of the population who are black (approximately 13%) is likely reflective of the fact that UCR data largely comprise arrests associated with involvement in street prostitution.
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